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Smart Ferroelectric Ceramic/Polymer Composite Sensors

  • Chapter
Polymer Sensors and Actuators

Part of the book series: Macromolecular Systems — Materials Approach ((MACROSYSTEMS))

Abstract

Smart (i.e. intelligent) materials have the ability to respond to changes in their environment and actuate a desired response in an advantageous manner. There are two schools of thought in the development of smart materials. The first one uses components to perform different functions that are then integrated into a single device. The second approach is to develop polar materials that can both sense and actuate. Ferroelectric materials can convert mechanical and thermal energies into electrical signals (i.e. piezo-and pyroelectric effects). These materials also exhibit the converse effects. It is this dual functional ability that allows them to perform both the sensing and actuating functions. These materials are thus intrinsically smart materials whose crystal structures are asymmetric, i.e. they lack an inversion centre. Of the 32 crystal classes, 11 have a centre of symmetry and in one a combination of symmetries effectively provides such a symmetry that endows them with no polar property. Thus only 20 classes can provide an asymmetric crystal structure and the materials belonging to these classes are piezoelectric. Ten of these 20 classes have a unique polar axis and they possess a spontaneous polarisation (i.e. electric moment for unit volume) and are pyroelectric. A restricted group of these pyroelectrics have the further property of being ferroelectric. There is as yet no general basis for deciding whether a material will be ferroelectric. However, a crystal is regarded as ferroelectric when it has two or more orientational stages (in the absence of an electric field), which can be switched from one state to another by an electric field. These two orientational states have identical crystal structures but differ only in electric polarisation vector at zero electric field. Thus there are no ferroelectrics that are not pyroelectric and there are no pyroelectrics which are not piezoelectric. However, the converse is not true, i.e. not all piezoelectrics are pyroelectric and all pyroelectrics are not ferroelectric.

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  1. Dilip K. Das-Gupta
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, 060 Sapporo, Japan

    Yoshihito Osada

  2. Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “E. Piaggio”, Facolta di Ingegneria, Universita degli Studi di Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, 56100, Pisa, Italia

    Danilo E. De Rossi

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Das-Gupta, D.K. (2000). Smart Ferroelectric Ceramic/Polymer Composite Sensors. In: Osada, Y., De Rossi, D.E. (eds) Polymer Sensors and Actuators. Macromolecular Systems — Materials Approach. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04068-3_4

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