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Abstract

Suppose we are given an action G × MM. In the Cartan model, an element

$$\tilde \omega \in \Omega _G^2(M) = ({\Omega ^2}{(M)^G} \otimes {S^0}({g^*}) \oplus {({\Omega ^0}(M) \otimes {S^1}({g^*}))^G}$$

can be written as

$$\tilde \omega = \omega - \phi $$

where ω ∈ Ω2(M) is a two-form invariant under G and

$$ \phi \in {({\Omega ^0}(M) \otimes {g^*})^G}$$

can be considered as a G equivariant map,

$$\phi :g \to {\Omega ^0}(M) = F(M)$$

from the Lie algebra, g to the space of smooth functions on M. For each ξg, ø (ξ) is a smooth function on M, and this function depends linearly on ξ Therefore, for each mM, the value ø (ξ(m)) depends linearly on, so we can think of ø as defining a map from M to the dual space g* of the Lie algebra of g:

$$\phi :M \to {g^*},\left\langle {\phi (m),\xi } \right\rangle : = \phi (\xi )(m).$$

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Bibliographical Notes for Chapter 9

  1. An action of G on a symplectic manifold, M,is called Hamiltonian if there exists an equivariant moment map,: M g*,having the properties described in Section 9.1. A necessary condition for an action of G on M to be Hamiltonian is that the symplectic form, w,be G invariant; however this is far from sufficient. A number of sufficient conditions for a G action to be Hamiltonian are described in [GS], Section 26. For instance if G is compact (as we have been assuming in this monograph) a G action on M is Hamiltonian if either M is compact, or H 2 (M,R) = 0 or G is semi-simple.

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  2. Berline and Vergne are, as far as we know, the first persons to make the observation that a G-action on M is Hamiltonian if and only if w is the “form part” of an equivariant symplectic form. This observation plays an essential role in their beautiful proof of the Duistermaat- Heckmann theorem in [BV]. (We will describe this proof in Section 10.9.)

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  3. The classification of homogeneous symplectic manifolds in terms of coadjoint orbits is due to Kostant [Kol]; however, the quantum version of this result was, in some sense, first observed by Kirillov. Namely, Kirillov proved that if G is a connected unipotent Lie group there is a one-one correspondence between irreducible unitary representations of G and coadjoint orbits. This result was subsequently extended by Kostant [Ko2], Kostant-Auslander [AK], Sternberg [Stl], Duflo [Du] et al. (e.g., [Zi], [Li]) to other classes of Lie groups as well. The arsenal of techniques which are used for associating unitary representations to coadjoint orbits are known collectively as “geometric quantization theory” (see [Wo]). To a large extent these techniques are due to Kirillov [Ki], Kostant [Ko2] and Souriau [So].

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  4. One important example of minimal coupling is the following: Let Y be a manifold and 7r: P —and Y a principal G-bundle. Let X = T*Y, and let M be the fiber product of X and P (as fiber bundles over Y). M is a principal G bundle with base, X; and given a connection on P,one can pull it back to M to get a connection on M For this connection the minimal coupling form (9.11)—(9.12) is symplectic for all e (See [St2].) Moreover, Weinstein [W] observed that there is a way of defining this minimal coupling form intrinsically without recourse to connections: the product, T*P x F,is a Hamiltonian G-manifold with respect to the diagonal action of G,and its symplectic reduction is symplectomorphic to W with its minimal coupling form.

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  5. This example of minimal coupling is used in elementary particle physics to describe the “classical” motion of a subatomic particle in the presence of a Yang-Mills field: Suppose that, when the field is absent, this motion is described by a Hamiltonian, H: T*Y -and R. In the presence of a Yang-Mills field (i.e., of a connection on the bundle, P -and Y) the motion is described by the Hamiltonian, p* H, p being the fibering of M over T*Y. (See [St2] and [SU].)

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  6. Let O be a coadjoint orbit of the group, G,po a fixed base point in O and Gpo the stabilizer group of po. If G po is compact, there exists a neighborhood, U of po in g* such that, for every p E U,the coadjoint orbit through p can be reconstructed by a minimal coupling construction in which the base symplectic manifold is O and the fiber symplectic manifold is a coadjoint orbit of G po For some implications of this fact for the representation theory of compact Lie groups see [GLS].

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  7. For an insightful discussion of minimal coupling from the topological perspective we recommend the paper [GLSW] of Gotay, Lashof, Sniatycki and Weinstein. (They consider the problem which we discuss in Section 9.5, namely the problem of equipping a “twisted product” of two symplectic manifolds, F and X,with a symplectic structure, from a more general point of view than ours: They don’t assume that F is a Hamiltonian G space and that W is of the form (M x F)/G)

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  8. The Duistermaat-Heckmann theorem described here is one of several versions of Duistermaat-Heckmann (another one of which we will discuss in §10.9). A version of Duistermaat-Heckmann which is easily deducible from Theorem 9.6.3 is the following: Theorem 9.11.1 Let (M, w) be a compact 2d-dimensional Hamilto-nian G-manifold with moment map, 0: M —and g*. Then the measure on g* defined by the formula: (f: g* - * R being an arbitrary continuous function) is piecewise polynomial The measure, µDH,is called the Duistermaat-Heckmann measure. Since it is compactly supported, its Fourier transform: is a C°° function; and the version of the Duistermaat-Heckmann theorem which we will describe in Chapter 10 is a formula for computing (9.28) at “generic points”, x E g

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  9. The notion of a q-Hamiltonian G-manifold is an outgrowth of recent attempts to extend various theorems in equivariant symplectic geometry to the action of loop groups on infinite dimensional manifolds. A basic theorem of Alexeev-Malkin-Meinrenken asserts that there is an equivalence of categories between the category of (infinite dimensional) symplectic manifolds equipped with a Hamiltonian loop group action with proper moment maps, and the category of finite dimensional q-Hamiltonian G-manifolds.

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  10. A beautiful observation of Alexeev-Meinrenken is that there exists an intrinsic volume form on q-Hamiltonian G-manifolds. If dim M = 2d, one might regard wd as a candidate for such a volume form. However it is in general not non-vanishing. It can be converted into a non-vanishing form by dividing by q*Xp where X p is the character of the representation of G whose dominant weight is one-half the sum of the positive roots.

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  11. An analogue of the equivariant three form in all dimensions has recently been constructed by Alexeev,Meinrenken and Woodward based on an earlier construction of Jeffrey ([Je]).

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  12. In their study of q-Hamiltonian G-spaces, Alexeev and Meinrenken have been led to consider an entirely new kind of equivariant cohomology in which (St(M) ® S(g*))G is replaced by (St(M) ® U(g)) G where U(g) is the universal enveloping algebra of g (Recall that U(g) is a filtered algebra and the Poincaré-Birkhhoff-Witt theorem asserts that its associated graded algebra is S(g) which is = S(g*) in the presence of an invariant scalar product.)

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© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Guillemin, V.W., Sternberg, S., Brüning, J. (1999). Equivariant Symplectic Forms. In: Supersymmetry and Equivariant de Rham Theory. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03992-2_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03992-2_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08433-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-03992-2

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