Skip to main content

Progress in Fusion Research

  • Chapter
Plasma Physics

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Atoms+Plasmas ((SSAOPP,volume 8))

Abstract

We have described the basic theory of plasma physics relevant to thermonuclear fusion research. In this last chapter, we briefly outline the recent progress in this field. First, in Sect. 14.1, we describe progress in tokamak research which has been the mainstream of the thermonuclear fusion in the past quarter century. Then in Sect. 14.2, we outline recent progress in other magnetic confinement systems. Section 14.3 is devoted to the present status of inertial confinement fusion research. Finally, in Sect. 14.4 we give a brief presentation of plasma physics with nuclear reaction effects taken into account.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

For reference on tokamaks

  1. D. Johnson, M. Bell, M. Bitter, K. Bol, K. Brau, D. Buchenauer, R. Budny, T. Crowley, S. Davis, F. Dylla, H. Eubank, H. Fishman, R. Fonck, R. Hawryluk, H. Hsuan, R. Kaita, S. Kaye, J. Manickam, D. Mansfield, E. Mazzucato, R. MacCann, D. McCune, K. Oasa, J. Olivain, M. Okabayashi, K. Owens, J. Ramette, C. Reverdin, M. Reusch, M. Sauthoff, G. Schilling, G. Schmidt, S. Sesnic, R. Slusher, C. Surko, J. Strachan, S. Suckewer, H. Takahashi, T. Tenny, P. Thomas, H. Towner, J. Valley: High-beta experiments with neutral beam injection on PDX, in Proc. 9th IAEA Conf. on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research (Baltimore 1982) Vol. 1, p. 9

    Google Scholar 

  2. M. Okabayashi, K. Bol, M. Chance, P. Couture, H. Fishman, R.J. Fonck, G. Gammel, W.W. Heidbrinck, K. Ida, K.P. Jaehnig, G. Jahns, R. Kaita, S.M. Kaye, H. Kugel, B. LeBlanc, J. Manickam, W. Morris, G.A. Navratil, N. Ohyabu, S. Paul, E. Powell, M. Reusch, S. Sesnic, H. Takahashi: Stability and confinement studies in the Princeton beta experiment (PBX), in Proc. 11th IAEA Conf. on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research (Kyoto 1986) Vol. 1, p. 139

    Google Scholar 

  3. R.D. Stambaugh, R.M. Moore, L.C. Bernard, A.G. Kellman, E.J. Strait, L. Lao, D.O. Overskei, T. Angel, C.J. Armentraut, J.F. Bauer, T.R. Blau, C. Bramson, N.H. Brooks, K.H. Burrell, R.W. Callis, R.P. Chase, A.P. Colleraine, G. Cottrell, J.C. Deboo, S. Ejima, E.S. Fairbanks, J. Fasolo, C.H. Fox, J.R. Gilleland, R. Groebner, F.J. Helton, R.M. Hong, C.L. Hsieh, G.J. Johns, C.L. Kahn, J. Kim, D. Knowles, J.K. Lee, P. Lee, A.J. Lieber, J.M. Lohr, D.B. McColl, C.H. Meyer, T. Ohkawa, N. Ohyabu, P.I. Schissel, J.T. Scoville, R.P. Seraydarian, B.W. Sleaford, J.R. Smith, R.T. Snider, R.D. Stav, H. St. John, R.E. Stockdale, J.F. Tooker, D. Vaslow, J.C. Wesley, S.S. Wojtowicz, S.K. Wong, E.M. Zawadski: Test of beta limits as a function of plasma shape in doublet III, in Proc. 10th IAEA Conf. on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research (London 1984) Vol. 1, p. 217

