Skip to main content

HRT and Brain Function — Clinical Aspects

  • Conference paper
  • 93 Accesses

Part of the book series: Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop ((3368,volume 4))

Abstract

It is well established that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is effective not only for improving menopausal symptoms, but also for preventing osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women (Belchetz 1994). Furthermore, estrogen does influence brain function, but the effects of estrogen on brain function such as memory, cognitive function, and brain blood flow have not been well established in postmenopausal women or female patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). Our studies will to some extent clarify the clinical aspects of HRT and brain function. Based on our data, this paper will report the effects of HRT on brain function in postmenopausal women and DAT patients. Our studies are divided into three parts: 1. Estrogen and Memory (Sect. 5.1), 2. Estrogen and Brain Blood Flow (Sect. 5.2), and 3. HRT for Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT) (Sect. 5.3).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Baldereschi M, Carlo AD, Lepore V, Maggi S, Grigoletto F, Scarlato G, Amaducci L (1998) Estrogen-replacement therapy and Alzheimer’s disease in the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurology 50: 996–1002

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belchetz PE (1994) Hormonal treatment of postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 330: 1062–1071

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop J, Simpkins JW (1992) Role of estrogens in peripheral and cerebral glucose utilization. Rev Neurosci 3: 121–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gangar KF, Vyas S, Whitehead M, Crook D, Meire H, Campbell S (1991) Pulsatility index in internal carotid artery in relation to transdermal oestradiol and time since menopause. Lancet 338: 839–842

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes LC, Sonnendecker EWW, Polakow ES (1982) Psychological changes effected by estrogen—progestogen and clonidine treatment in climacteric women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142: 98–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs RB, Wu D, Hersh LB, Pfaff DW (1994) Effects of estrogen replacement on the relative levels of choline acetyltransferase, trkA, and nerve growth factor messenger RNAs in the basal forebrain and hippocampal formation of adult rats. Exp Neurol 129: 70–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould E, Woolley CS, Frankfurt M, McEwen BS (1990) Gonadal steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood. J Neurosci 10: 1286–1291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson VW, Paganini-Hill A, Emanuel CK, Dunn ME, Buckwalter JG (1994) Estrogen replacement therapy in older women: comparisons between Alzeheimer’s disease cases and nondemented control subjects. Arch Neurol 51: 896–900

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacquier-Sarlin M, Polla B, Siosman D (1996) Cellular basis of ECD brain retention. J Nucl Med 37: 1694–1697

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe AB, Toran-Allerand CD, Greengard P, Gandy SE (1994) Estrogen regulates metabolism of Alzheimer amyloid ß precursor protein. J Biol Chem 269: 13065–13068

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kampen DL, Sherwin BB (1994) Estrogen use and verbal memory in healthy postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 83: 979–983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawas C, Resnick S, Morrison A, Brookmeyer R, Corrada M, Zonderman A, Bacal C, Donnell Lingle D, Metter E (1997) A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neurology 48: 1517–1521

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehtovirta P (1974) Haemodynamic effects of combined oestrogen-progesto- gen oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol Br Commonwealth 81: 517–525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luine VN (1985) Estradiol increases choline acetyltransferase activity in specific basal forebrain nuclei and projection areas of female rats. Exp Neurol 89: 484–490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mashini IS, Albazzaz SJ, Fadel HE, Abdulla AM, Hadi HA, Harp R, Devoe LD (1987) Serial noninvasive evaluation of cardiovascular hemodynamics during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156: 1208–1213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda H, Yagishita A, Tsuji S, Hisada K (1995) A quantitative approach to technetium-99m ethylcysteinate dimer: a comparison with technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxide. Eur J Nucl Med 22: 633–637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueck AO, Seeger H, Hanke H, Lippert TH (1995) Calcium-antagonistic effect of estradiol compared with nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem — in vitro investigations in human aortic smooth muscle cells [Abstract]. Menopause 2: 262–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueck AO, Seeger H, Korte K, Lippert TH (1996) The effect of 17ß -estradiol and endothelin 1 on prostacycline and thromboxane production in human endothelial cell cultures. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 20: 203–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohkura T, Isse K, Akazawa K, Hamamoto M, Yaoi Y, Hagino N (1994a) Evaluation of estrogen treatment in female patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Endocr J 41 (4): 361–371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohkura, Isse K, Akazawa K, Hamamoto M, Yaoi Y, Hagino N (1994b) Low-dose estrogen replacement therapy for Alzheimer disease in women. Menopause 3: 125–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohkura T, Teshima Y, Isse K, Matsuda H, Inoue T, Sakai Y, Iwasaki N, Yaoi Y (1995a) Estrogen increases cerebral and cerebellar blood flows in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2 (1): 13–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohkura T, Isse K, Akazawa K, Hamamoto M, Yaoi Y, Hagino N (1995b) Longterm estrogen replacement therapy in female patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type: 7 case reports. Dementia 6: 99–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohkura T, Matsuda H, Iwasaki N, Teshima Y, Natsui S, Isse K, Inaba N, Yaoi Y (1996) Effect of estrogen on regional cerebral blood flow in postmenopausal women. J Jpn Menopause Soc 4 (2): 254–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Orimo A, Inoue S, Ikegami A, Hosoi T, Akishita M, Ouchi Y, Muramatsu M, Orimo H (1993) Vascular smooth muscle cells as target for estrogen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 195: 730–736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VW (1994) Estrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer’s disease in women. Am J Epidemiol 140: 256–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penotti M, Nencioni T, Gabrielli L, Farina M, Castiglioni E, Polvani F (1993) Blood flow variations in internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries induced by postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169: 1226–1232

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips SM, Sherwin BB (1992) Effects of estrogen on memory function in surgically menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 17: 485–495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regland B, Gottfries CG (1992) The role of amyloid beta protein in Alzhe-imer’s disease. Lancet 340: 467–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez G, Warkentin S, Risberg J, Rosadini G (1988) Sex differences in regional cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8: 783–789

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosselli M, Imthurn B, Keller PJ, Jackson EK, Dubey RK (1995) Circulating nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) levels in postmenopausal women substituted with 1713-estradiol and norethisterone acetate; a two-year follow-up study. Hypertension 25: 848–853

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shishido F, Uemura K, Inugami A, Ogawa T, Fujita H, Shimosegawa E, Nagata K (1995) Discrepant 99mTc-ECD images of CBF in patients with subacute infarction: a comparison of CBF, CMRO2 and 99mTc-HMPAO imaging. Ann Nucl Med 9: 161–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh M, Meyer EM, Simpkins JW (1995) The effects of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement on brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in cortical and hippocampal brain regions of female Sprague-Dawley rat. Endocrinology 136: 2320–2324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang M-X, Jacobs D, Stern Y, Marder K, Schofield P, Gurland B, Andrews H, Mayeux R (1996) Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 348: 429–432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veille JV, Morton MJ, Burry K, Nemethy M, Speroff L (1986) Estradiol and hemodynamics during ovulation induction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63: 721–724

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woolley CS, Weiland NG, McEwen BS, Schwartzkroin PA (1997) Estradiol increases the sensitivity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells to NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic input: correlation with dendritic spine density J. Neurosci 17: 1848–1859

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Ohkura, T., Isse, K., Tanaka, K., Akazawa, K., Hamamoto, M., Iwasaki, N. (2000). HRT and Brain Function — Clinical Aspects. In: Kato, J., Minaguchi, H., Nishino, Y. (eds) Hormone Replacement Therapy and Osteoporosis. Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04021-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04021-8_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-04023-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04021-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics