Abstract
For large fields interacting with atoms, the semiclassical description, that is, considering the atoms quantum mechanically and the field classically, seems to be adequate to describe the most classical features, such as threshold, steady state intensity, etc. However, whenever quantum fluctuations are to be considered, such as in determining the laser linewidth and photon statistics, we require the fully quantized field.
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Orszag, M. (2000). Quantum Laser Theory. Master Equation Approach. In: Quantum Optics. Advanced Texts in Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04114-7_11
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