    Google Scholar 

  4. T.S. Taylor, E.J. Strait, L.L. Lao, M. Mauel, A.D. Turnbull, K.H. Burrell, M.S. Chu, J.R. Ferrom, R.J. Groebner, R.J. La Haye, B.W. Rice, R.T. Snider, S.J. Thompson, D. Wroblewski, D.J. Lightly: Wall stabilization of high beta plasmas in DIII-D. Phys. Plasmas 2, 2390 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Greenwald, M. Besen F. Camacho, C. Flore, M. Foord, R. Gandy, C. Gomez, R. Granetz, D. Gwinn, S. Knowlton, B. Labombard, B. Lipschultz, H. Manning, E. Marmar, S.C. McCool, J. Parker, R. Parker, R. Petrasso, P. Prinyl, J. Rice, D. Sigmar, Y. Takase, J. Terry, R. Watterson, S. Wolfe: Studies of the regime of improved particle and energy confinement following pellet injection into Alcator C, in Proc. 11th IAEA Conf. on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research (Kyoto 1986) Vol. 1, p. 139

    Google Scholar 

  6. M. Keilhacker, G. Fussmann, G. von Gierke, G. Janeschitz, M. Kornherr, K. Lackner, E.R. Muller, P. Smuelders, F. Wagner, G. Becker, K. Bernhardi, U. Ditte, A. Eberhagen, O. Gehre, J. Gernhardt, E. Glock, T. Grove, O. Gruber, G. Haas, M. Hesse, F. Karger, S. Kissel, O. Kluber, G. Lisitano, H.M. Mayer, K. McCormick, D. Meisel, V. Mertens, H. Murmann, H. Niedermeyer, W. Poschenrider, H. Rapp, F. Ryter, F. Schineider, G. Silier, F. Soldner, E. Speth, A. Stabler, K.-H. Steuer, O. Vollmer: Confinement and beta-limit studies in ASDEX H-mode discharges, in Proc. 10th IAEA Conf. on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research (London 1984) Vol. 1, p. 71

    Google Scholar 

  7. The ASDEX team: The H-mode of ASDEX. Nucl. Fusion 29, 1959 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. P.N. Yushmanov, T. Takizuka, K.S. Riedel, O.J.W.F. Kardaun, J.G. Cordey, S.M. Kaye, D.E. Post: Scalings for tokamak energy confinement. Nucl. Fusion 30, 1999 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. F.W. Perkins, C.W. Barnes, D.W. Johnson, S.D. Scott, M.C. Zamstorff, M.G. Bell, R.E. Bell, C.E. Bush, B. Grek, K.W. Hill, D.K. Mansfield, H. Park, A.T. Ramsey, J. Schivell, B.C. Stratton, E. Synakowski: Nondimensional transport scaling in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor Is tokamak transport Bohm or gyroBohm? Phys. Fluids B 5, 477 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. R. Aymar, V. Chuyanov, M. Huguet, R. Parker, Y. Shimomura and the ITER Joint Central Team and Home Team: ITER project: A physics and technology experiment, in Proc. 16th IAEA Conf. on Fusion Energy (Montreal 1996) Vol. 1, p. 3

    Google Scholar 

  11. S-I. Itoh, K. Itoh: Model of L- to H-mode transition in tokamak. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 2276 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. K.C. Shaing, E.C. Crume Jr.: Bifurcation theory of poloidal rotation in tokamaks: a model for the L-H transition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2369 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. M.G. Bell, S. Batha, M. Beer, R.E. Bell, A. Belov, H. Berk, S. Bernabei, M. Bitter, B. Breizman, N.L. Bretz, R. Budny, C.E. Bush, J. Callen, S. Cauffman, C.S. Chang, Z. Chang, C.Z. Cheng, D.S. Darrow, R.O. Dendy, W. Dorland, H. Duong, P.C. Efthimion, D. Ernst, H. Evenson, N.J. Fisch, R. Fisher, R.J. Fonck, E.D. Fredrickson, G.Y. Fu, H.P. Furth, N.N. Gorelenkov, V. Ya. Goloborod’ko, B. Grek, L.R. Grisham, G.W. Hammett, R.J. Hawryluk, W. Heidbrink, H.W. Hermann, M.C. Hermann, K.W. Hill, J. Hogan, B. Hooper, J.C. Hosea, W.A. Houlberg, M. Hughes, D.L. Jassby, F.C. Jobes, D.W. Johnson, R. Kaita, S. Kaye, J. Kesner, J.S. Kim, M. Kissick, A.V. Krasilnikov, H. Kugal, A. Kumar, N.T. Lam, P. Lamarche, B. LeBlanc, F.M. Levinton, C. Ludescher, J. Machuzak, R.P. Majeski, J. Manickam, D.K. Mansfield, M. Mauel, E. Mazzucato, J. McChesney, D.C. McCune, G. McKee, K.M. McGuire, D.M. Meade, S.S. Medley, D.R. Mikkelsen, S.V. Mirnov, D. Mueller, Y. Nagayama, G.A. Navratil, R. Nazikian, M. Okabayashi, M. Osakabe, D.K. Owens, H.K. Park, W. Park, S.F. Paul, M.P. Petrov, C.K. Phillips, M. Phillips, P. Phillips, A.T. Ramsey, B. Rice, M.H. Redi, G. Rewoldt, S. Reznik, A.L. Roquemore, J. Rogers, E. Ruskov, S.A. Sabbagh, M. Sasao, G. Schilling, G.L. Schmidt, S.D. Scott, I. Semerlov, T. Senko, C.H. Skinner, T. Stevenson, E.J. Strait, B.C. Stratton, J.D. Strachan, W. Stodiek, E. Synakowski, H. Takahashi, W. Tang, G. Taylor, M.E. Thompson, S. von Goeler, A. Von Halle, R.T. Walters, S. Wang, R. White, R.M. Wieland, M. Williams, J. R. Wilson, K.L. Wong, G.A. Wurden, M. Yamada, V. Yavorski, K.M. Young, L. Zakharov, M.C. Zarnstorff, S.J. Zweben: Deuterium-tritium plasmas in novel regimes in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. Phys. Plasmas 4, 1714 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Gibson and the JET Team: D-T plasmas in the Joint European Torus (JET): Behavior and implications. Phys. Plasmas 5, 1839 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. S. Itoh, Y. Nakamura, K. Nakamura, T. Fujita, K. Makino, E. Jotaki, S. Kawasaki, S.I. Itoh: High density and long duration current drive discharge with high frequency LH waves in TRIAE-1M, in Proc. 14th IAEA Conf. on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research (Würzburg, Germany 1992) Vol. 1, p. 743

    Google Scholar 

  16. F.M. Levinton, M.C. Zarnstorff, S.H. Batha, M. Bell, R.E. Bell, R.V. Budny, C. Bush, Z. Chang, E. Fredrickson, A. Janos, J. Manickam, A. Ramsey, S.A. Sabbagh, G.L. Schmidt, E.J. Synakowski, G. Taylor Improved confinement with reversed magnetic shear in TFTR. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4417 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. E.J. Strait, L.L. Lao, M.E. Mauel, B.W. Rice, T.S. Taylor, K.H. Burrell, M.S. Chu, E.A. Lazarus, T.H. Osbone, S.J. Thompson, A.D. Turnbull: Enhanced confinement and stability in DIII-D discharges with reversed magnetic shear. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4421 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. K.L. Wong, R.J. Fonck, S.F. Paul, D.R. Roberts, E.D. Fredrickson, R. Nazikian, H.K. Park, M. Bell, N.L. Bretz, R. Bundy, S. Cohen, G.W. Hammett, F.C. Jobes, D.M. Meade, S.S. Medley, D. Mueller, Y. Nagayama, D.K. Owens, E.J. Synakowski: Excitation of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes in TFTR. Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1874 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. W. Heidbrink, E.J. Strait, E. Doyle, G. Sager, R.T. Snider: An investigation of beam driven Alfvén instabilities in the DIII-D tokamak. Nucl. Fusion 31, 1635 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. R. Nazikian, G.Y. Fu, S.H. Batha, M.G. Bell, R.E. Bell, R.V. Budny, C.E. Bush, Z. Chang, Y. Chen, C.Z. Cheng, D.S. Darrow, P.C. Efthimion, E.D. Fredrickson, N.N. Gorelenkov, B. Leblanc, F.M. Levinton, R. Majeski, E. Mazzucato, S.S. Medley, H.K. Park, M.D. Petrov, D.A. Spong, J.D. Strachan, E.J. Synakowski, G. Yaylor, S. Von Goeler, R.B. White, K.L. Wong, S.J. Zweben: Alpha-particle-driven toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2976 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Sykes, R. Akers, L. Applel, P.G. Carolan, N.J. Conway, M. Cox, A.R. Field, D.A. Gates, S. Gee, M. Gryaznevich, T.C. Hender, I. Jenkins, R. Martin, K. Morel, A.W. Morris, M.P.S. Nightingale, G. Ribeiro, D.C. Robinson, M. Tournianski, M. Valovic, M.J. Walsh, C. Warvick: High β performance of the START spherical tokamak. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 39, B247 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Wakatani, S. Sudo: Overview of Heliotron E results. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 38, 937 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. S. Sudo, Y. Takeiri, H. Zushi, F. Sano, K. Itoh, K. Kondo, A. Iiyoshi: Scaling of energy confinement and density limit is stellarator/heliotron devices. Nucl. Fusion 30, 11 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. A. Iiyoshi, K. Yamazaki: The next large helical devices. Phys. Plasmas 2, 2349 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. F. Wagner, J. Baldzuhn, R. Brakel, R. Burhenn, V. Erckmann, T. Estrada, P. Grigull, H.J. Hartfuss, G. Herre, M. Hirsch, J.V. Hofmann, R. Jaenicke, A. Rudyj, U. Stroth, A. Weiler and W7-AS Team: H-mode of W7-AS stellarator. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 36, A 61 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. R. Brake, M. Anton, J. Baldzuhn, R. Burhenn, V. Erckmann, S. Fielder, J. Geiger, H.J. Hartfuss, O. Heinvich, M. Hirsch, R. Jaenicker, M. Kick, G. Kühner, H. Maassberg, U. Stroth, F. Wagner, A. Weller, W7-AS Team, ECRH Group and NBI Group: Confinement in W7-AS and the role of radial electric field and magnetic shear. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 39, B273 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. J. Nührenberg, R. Zille: Quasi-helically symmetric toroidal stellarator. Phys. Lett. A 129, 113 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. C. Beidler, G. Grieger, F. Herrnegger, E. Harmeyer, J. Kisslinger, W. Lotz, H. Maassberg, P. Merkel, J. Nührenberg, F. Rau, J. Sapper, F. Sardei, R. Scardovelli, A. Schlüter, H. Wobig: Physics and engineering design for Wenderstein VII-X. Fusion Technol. 17, 148 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  29. P.R. Garabedian: Recent progress in the design of stellarator experiments. Phys. Plasmas 4, 1617 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

For reference on tandem mirror

  1. T. Cho, M. Ichimura, N. Inutake, K. Ishi, I. Katanuma, Y. Kiwamoto, A. Mase, S. Miyoshi, Y. Nakashima, T. Saito, K. Sawada, D. Tsubouchi, N. Yamaguchi, K. Yatsu: Studies of potential formation and transport in the tandem mirror Gamma 10, in Proc. of 11th IAEA Conf. on Plasma and Controlled Nucl. Fusion Research (Kyoto, 1986) Vol. 2, p. 243

    Google Scholar 

For reference on inertial fusion

  1. H. Azechi, T. Jitsuno, T. Kanabe, M. Katayama, K. Mima, M. Miyanaga, M. Nakai, S. Nakai, H. Nakaishi, M. Nakatsuka, A. Nishigochi, M. Takagi, M. Yamanaka: High-density compression experiment at ILE, Osaka. Laser and Particle Beams 9, 193 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Y. Kato, K. Mima, M. Miyanaga, S. Arinaga, Y. Kitagawa, M. Nakatsuka, C. Yamanaka: Random Phasing of high-power lasers for uniform acceleration and plasma-instability suppression. Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1057 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Miyanga, H. Azechi, R.O. Stapf, K. Itoga, H. Nakaishi, H. Shiraga, M. Yamanaka, T. Yamanaka, R. Tsuji, S. Ido, K. Sakurai, K. Nishihara, T. Yabe, M. Takagi, M. Nakatsuka, Y. Izawa, S. Nakai, C. Yamanaka: Radiochemistry and secondly reactions for the diagnositcs of laser-driven fusion plasmas. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 57, 1731 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. S. Nakai, K. Mima, T. Yamanaka, Y. Izawa, Y. Kato, K. Nishikawa, H. Azechi, N. Miyanaga, H. Takabe, T. Sasaki, M. Nakatsuka, M. Yamanaka, T. Norimatsu, K.A. Tanaka, T. Jitsuno, M. Nakai, M. Takagi, M. Katayama, M. Kado, R. Kodama: Fermi degeneracy of high density imploded plasma and stability of hollow shell pellet implosion, in Proc. 14th IAEA Conf. on Plasma Phys. and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Res. (Würzburg, Germany 1992) Vol. 3, p. 13

    Google Scholar 

  5. H. Shiraga, N. Miyanaga, A. Heya, M. Nakasuji: Ultrafast two-dimensional x-ray imaging with x-ray streak cameras for laser fusion research. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 745 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. H. Shiraga, M. Heya, M. Nakasuji, N. Miyanaga: One- and two-dimensional fast x-ray imaging of laser driven implosion dynamics with x-ray streak camera. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 828 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. K. Mima, Y. Kato, H. Azechi, K. Shigemori, H. Takabe, N. Miyanaga, T. Kanabe, T. Norimatsu, H. Nishimura, H. Shiraga, M. Nakai, R. Kodama, K.A. Tanaka, M. Takagi, M. Nakatsuka, K. Nishihara, T. Yamanaka, S. Nakai: Recent progress of implosion experiments with uniformity-improved GEKKO XII Laser Facility at the Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University. Phys. Plasmas 3, 2077 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. See, for instance, The National Ignition Facility (UCRL-TB-118550 Rev 1, 1998)

    Google Scholar 

  9. M. Tabak, J. Hammer, M.E Glinsky, W.L. Kruer, S.C. Wilks, J. Woodworth, E. M. Campbell, M.D. Perry: Ignition and high gain with ultrapowerful lasers. Phys. Plasmas 1, 1626 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. D. Strickland, G. Mourou: Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses. Opt. Commun. 56, 219 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. N.L. Tsintsadze: Possibility of parametric resonance in an electron plasma. Sov. Phys.-JETP 32, 684 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. B. Quesnel, P. Mora, J.C. Adam, A. Heron, G. Laval: Electron parametric instabilities of ultraintense laser pulses propagating in plasmas of arbitrary density. Phys. Plasmas 4, 3358 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. P. Gibbon, P. Monot, T. Auguste, G. Mainfray: Measurable signatures of relativistic self-focus in underdense plasmas. Phys. Plasmas 2, 1305 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

For reference on controlled fusion

  1. D.J. Rose, M. Clark: Plasma and Controlled Fusion (Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1961)

    Google Scholar 

  2. W.M. Stacy, Jr.: Fusion Plasma Analysis (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1981)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nishikawa, K., Wakatani, M. (2000). Progress in Fusion Research. In: Plasma Physics. Springer Series on Atoms+Plasmas, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04078-2_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04078-2_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08465-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04078-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics