Abstract
Turbulent shear flows can be divided into three groups according to the number of fixed boundaries:
-
1.
Free turbulent shear flows are said to be free, i.e. remote from walls, like jets, wakes, mixing layers and plumes. Jets and wakes differ from each other only by the sign of the momentum creating them. Free turbulent shear flows play a significant role in many kinds of engineering equipments, in rivers and in atmosphere: jets in propulsive devices for rockets and aircrafts and pneumatic control systems, wakes behind aeroplanes and submarines, dispersion in rivers, jet streams in the atmosphère are few examples. Most of 2D shear layers are regions in which there is one single predominant direction, the streamwise direction, while the shear stresses and diffusion fluxes are significant in the direction perpendicular to it. Most of shear layers, but not all, can be considered wiihin the framework of the boundary layer approximation, with only one small length scale, 8, in a direction perpendicular to the streamwise direction. Finally free shear layers include significant regions with both strong and weak strain making them rather sensitive to turbulence modeling which is more challenging there than in the vicinity of a wall where the flow is rather shear-dominated.
-
2.
Turbulent shear flows bounded by one free and one fixed boundary, such as boundary layers or wall-jets, where the wall may be straight or curved, permeable or impermeable. The velocity of the ambiant flow may be in the same or in the opposite direction of the shear flow.
-
3.
Turbulent shear flows bounded by two or more fixed boundaries, such as or channel flows, pipe flows (a pipe is a closed duct of circular cross section), duct flows (a duct has a non circular cross section).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abe, K., Kondoh, T. & Nagano, Y. (1997) On Reynolds-stress expressions and near-wall scaling parameters for predicting wall and homogeneous turbulent shear flows. Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol.18, pp.266–282.
Abrahamson, H., Johansson, B. & Löfdahl, L. (1994) A turbulent plane two-dimensional wall-jet in a quiescent surrounding. Eur. J. Mech. BiFluids, Vol.13, No.5, pp.533–556.
Achenbach, E. (1974) Vortex shedding from spheres. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.62, pp.209–221.
Afzal, N. & Yajnik, K. (1973) Analysis of turbulent pipe and channel flows at moderately large Reynolds number, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.61, Pt.1, pp.23–31.
Ahn, J.W. & Sung, H.J. (1995) Prediction of two-dimensional momentumless wake by K-e-y model. AIAA Journ. Vol.33, No.4, pp.611–617.
Ahn, J.W., Park, T.S. & Sung, H.J. (1997) Application of a near-wall turbulence model to the flows over a step with inclined wall. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, Vol.18, pp.209–217.
Akdag, V. (1983) An experimental investigation of a wake merging into a boundary layer in constant pressure. MS Thesis, Deptmt. Mech. Eng., California Inst. Techn.
Alber, I.E. (1980) Turbulent wake of a thin plate, AIAA Journ. Vol.18, pp.1044–1051.
Alcaraz, E., Charnay, G. & Mathieu, J. (1977) Measurements in a wall-jet over a convex surface. Phys. Fluids, Vol.20, No.2, pp.203–210.
Alfredsson, P.H., Johansson, A.V., Haritonidis, J.H. & Eckelmann, H. (1988) The fluctuating wall-shear stress and the velocity field in the viscous sublayer. Phys. Fluids, Vol.31, No.5, pp.1026–1033.
Andreopoulos, J. & Bradshaw, P. (1980) Measurements of interacting turbulent shear layers in the near wake of a flat plate. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.100, Pt.3, pp.639–668.
Andreopoulos, J., Durst, F., Zaric, Z. & Jovanovic, J. (1984) Influence of Reynolds number on characteristics of turbulent wall layers, Exp. Fluids, Vol.2, pp.7–16.
Antonia, R.A., Anselmet, F. & Chambers, A.J. (1986a) Assessment of local isotropy using measurements in a plane jet, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.163, pp.365–391.
Antonia, R.A. & Bilger, R.W. (1973) An experimental investigation of an axisymmetric jet in a co-flowing stream, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.61, pp.805–822.
Antonia, R.A. & Bilger, R.W. (1974) The prediction of axisymmetric turbulent jet in a co-flowing stream, Aeronaut. Quarterly. Vol.26, pp.66–80.
Antonia, R.A. & Bisset, D.K. (1990) Spanwise structure in the near-wall region of a turbulent boundary layer. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.210, pp.437–458.
Antonia, R.A., Bisset, D.K. & Browne, L.W.B. (1990) Effect of Reynolds number on the topology of the organized motion in a turbulent boundary layer, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.213, pp.267–286.
Antonia, R.A., Browne, L.W. & Chambers, A.J. (1984) On the spectrum of the transverse derivative of the streamwise velocity in a turbulent flow. Phys. Fluids, Vol.27, pp.2628–2631
Antonia, R.A., Browne, L.W.B., Rajagopalan, S. & Chambers, A J. (1983) On the organized motion of a turbulent plane jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 134, pp.49–66.
Antonia, R.A., Chambers, A J., Britz, D.H. & Browne, L.W.B. (1986b) Organized structures in a plane turbulent jet: topology and contributions to momentum and heat transport. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.172, pp.211–229.
Antonia, R.A. & Kim, J. (1994) Low-Reynolds number effects on near wall turbulence. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.276, pp.61–80.
Antonia, R.A., Kim, J. & Browne, L.W.B. (1991) Some characteristics of small scale turbulence in a turbulent duct flow. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 233, pp.369–388.
Antonia, R.A., Shah, D.A. & Browne, L.W.B. (1987a) The organized motion outside a turbulent wake, Phys. Fluids, Vol.30, No.7, pp.2040–2045.
Antonia, R.A., Shah, D.A. & Browne, L.W.B. (1987b) Spectra of velocity derivatives in a turbulent wake, Phys. Fluids, Vol.30, No.11, pp.3455–3462.
Antonia, R.A., Teitel, M., Kim, J. & Browne, L.W.B. (1992) Low-Reynolds-number effects in a fully developed turbulent channel flow. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.236, pp.579–605.
Aronson, D. & Löfdahl, L. (1993) The plane wake of a cylinder: Measurements and inferences on turbulent modeling. Phys. Fluids, Vol.A5, pp.1433–1437.
Aronson, D. & Löfdahl, L. (1994) The plane wake of a cylinder: an estimate of the pressure-strain rate tensor. Phys. Fluids, Vol.A6, No.8, pp.2716–2721.
Badri Narayanan, M.A., Raghu, S. & Tulapurkara, E.G. (1985) The nonequilibrium region of a mixing layer, AIAA Journ. Vol.23, pp.987–991.
Bakewell, H.P. & Lumley, J.L. (1967) Viscous sublayer and adjacent wall region in a turbulent pipe flow, Phys. Fluids, Vol.10, pp.1880–1889.
Baldwin, L.V. & Sandborn, V.A. (1968) Intermittency of the far-wake turbulence, AIAA Journ. Vol.6, pp.1163–1164.
Balint, J.L., Wallace, J.M. & Vukoslavcevic, P. (1991) The velocity and vorticity vector fields of a turbulent boundary layer. Part 2. Statistical properties. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 228, pp.53–86.
Barbin, A.R. & Jones, J.B. (1963) Turbulent flow in the inlet region of a smooth pipe, J. Basic Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol.85, No.1, pp.29–34.
Bardina, J., Lyrio, A.A., Kline, S J., Ferziger J.H. & Johnston, J.P. (1981) A prediction method for planar diffuser flows, Journ. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol.103, pp.315–321.
Barenblatt, G J. (1979) Similarity, Self-similarity and Intermediate Asymptotics. Plenum Press, New York.
Barenblatt, G.I. (1993) Scaling laws for fully developed turbulent shear flows. Part 1. Basic hypotheses and analysis. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.248, pp.513–520.
Barenblatt, G.I. & Prostokishin, V.M. (1993) Scaling laws for fully developed shear flows. Part 2. Processing of experimental data. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.248, pp.521–529.
Barnwell, R.J., Wahls, R.A. & DeJarnette, F.R. (1989) Defect stream function, law of the wall/wake method for turbulent boundary layers. AIAA Journ. Vol. 27, No.12, pp.1707–1721.
Barsoum, M.L., Kawall, J.G. & Keffer, J.F. (1978) Spanwise structure of the plane turbulent wake. Phys. Fluids, Vol.21, pp.157–161.
Batchelor, G.K. & Gill, A.E. (1962) Analysis of the stability of axisymmetric jets. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.14, pp.529–551.
Batchelor, G.K; & Townsend, A.A. (1948a) Decay of isotropic turbulence in the initial period. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser.A; Vol.193, pp.539–558.
Batchelor, G.K. & Townsend, A.A. (1948b) Decay of isotropic turbulence in the final period. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser.A; Vol.194, pp.527–543.
Batchelor, G.K. (1985) An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Beavers, G.S. & Wilson, T.A. (1970) Vortex growth in jets. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.44, pp.97–112.
Becker, H.A. & Massaro, T.A. (1968) Vortex evolution in a round jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.31, pp.435–448.
Becker, A. & Yamazaki, S. (1978) Entrainment, momentum flux and temperature in vertical free turbulent diffusion flames. Combust. Flame, Vol.33, pp. 123–149.
Barata, J.M.M., Durao, D.F.G., Heitor, M.V. & McGuirk, J.J. (1994) On the analysis of an impinging jet on grounds effects. Exp. Fluids, Vol.15, pp.117–129.
Beltaos, S. & Rajaratnam, N. (1970) Impinging circular turbulent jets. J. Hydraulic Div. Proc. ASCE, Vol.100, pp.1311–1328.
Benjamin, T.B. (1962) Theory of the vortex breakdown phenomenon, J. Fluid Mech. Vol.14, pp.593–629.
Berger, E., Sholz, D. & Schumm, M. (1990) Coherent vortex structures in the wake of a sphere and a circular disk at rest and under forced vibrations. J. Fluids Struct. Vol.4, pp.231–257.
Berkooz, G., Holmes, P. & Lumley, J.L. (1993) The proper orthogonal decomposition of turbulent flows. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. Vol.25, pp.539–575.
Bevilaqua, P.M. & Lykoudis, P.S. (1978) Mechanism of entrainment in turbulent wakes, AIAA Journ. Vol.9, pp.1657–1659.
Biringen, S. (1975) An Experimental study of a turbulent axisymmetric jet issuing in a coflowing air stream. Von Karman Inst. TN 110.
Bisset, D.K., Antonia, R.A. & Browne, L.W.B. (1990a) Spatial organization of large structures in the turbulent far wake of a cylinder, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.218, pp.439–461.
Bisset, D.K., Antonia, R.A. & Britz, D. (1990b) Structure of large-scale vorticity in a turbulent far wake. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.218, pp.463–482.
Blackwelder, R.F. & Haritonidis, J.H. (1983) Reynolds number dependence of the bursting frequency in turbulent boundary layer, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.132, pp.87–103.
Bogucz, E.A. & Walker, J.D.A. (1988) The turbulent near wake at a sharp trailing edge. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.196, pp.555–584.
Boguslavski, L. & Popiel, C.O. (1979) Flow structure of the free round turbulent jet in the initial region. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 90, Pt.3, pp.531–539.
Bradbury, L.J.S. (1965) The structure of a self-preserving turbulent plane jet, J. Fluid Mech., Vol.23, Part 1, pp.31–64.
Bradbury, L.J.S. & Riley, J. (1967) The spread of a turbulent plane jet into a parallel moving stream, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.27, Part 2, pp.381–394.
Bradshaw, P. (1970) Prediction of the turbulent near-wake of a symmetric airfoil. AIAA Journ. Vol.8, pp. 1507–1512.
Bradshaw, P. (1977) Effect of external disturbances on the spreading rate of a plane turbulent jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.80, pp.795–797.
Bradshaw, P. (Ed.) (1978) Turbulence, Topics in Applied Physics, Vol.12, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Bradshaw, P., Ferriss, D.H. & Johnson, R.F. (1964) Turbulence in the noise-producing region of a circular jet, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.19, pp.591–624.
Bradshaw, P. & McGee, T. (1960) Turbulent wall jets with and without an external free stream. Aero. Res. Council, R&M 3252.
Bremhorst, K. & Bullock, K.J. (1970) Spectral measurements of temperature and longitudinal velocity fluctuations in fully developed pipe flow. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.13, pp.1313–1329.
Bremhorst, K. & Walker, T.B. (1973) Spectral measurements of turbulent momentum transfer in fully-developed pipe flow. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.61, pp. 173–186.
Brooke, J.W. & Hanratty, TJ. (1993) Origin of turbulence-producing eddies in channel flow. Phys. Fluids, Vol.A5, No.4, pp.1011–1024.
Browand, F.K. & Laufer, J. (1975) The roles of large-scale structures in the initial development of turbulent jets. In Turbulence in Liquids, Fiedler, H. (Ed.), Vol.5, pp.333–344. Univ. Missouri, Rolla, Mo.
Browne, L.W.B. & Antonia, R.A. (1986) Reynolds shear stress and heat flux measurements in a cylinder wake, Phys. Fluids, Vol.29, pp.709–713.
Browne, L.W.B., Antonia, R.A. & Bisset, D.K. (1986) Coherent structures in the far field of a turbulent wake, Phys. Fluids, Vol.29, pp.3612–3617.
Browne, L.W.B., Antonia, R.A. & Chambers, A.J. (1984) The interaction region of a turbulent plane jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 149, pp.355–373.
Browne, L.W.B., Antonia, R.A. & Shah, D.A. (1987) Turbulent energy dissipation in a wake, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.179, pp.307–326.
Browne, L.W.B. & Dinkelacker, A. (1995) Turbulent pipe flow: pressures and velocities. Fluid Dynamics Res. Vol.15, pp. 177–204.
Bruns, J., Dengel, P. & Fernholz, H.H. (1992) Mean flow and turbulence measurements in an incompressible two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer. Part 1: Data. Institut Bericht, No.02/92, Hermann Föttinger Inst. Thermo-u. Fluid Dynamik, Techn. Univ. Berlin, Germany.
Budny, R.S., Kawall, J.G. & Keffer, J.F. (1979) Vortex street evolution in the wake of a circular cylinder. In Durst, F., Launder, B.E., Schmidt, F.W. & Whitelaw, J.H. (Eds.) Turbulent shear Flows, pp.7.20–25.
Bullock, K.J., Cooper, R.E. & Abernathy, F.H. (1978) Structural similarity in radial correlations and spectra of longitudinal fluctuations in pipe flow. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.88, pp.585–608.
Bush, W.B. & Krishnamurthy, L. (1991) Asymptotic analysis of the fully developed region of an incompressible, free, turbulent round jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 223, pp.93–111.
Byggstoyl, S. & Kollmann, W. (1986a) Stress transport in the rotational and irrotational zones of turbulent shear flows, Phys. Fluids, Vol.29, pp. 1423–1429.
Byggstoyl, S. & Kollmann, W. (1986b) A closure model for conditioned stress equations and its application to turbulent flows. Phys. Fluids, Vol.29, pp. 1430–1440.
Cannon, S., Champagne, E. & Glezer, A. (1993) Observations of large-scale structures in wakes behind axisymmetric bodies. Exp. Fluids, Vol.14, pp.447–450.
Cantwell, B. & Coles, D. (1983) An experimental study entrainment and transport in the turbulent near wake of a circular cylinder. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.136, pp.321–374.
Carmody, T. (1964) Establishment of the wake behind a disk, J. Basic Eng. Trans. ASME D, Vol.86, pp.869–883.
Castro, I.P. & Dianat, M. (1990) Pulsed-wire anemometry near walls. Exp. Fluids, Vol.8, pp.343–352.
Cervantes de Gortari, J.G. & Goldschmidt, V.W. (1981) The apparent flapping motion of a turbulent plane jet -further experimental results. Trans ASME I: J. Fluids Eng. Vol.103, pp. 119–126.
Challen, J. (1968) Mixing in turbulent jet flows. MEngSc. Thesis, Mech. Engng. Deptmt, Univ. of Sydney.
Champagne, F.H. (1978) The fine scale structure of the turbulent velocity field, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.86, pp.67–108.
Chevray, R. (1968) The turbulent wake of a body of revolution. J.Basic Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol.D90, pp. 275–284.
Chevray, R. & Kovasznay, L.S.G. (1969) Turbulence measurements in the wake of a thin flat plate, AIAA Journal, Vol.7, pp.1641–1643.
Chevrin, P.A., Pétrie, H.L. & Deutsch, S. (1992) The structure of Reynolds stress in the near-wall region of a fully developed turbulent pipe flow. Exp. Fluids, Vol. 13, pp.405–413.
Chien, K.Y. (1982) Predictions of channel and boundary layer flows with a low-Reynolds number two-equation model of turbulence, AIAA Journ. Vol.20, No.1, pp.33–38.
Chigier, N.A. & Chervinsky, A. (1966a) Experimental and Theoretical Study of Turbulent Swirling Jets issuing from a Round Orifice. Israel J. Techn., Vol.4, N01, pp.44–54.
Chigier, N.A. & Chervinsky, A. (1966b) Experimental investigation of swirling vortex motion in jets. J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME, Ser.E, Vol.34, No.2, pp.443–451.
Ching, C.Y., Djenidi, L. & Antonia, R.A. (1995) Low-Reynolds-number effects in a turbulent boundary layer. Exp. Fluids, Vol.19, No.1, pp.61–68.
Chua, L.P. & Antonia, R.A. (1986) The turbulent interaction region of a circular jet. Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.13, pp.545–558.
Chua, L.P. & Antonia, R.A. (1992) Spatial organization of large structures in the near-field of a circular jet Fluid dyn. Res. Vol.9, pp.55–71.
Churchill, S.W. (1993) Theoretically based expressions in closed form for the local and mean coefficients of skin friction in fully turbulent flow along smooth and rough plates. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, Vol.14, No.3, pp.231–239.
Cimbala, J.M. (1995) Direct numerical simulation and modeling of a spatially evolving turbulent wake. Proc. 10th. Symp. Turb. Shear Flows, Vol.1, pp.6–25, 6–30. Penn. State Univ.
Cimbala, J.M., Nagib, H. & Roshko, A. (1981) Wake instability leading to new large scale structures downstream of bluff bodies. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. Vol.26, pp1256.
Cimbala, J.M. & Park, W.J. (1990) An experimental investigation of the turbulent structure in a two-dimensional momentumless wake, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.213, pp.479–509.
Clark, J.A. (1968) A study of turbulent boundary layers in channel flow, J. Basic Eng. Trans.ASME, D, Vol.90, pp.455–468.
Clauser, F.H. (1954) The turbulent boundary layer. Adv. Appl. Mech. Vol.4, pp. 1–51.
Cohen, J. & Wygnanski, I. (1987a) The evolution of instabilities in the axisymmetric jet. Part 1. The linear growth of disturbances near the nozzle. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 176, pp.191–219.
Cohen, J. & Wygnanski, I. (1987b) The evolution of instabilities in the axisymmetric jet. Part 2. The flowresulting from the interaction between two waves. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 176, pp.221–235.
Coles, D. (1956) The law of the wake in the turbulent boundary layer. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.1, pp.191–226.
Coles, D. (1962) The turbulent boundary layer in a compressible fluid. RAND Corp. Report NoR-403-PR.
Coles, D. (1982) Prospects for useful research on coherent structure in turbulent shear flow. In Narasimha, R. & Deshpande, S.M. (Eds.) Surveys in Fluid Mechanics, pp.17–33. Bangalore, Indian Acad, sciences.
Coles, D. & Hirst, E.A. (1968) Proc. Computation of Boundary Layers. AFOSR-IFP. Conf. Vol.1.
Comte-Bellot, G. (1965) Ecoulement turbulent entre deux parois parallèles. Publ. Sci. Tech. Minist, de l’Air, Vol.160.
Cooper, R.D. & Lutzky, M.(1955) Exploratory investigation of the turbulent wakes behind bluff bodies. DTMB Report, No.963, US Navy.
Cooper, D., Jackson, D.C., Launder, B.E. & Liao, G.X. (1993) Impinging-jet studies for turbulence model assessment-I. Flow-field experiments. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.36, No.10, pp.2675–2684.
Corrsin, S. & Kistler, A.L. (1955). Free stream boundaries of turbulent shear flows. NACA Rep.1244.
Craft, T.J., Graham, L.J.W. & Launder, B.E. (1993) Impinging jet studies for turbulence model assessment-II. An examination of the performance of four turbulence models. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.36, No.10, pp.2685–2697.
Craft, T.J. & Launder, B.L. (1992) New wall-reflection models applied to the turbulent impinging jet AIAA Journ. Vol.30, No.12, pp.2970–2972.
Craya, A. & Darrigol, M. (1967) Turbulent swirling jet. Phys. Fluids Suppl. Vol.10, pp.S197.
Dahm, W.J.A. & Dimotakis, P.E. (1987) Measurements of entrainment and mixing in turbulent jets. AIAA Journ. Vol.25, pp.1216–1223.
Davis, M.R. & Winarto, H. (1980) Jet diffusion from a circular nozzle above a solid wall. J. Fluid Mech. Vol.101, pp.201–221.
Dean, R.B. (1977) A single formula for the complete velocity profile in the turbulent boundary layer. Trans. ASME, I; Journ. Fluids Eng. Vol.98, pp.723–726.
Dean, R.B. (1978) Reynolds-number dependence of skin friction and other bulk flow variables in two-dimensional rectangular duct flow. Trans. ASME, J. Fluids Eng. Vol.100, pp.215–223.
Dean, R.B. & Bradshaw, P. (1976) Measurements of interacting shear layers in a duct. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.78, pp.641–676.
Demuren, A.O. & Sarkar, S. (1993) Perspective: Systematic Study of Reynolds Stress Closure Models in the Computations of Plane Channel Flows. J. Fluids Eng. Vol.115, No.1, pp.5–12.
Dianat, M., Fairweather, M. & Jones, W.P. (1996a) Predictions of axisymmetric and two-dimensional impinging turbulent jets. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, Vol.17, pp.530–538.
Dianat, M., Fairweather, M. & Jones, W.P. (1996b) Reynolds-stress closure applied to axisymmetric, impinging turbulent jets. Theoret. Comp. Fluid Dynamics, Vol.8, pp.435–447.
Dimotakis, P.E., Miake-Lye, R.C. & Papantoniou, D.A. (1983) Structure and dynamics of round turbulent jets. Phys. Fluids, Vol.26, pp.3185–3192.
Djenidi, L., Dubief, Y. & Antonia, R.A. (1997) Advantages of a power law in a low Re turbulent boundary layer. Exp. Fluids, Vol.22, pp.348–350.
Donaldson, C. duP., Snedeker, R.S. & Margolis, AJ. A structure of free jet impingement. Part 2. Free jet turbulent structure and impingement heat transfer. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.45, pp.477–512.
Durst, F., Jovanovic, J. & Sender, J. (1995) LDA Measurements in the near wall region of a turbulent pipe flow. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.295; pp. 305–335.
Eckelmann, H. (1974) The structure of the viscous sublayer and the adjacent wall region in a turbulent channel flow, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.65, Pt.3, pp.439–459.
Eggels, J.G.M., Unger, F., Weiss, M.H., Westerweel, J., Adrian, R.J., Friedrich, R. & Nieuwstadt, F.T.M. (1994) Fully developed turbulent pipe flow: a comparison between direct and numerical simulation. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.268, pp. 175–209.
El Baz, A., Craft, T.J., Ince, N.Z. & Launder, B.E. (1993) on the adequacy of the thin-shear-flow equations for computing turbulent jets in stagnant surroundings. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, Vol. 14, No.2, pp.164–169.
Elena, M. (1984) Suction effects on turbulence statistics in heated pipe flow. Phys. Fluids, Vol.27, No.4, pp.861–866.
Eisner, J.W. & Drobniak, S. (1983) Turbulence structure in swirling jets. In Dumas, R. & Fulachier, L. (Eds.) Structure of Complex Turbulent Shear Flows, p.219. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Eisner, J.M. & Kurzak, L. (1987) Characteristics of turbulent flow in slightly heated free swirling jets. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.180, pp.147.
Eisner, J.W. & Kurzak, L. (1989) Semi-preserving development of a slightly heated free swirling jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.199, pp.237–255.
Ennohji, H. & Anasuma, T. (1982) Flow characteristics of the impingement region in an axisymmetric turbulent jet (normally impinging jet). Proc. Faculty Engineerng. Tokai Univ., Vol.1, pp. 147–158 (in Japanese).
Era, Y. & Saima, A. (1975) An investigation of impinging jet (experiments by air, hot air and carbondioxide). Trans. JSME, Vol.41, pp.3259–3268 (in Japanese).
Erm, L.P. & Joubert, P.N. (1991) Low-Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.230, pp. 1–44.
Erm, L.P., Smits, AJ. & Joubert, P.N. (1987) Low-Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers on a smooth flat surface in a zero pressure gradient. In Durst, F., Launder, B.E., Lumley, J.L., Schmidt, F.W. & Whitelaw, J.H. Turbulent shear flows 5, pp. 186–196. Springer Verlag.
Escudier, M.P. & Keller, J.J. (1985) Recirculation in swirling flow: a manifestation of vortex breakdown. AIAA Journ. Vol.23, pp.111–116.
Everitt, K. (1972) The spread of turbulent jets and wakes. PhD Thesis, Univ. London.
Everitt, K.W. & Robins, A.G. (1978) The development and structure of turbulent plane jets, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.88, pp.563–583.
Fabris, G. (1979) Conditional sampling study of the turbulent wake of a cylinder. J. Fluid Mech., Vol.94, pp.673–709.
Fabris, G. (1983) Third-order conditional transport correlations in the two-dimensional turbulent wake. Phys. Fluids, Vol.26, pp.422–427.
Faler, J.H. & Leibovich, S. (1978) An experimental map of the internal structure of a vortex breakdown. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 86, pp.313–335.
Farokhi, S., Taghavi, R. & Rice, E.J. (1989) Effect of initial swirl distribution on the evolution of a turbulent jet. AIAA Journ. Vol.27, No.6, pp.700–706.
Faure, T. (1995) Etude expérimentale du sillage turbulent d’un corps à symétrie de révolution autopropulsé par hélice. Thèse Doctorat, Ecole Centrale de Lyon.
Faure, T. & Robert, G. (1996) Turbulent kinetic energy balance in the wake of a self-propelled body. Exp. Fluids, Vol.21, No.4, pp.268–274.
Felsch, K.O., Geropp, D. & Walz, A. (1968) Methods for turbulent boundary layer prediction. In Kline A et al. (Ed.) Proc. AFOSR-IFP, p.70.
Fernholz, H.H., Krause, E., Nockermann, M. & Schober, M. (1995) Comparative measurements for the canonical boundary layer at ReG < 6xl04 on the wall of the DNW. Phys. Fluids, Vol.A7, pp.1275–1281.
Fernholz, H.H. & Finley, P.J. (1996) The incompressible zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer: an assessment of the data. Progr. Aerospace Science, Vol.32, pp.245–311.
Ferré, J.A. & Giralt, F. (1989a) Pattern-recognition analysis of the velocity field in plane turbulent wakes, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.198, pp.27–64.
Ferré, J.A. & Giralt, F. (1989b) Some topological features of the entrainment process in a heated turbulent wake. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.198, pp.65–78.
Fiedler, H.E. (1988) Coherent structures in turbulent flows. Progr. Aerosp. Sci. Vol.25, pp.231–270.
Finley, P.J., Khoo, K.C. & Chin, J.P. (1966) Velocity measurements in a thin turbulent water layer. La Houille Blanche. Vol.21, pp.713–721.
Finson, M. L. (1975) Similarity behavior of momentumless wakes, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.71, Pt.3, pp.465–479.
Flora, J.J. & Goldschmidt, V.W. (1969) Virtual origins of a free plane turbulent jet. AIAA Journ. Vol.7, No.12, pp.1344–1346.
Forstall, W. & Shapiro, A.H. (1950) Momentum and mass transfer in co-axial gas jets. J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME, Vol.72, p.A399.
Fortuna, G. & Hanratty, T.J. (1971) Frequency response of the boundary layer on wall transfer probes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.14, pp.1499–1507.
Foss, J.F. & Jones, J.B. Secondary flow effects in a bounded rectangulat jet. J. Basic Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol.90, pp.241–248 (1968).
Frenkiel, F.N. & Klebanoff, P.S. (1971) Statistical properties of velocity derivatives in a turbulent field. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.48, pp.183–208.
Freymuth, P. (1966) On transition of a separated boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. Vol.25, pp.683–704.
Freymuth, P. & Uberoi, M.S. (1971) Structure of temperature fluctuations in the turbulent wake behind a heated cylinder. Phys. Fluids, Vol.14, pp.2574–2580.
Freymuth, P. & Uberoi, M.S. (1973) Temperature fluctuations in the turbulent wake behind an optically heated sphere. Phys. Fluids, Vol.16, pp. 161–168.
Fritsch, W. (1928) Einfluss der Wandrauhigkeit auf die turbulente Geschwindigkeitsverteilung im Rinnen. ZAMM, Vol.8, No.2, pp.199–216.
Fu, S., Launder, B.E. & Tselepidakis, D.P. (1987) Accomodating the effects of high strain rates in modelling the pressure-strain correlation. Mech. Eng. Dept. Rep. TFDI87I5, UMIST.
Fu, S., Huang, P.G., Launder, B.E. & Leschziner, M.A. (1988) A comparison of algebraic and differential second-moment closures for axisymmetric turbulent shear flows with and without swirl. Trans. ASME, J. Fluids Engng., Vol.110, pp.216–221.
Fuchs, H.V., Mercker, F. & Michel, U. (1979) Large-scale coherent structures in the wake of axisymmetric bodies. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 93, pp.185.
Fujii, S., Eguchi, L. & Gomi, M. (1981) Swirling jets with and without combustion. AIAA Journ. Vol.19, No.11, pp.1438–1442.
Fujisawa, N. & Shirai, H. (1986) On the stability of turbulent wall jets along concave surfaces. Bull. JSME, Vol.29, No.257, pp.3761–3766.
Fujisawa, N. & Kobayashi, R. (1987) Turbulence characteristics of wall jets along strong convex surfaces. Int. J. Mech. Sci. Vol.29, pp.311–320.
Galbraith, R.A.McD. & Head, M.R. (1975) Eddy viscosity and mixing length from measured boundary layer developments. Aero. Quarterly, Vol. 26, pt.2, pp.133–154.
Gartshore, I.S. (1966) Experimental examination of the large eddy equilibrium hypothesis, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 24, Pt.1, pp.89–98.
Gartshore, LS. & Newman, B.G. (1969a) Small perturbation jets and wakes which are approximately self preserving in a pressure gradient, CASI Trans. Vol.2, pp.101–104.
Gartshore, I.S. & Newman, B.G. (1969b) The turbulent wall jet in an arbitrary pressure gradient. Aeron. Journal Quart. Vol.20, Pt.1, pp.25–56.
Gautner, J.W., Livingwood, J.N.B. & Hrycak, P. (1970) Survey of literature on flow characteristics of a single turbulent jet impinging on a flat plate. NASA TN D-5652 NTIS N70–18963.
George, W.K. (1988) The decay of homogeneous isotropic turbulence. In Hirata, M. & Kasagi, N. (Eds.) Transport phenomena in turbulent flows. Theory, experiment and numerical simulation, pp.3–16. New York, Hemisphere .
George, W.K. (1989) The self-preservation of turbulent flows and its relation to initial conditions and coherent structures. In George, W.K.& Arndt, R. (Eds.) Advances in Turbulence. Hemisphere Publ. Co. Washington D.C. pp.639–674 .
George, W.K., Capp, S.P., Seif, A.A., Baker, C.B. & Taulbee, D.B. (1988) A study of the turbulent axisymmetric jet. J. Engng. Sci. King Saud Univ. Vol.14, pp.85–93.
George, W.K. (1990) Governing equations, experiments and the experimentalist. Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci. Vol.3, pp.557–566.
George, W.K. & Hussein, H.J. (1991) Locally axisymmetric turbulence. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.233, pp.1–23.
Gerodimos, G. & So, R.M.C. (1997) Near-wall modeling of plane turbulent jets. J. Fluids Engng. Trans. ASME, Vol.119, pp.304–313.
Gibson, M.M. & Launder, B.E. (1978) Ground effects on pressure fluctuations in the atmospheric boundary layer, J. Fluid Mech. Vol.86, part 3, pp.491–511.
Gibson, M.M., Verriopoulos, C.A. & Nagano, Y. (1982) Measurements in the heated turbulent boundary layer on a mildly curved convex surface. In Bradbury, L.J.S., Durst, F., Launder, B.E., Schmidt, F.W. & Whitelaw, J.H. Turbulent shear flows. Vol.3, pp.80–95. Lect. Notes In Phys., Springer Verlag.
Ginevskii, A.S., Pochkina, K.A. & Ukhanova, L.N. (1966) Propagation of turbulent jet flows with zero excess impulse, Fluid Dyn., Vol.1, No.6, pp.106–107.
Giralt, F., Chia, C J. & Trass, O.(1977) Characterization of the impingement region in an axisymmetric turbulent jet. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., Vol.16, pp.21–28.
Giralt, F. & Ferré, J.A. (1993) Structure and flow patterns in turbulent wakes. Phys. Fluids, Vol. A5, No.7, pp.1783–1789.
Goldschmidt, V.M. & Bradshaw, P. (1973) Rapping of a plane jet. Phys. Fluids, Vol.16, pp.354 – 355.
Goldschmidt, V.W., Young, M.F. & Ott, E.S. (1981) Turbulent convection velocities (broadband and wavenumber dependent) in a plane jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 105, pp.327–345.
Grandmaison, E.W. & Becker, H.A. (1982) Turbulent mixing in free swirling jets. Can. J. Chem. Eng. Vol.60, pp.76–82.
Gran, R.L. (1973) An experiment on the wake of a slender propeller-driven body. Report 200086–6006 RU-00, TRW Systems.
Grant, H.L. (1958) The large eddies of turbulent motion. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.4, pp. 149–190.
Granville, P.S. (1977) The drag and turbulent boundary layer of flat plates at low Reynolds numbers, J. Ship Res. Vol.21, No.1, pp.30–39.
Green, J.E., Weeks, DJ. & Brooman, J.W.F. (1972) Prediction of turbulent boundary layers and wakes in compressible flows by a lag entrainment method. RAE Tech. Rep. 72079.
Guitton, D.E. (1970) Some contribution to the study of equilibrium and non equilibrium turbulent wall jets over curved surfaces. PhD Thesis, Mech. Engng. Mac Gill Univ.
Gumilevskii, A.G. (1992) Investigation of momentumless swirled wakes on the basis of a two-parameter turbulence model. Fluid Dynamics, Vol.27, No.3, pp.326–330.
Gumilevski, A.G. (1993) Divergent from self-similarity in turbulent swirling axisymmetric wakes. Fluid Dynamics. Vol.28, No.1, pp.30–34 .
Gumilevskii, A.G. (1994) Similarity and decay laws of wakes with zero momentum and angular momentum. Fluid Dynamics, Vol.28, No.5, pp.619–623.
Gupta, A.K. (1979) Combustion instabilities in swirling flames. Gas Wärme International, Band 28, pp.55–66.
Gupta, A.K. & Kaplan, R.E. (1972) Statistical characteristics of Reynolds stress in a turbulent boundary layer, Phys. Fluids, Vol.15, pp. 981–985.
Gupta, A.K., Lilley, D.G. & Syred, N. (1984) Swirl flows, Abacus Press, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England.
Gutmark, E. & Ho, CM. (1983) Preferred modes and the spreading rates of jets. Phys. Fluids, Vol.26, No.10, pp.2932–2938.
Gutmark, E. & Wygnanski, I. (1976) The planar turbulent jet, J. Fluid Mech., Vol.73, Part 3, pp.465–495.
Haji-Haidari, A. & Smith, C.R. (1988) Development of the turbulent near wake of atapered thick flat plate. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.189, pp.135–163.
Hall, M.G. (1972) Vortex breakdown, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. Vol.4, pp. 195–218. Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA.
Hama, F.R. (1954) Boundary-layer characterictics for smooth and rough surfaces. Trans. SNAME, Vol.62, pp.333–358.
Hanjalic, K. & Launder, B.E. (1972) A Reynolds stress model of turbulence and its application to thin shear flows, J. Fluid Mech., Vol.52, Part 4, pp.609–638.
Hanjalic, K. & Launder, B.E. (1980) Sensitizing the dissipation equation to irrotational strains, Trans. ASME, J. Fluids Eng. Vol.102, pp.34–40.
Hanratty, TJ., Chorn, L.G. & Hatziavramidis, D.T. (1977) Turbulent fluctuations in the viscous wall region for newtonian and drag reducing fluids. Phys. Fluids, Vol.20, S112–S119.
Harvey, J.K. (1962) Some observations of the vortex breakdown phenomenon. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.14, pp.585–592.
Hassid, S. (1980) Similarity and decay law of momentumless wakes, Phys. Fluids, Vol.23, pp.404–405.
Hayakawa, M. & Hussain, A.K.M.F. (1989) Three-dimensionality of organized structures in a plane turbulent wake. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.206, pp.375–404.
Hayakawa, M. & Iida, S. (1992) Behaviour of turbulence in the near wake of a thin flat plate at low Reynolds numbers. Phys. Fluids, Vol.A4, No.10, pp.2282–2291.
Hayakawa, M., Iida, S. & Takezawa, S. (1985) The near field of a fully turbulent circular let. Phys. Fluids, Vol.28, No.2, pp.3703–3704.
Head, M.R. & Bandyopadhayay, P. (1981) New aspect of turbulent boundary layer structure. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.107, pp.297–337.
Hedley, T.B. & Keffer, J.F. (1974) Some Turbulent non-turbülent properties of an intermittent flow. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 64, pp.645–674 .
Herzog, S. (1986) The large-scale structure in the near-wall region of a turbulent pipe flow. PhD Thesis, Univ. Cornell, PA.
Heskestad, G. (1965) A generalized Taylor’s hypothesis with application for high Reynolds number turbulent shear flows. Trans. ASME, J. Appl. Mech., Vol.32, pp.735–739.
Heskestad, G. (1966) Hot wire measurements in a radial turbulent jet, J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME, Vol.33, pp.417–424 .
Higuchi, H. (1977) Experimental investigation on axisymmetric turbulent wakes with zero momentum defect. PhD Thesis, California Insty. Technology.
Higuchi, H. & Kubota, T. (1990) Axisymmetric wakes behind a slender body including zero-momentum configurations. Phys. Fluids, Vol.A2, No.9, pp. 1615–1623.
Hill, G.W., Jenkins, C.J. & Gilbert, B.L. (1976) Effects of initial boundary layer state on turbulent mixing. AIAA Journ. Vol.14, pp.1513–1514.
Hinze, J.O. (1975) Turbulence, McGraw-Hill.
Honkan, A. & Andreopoulos, Y. (1997) Vorticity, strain-rate and dissipation characteristics in the near-wall region of turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. Vol.350, pp.29–96.
Huffman, G.D. & Bradshaw, P. (1972) A note on Von Karman’s constant in low Reynolds number turbulent flows, J. Fluid Mech. Vol.53, pt.1, pp.45–60.
Hunt, J.C.R. & Joubert, P.N. (1979) Effects of small streamline curvature on turbulent duct flow. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol. 91, Part 4, pp.633–659.
Hussain, A.K.M.F. (1986) Coherent structures and turbulence. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.173, pp.303–356.
Hussain, A.K.M.F. & Clark, A.R. (1977) Upstream influence on the near fluid of a plane turbulent jet, Phys. Fluids, Vol.20, pp. 1416–1426.
Hussain, A.K.M.F. & Clark, A.R. (1981) Measurements of the wavenumber celerity spectrum in plane and axisymmetric jets. AIAA Journ. Vol.19, pp.51–55.
Hussain, A.K.M.F. & Hayakawa, M. (1987) Eduction of large-scale organized structures in a turbulent plane wake. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 180, pp.193–229.
Hussain, A.K.M.F. & Reynolds, W.C. (1975) Measurements in fully developed turbulent channel flow, J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, I, Vol.97, pp.568–578.
Hussain, A.K.M.F. & Zaman, K.M.B.Q. (1980) Vortex pairing in a circular jet under controlled excitation. Part 2. Coherent structure dynamics. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.109, Pt.3, pp.493–544.
Hussein, H.J. (1994) Evidence of local axisymmetry in the small scales of a turbulent planar jet. Phys. Fluids, Vol. A6, No.6, pp.2058–2070.
Hussein, H.J., Capp, S.P. & George, W.K. (1994) Velocity measurements in a high Reynolds number, momentum-conserving axisymmetric, turbulent jet. Journ. Fluid Mech, Vol.238, pp.31–75.
Hussein, H.J. & George, W.K. (1990) Influence of wire spacing on derivative measurement with parallel hot-wire probes. In Bower, W.M., Morris, M.J. & Saminy, M. (Eds.) Forum on turbulent flows, ASME FED- Vol.94, pp.121–124 .
Hwang, N.H.C. & Baldwin, L.U. (1966) Decay of turbulence in axisymmetric wakes. Trans. ASME, Journ. Basic Eng. Vol.88D, pp.261–268.
Hyun, B.S. & Patel, V.C. (1991) Measurements in the flow around a marine propeller at the stern of an axisymmetric body. Part 1: circumferentially-veraged flow. Exp. Fluids, Vol.11, pp.33–44.
Irwin, H.P.A. (1973) Measurements in a self-preserving plane wall jet in a positive pressure gradient, J. Fluid Mech., Vol.61, Part 1, pp.33–63.
Islam, S.M.N. & Tucker, H.J. (1980) Flow in the initial region of axisymmetric turbulent jets. Journ. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol.102, pp.85–91.
Jambunathan, K., Lai, E., Moss, M.A. & Button, B.L. (1992) A review of heat-transfer data for single circular jet impingement. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, Vol.13, No.2, pp.106–115.
Janicka, J. (1988) Model functions of Reynolds stress models. Phys. Fluids, Vol.31, No.1, pp.49–55.
Johansson, A.V. & Alfreddson, P.H. (1982) On the structure of turbulent channel flow, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.122, pp.295–314.
Johansson, A.V. & Alfredsson, P.H. (1983) Effects of imperfect spatial resolution on measurements of wall-bounded turbulent shear flows. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.137, pp.409–421.
Jones, W.P. & Launder, B.E. (1972a) Some properties of sink-flow turbulent boundary layers. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.56, Part 2, pp.337–351.
Jones, W.P. & Launder, B.E. (1972b) The prediction of laminarization with a two-equation model, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.15, pp.301–314.
Jones, W.P. & Launder, B.E. (1973) The calculation of low-Reynolds number phenomena with a two-equation model of turbulence. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. Vol.16, pp. 1119–1130.
Jovic, S. & Ramaprian, B.R. (1986) Large scale structure of the turbulent wake behind a flat plate. Iowa Inst. Hydraulic Res. Univ. Iowa, IIHR Rept No.298.
Kader, B.A. (1984) Structure of anisotropic pulsations of the velocity and temperature in a developed turbulent boundary layer. Fluid Dynamics. Vol.19, No.1, pp.3846.
Karlsson, R. I.,& Johansson, T.G. (1988) LDV measurements of higher moments of velocity fluctuations in a turbulent boundary layer. In Adrian, R.J., Asanuma, T., Durao, D.F.G., Durst, F. & Whitelaw, J.H. (Eds.) Laser Anemometry in Fluid Mechanics. Vol.111, pp.273–289. Ladoan-Instituto Superior Technico.
Karlsson, R.I., Eriksson, J. & Persson, J. (1992) LDA measurements in a plane wall-jet in a large enclosure. Proc. 6th. Int. Symp. of Applications Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal.
Kasagi, N., Hirata, M. & Nishino, K. (1986) Streamwise pseudo-vortical structures and associated vorticity in the near-wall region of a wall-bounded turbulent shear flow. Exp. Fluids, Vol.4, pp.309–318.
Kastrinakis, E.G. & Eckelmann, H. (1983) Measurements of streamwise vorticity fluctuations in a turbulent channel flow, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.137, pp.165–186.
Kawamura, H., Sasaki, J. & Kobayashi, K. (1995) Budget and modelling of triple-moment velocity correlations in a turbulent channel flow based on DNS. Proc. 10th Symp. Turbulent Shear Flows, pp.26–13/18. Penn. State Univ., PA.
Keffer, J.F. (1965) The uniform distorsion of a turbulent wake, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.22, Part 1, pp. 135–159.
Kennedy, D.A. & Corrsin, S. (1961) Spectral flatness factor and ‘intermittency’ in turbulence and in non-linear noise, J. Fluid Mech. Vol.10, pp.366–370.
Kim, J., Moin, P. & Moser, R.D. (1987) Turbulence statistics in fully-developed channel flow at low Reynolds number, J. Fluid Mech. Vol.177, pp.133–166.
Kind, R.J. & Suthanthiran, K. (1973) The interaction of two opposing plane turbulent wall jets, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.58, pp.389–402.
Klebanoff, P.S. (1955) Characteristics of turbulence in a boundary layer with zero pressure gradient. NACA Rept.1247.
Klewicki, J.C. (1989a) On the interaction between the inner and outer region motions in turbulent boundary layers. PhD Dissertation, Michigan State Univ., East Laansing, MI, USA.
Klewicki, J.C. (1989b) Velocity-vorticity correlations related to the gradients of the Reynolds stresses in parallel turbulent wall flows. Phys. Fluids A. Vol.1, No.7, pp.1285–1288.
Klewicki, J.C. & Falco, R.E. (1990) On accurately measuring statistics associated with small-scale structure in turbulent boundary layers using hot-wire probes. J. Fluid Mech. Vol. 219, pp.119–142.
Klewicki, J.C, Murray, J.A. & Falco, R.E. (1994) Vortical motion contributions to stress transport in turbulent boundary layers. Phys. Fluids A, Vol.6, pp.277–286.
Kline, S.J., Reynolds, W.C. Schraub, F.A. & Runstadler, P.W. (1967) The structure of turbulent boundary layers. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol. 30, Part 4, pp.741–773.
Kobayashi, R. & Fujisawa, N. (1982) Turbulence characteristics of plane wall jets. Rep. Inst. High Speed Mech. Tohoku Univ. Vol. 45, pp.95–114, Tohoku, Japan.
Kobayashi, R. & Fujisawa, N. (1983a) Curvature effects on two-dimensional turbulent wall jets. Ing. Arch. Vol.53, pp.409–417.
Kobayashi, R. & Fujisawa, N. (1983b) Curvature effects on two-dimensional turbulent wall jets along concave Surfaces. Bull. JSME, Vol.26, No.222, pp.2074–2080.
Kobayashi, R. & Fujisawa, N. (1983c) Turbulence measurements in wall jets along strongly concave surfaces. Acta Mechanica, Vol.47, pp.39–52.
Komori, S. & Ueda, H. (1985a) The large-scale coherent structure in the intermittent region of the self-preserving round free jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.152, pp.337–359.
Komori, S. & Ueda, H. (1985b) Turbulent flow in the near field of a swirling round free jet. Phys. Fluids, Vol.28, No.7, pp.2075–2082.
Korobko, V.I., Shashmin, V.K. & Shulman, Z.P. (1984) Development of laminar jet flows with zero excess impulse. Fluid Dynamics, Vol.19, No.3, pp.361–366.
Korobko, V.l., Shashmin, V.K. & Shulman, Z.P. (1984) Contribution to the theory of laminar momentumless wakes. Fluid Dynamics, Vol.21, No.2, pp. 195–199.
Korobko, V.l., Shashmin, V.K. & Shulman, Z.P. (1987) Limiting self-similar solutions in swirling jet theory. Fluid Dynamics, Vol.21, No.6, pp.979–982.
Korotkov, B.N.(1976) Some forms of local self-similarity of the velocity field of turbulent wall flows. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Mekh. Zhidk. Gaza, Vol.6, p.35.
Kostomakha, V.A. & Lesnova, N.V. (1991) Development of a turbulent swirling wake with zero excess momentum. In Abstracts Proc. All Union Conf. Problems Stratified Flows, Kanev, Vol.1, p.30.
Kotsovinos, N.E. (1976) A note on the spreading rate and virtual origin of a plane turbulent jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.77, pp.305–311.
Kotsovinos, N.E. & Angelidis, P.B. (1991) The momentum flux in turbulent submerged jets Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.229, pp.453–470.
Kreplin, H.P. (1976) Mitt. MPI Strömungsforschung und AWA, Göttingen, No.63.
Kreplin, H.P. & Eckelmann, H. (1979a) Behaviour of the three fluctuating velocity components in the wall region of a turbulent channel flow, Phys. Fluids, Vol.22, No.7, pp.1233–1239.
Kreplin, H.P. & Eckelmann, H. (1979b) Propagation of perturbations in the viscous sublayer and adjacent wall region, J. Fluid Mech. Vol.95, pp.305–322.
Krothapalli, A., Baganoff, D. & Karamcheti, K. (1981) On the mixing of a rectangular jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.107, pp.201–220.
Lal, P.B.B. & Rajaratnam, N. (1979) Turbulent jets in coflowing streams, J. Eng. Mech. Div. ASCE, Vol.105, No. EM6, pp. 1025–1038.
Lam, C.K.G. & Bremhorst, K.A. (1981) Modified form of the k-e model for predicting wall turbulence. J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME I, Vol.103, pp.456–460.
Landweber, L. (1953) The frictional resistance of flat plates in zero pressure gradient. Trans. SN AME, Vol.61, pp.5–32.
LaRue, J. & Libby, P.A. (1974) Temperature fluctuations in the plane turbulent wake. Phys. Fluids, Vol.17, pp.1956–1957.
LaRue, J. & Libby, P.A. (1976) Similarity in the turbulent wake of a cylinder. Phys. Fluids, Vol.19, pp.1864.
LaRue, J.C. & Libby, P.A. (1978) Detailed similarity in the turbulent wake of a heated cylinder. Phys. Fluids, Vol.21, pp.891–897.
LaRue, J.C., Thang Ly, Rahai, H. & Pin Yao Jan (1997) On similarity of a plane turbulent jet in a coflowing stream. Proc. 11th. Symp. Turb. Shear Flow, Vol.III, pp.25–11, 16.
Lasher, W.C. & Taulbee, D.B. (1994) Reynolds stress model assessment using round jet experimental data. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, Vol.15, No.5, pp.357–363.
Lau, J.C. & Fisher, M.J. (1975) The vortex-street structure of ‘turbulent’ jets. Part 1. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 67, pp.299–337.
Lau, J.C. Fischer, M.J. & Fuchs, H.V. (1972) The intrinsic structure of turbulent jets, J. Sound Vibr. Vol.22, pp.379–406.
Lau, J.C., Morris, P.J. & Fisher, M.J. (1979) Measurements in subsonic and supersonic free jets using a laser velocimeter. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 93, pp. 1–27.
Laufer, J. (1950) Some recent measurements in a two-dimensional turbulent channel flow. J. Aero. Sci. pp.257–287.
Laufer, J. (1951) Investigation of turbulent flow in a two-dimensional channel. NACA Rept. 1053.
Laufer, J. (1954) The structure of turbulence in fully developed pipe flow. NACA Report 1174.
Laufer, J. & Zhang, X. (1983) Unsteady aspects of low Mach number jet. Phys. Fluids, Vol.26, pp.2740.
Launder, B.L., Reece, G J. & Rodi, W. (1975) Progress in the development of a Reynolds-stress closure, J. Fluid Mech., Vol.68, pp.537–566.
Launder, B.E. & Rodi, W. (1981) The turbulent wall-jet, Progr. Aerosp. Sci. Vol.19, pp.81–128.
Launder, B.E. & Rodi, W. (1983) The turbulent wall-jet, measurements and modelling. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. Vol.15, pp.429–459.
Launder, B.E. & Sharma, B.I. (1974) Application of the energy dissipation model of turbulence to the calculation of flow near a spinning disk. Letters in Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.1, pp.131–138.
Launder, B.E. & Shima, N. (1989) Second moment closure for the near-wall sublayer development and application. AIAA Journ. Vol.27, pp.537–566.
Lawn, CJ. (1971) The determination of the rate of dissipation in turbulent pipe flow. J. Fluid Mech., Vol.48, Part 3, pp.477–505.
Lee, Shao-Lin, (1965) Axisymmetric turbulent swirling jet. Journ. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME, Vol.89, N03, pp.258–262 Jun.
Leibovich, S. (1978) The structure of vortex breakdown. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. Vol. 10, pp.221–246.
Lewkowicz, A.K. (1982) An improved universal wake function for turbulent boundary layers and some of its consequences, Z. Flugwiss. Weltraumforsch. Vol.6, Heft 4, pp.261–266.
Liakopoulos, A. (1984) Explicit representation of the complete velocity profile in a turbulent boundary layer. AIAA Journ. Vol. 22, No.6, pp.844–846.
Libby, P.A. (1975) On the prediction of intermittent flows. J. Fluid Mech. Vol.68, p.273.
Lilley, D.G. (1977a) Swirl Rows in Combustion: A Review, AIAA Journ. Vol.15, No.8, pp. 1063–1078.
Lilley, D.G. (1977b) Swirling flows in combustion. Progr. Energy Comb. Sci. Vol.3.
Lilley, D.G. (1977c) Nonisotropic turbulence in swirling flows. Acta Astronautica, Vol.4.
Lin, J.T., Pao, Y.H. & Veenhuizen, S.D. (1974) Turbulent wake of a propeller-driven slender body in stratified and non-stratified fluids. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., Vol.19, p.1165.
List, E.J. (1980) Mechanics of turbulent buoyant jets and plumes. In Rodi, W. (Ed.) turbulent Jets and plumes, pp.1–68. Pergamon Press.
Ljuboja, M. & Rodi, W. (1980) Calculation of turbulent wall jets with an algebraic Reynolds stress model, J. Fluids Eng. TransASME, Vol.102, pp.350–356.
Long, R.R. & Chen, T.C (1981) Experimental evidence for the existence of the mesolayer turbulent system. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 105, pp. 19–59.
Lumley, J.L. & Newman, G.R. (1977) The return to isotropy of homogeneous turbulence. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.82, pp.161–178.
Luna, R.E. (1965) A study of impinging axisymmetric jets and their application to size classification of small particles. PhD Thesis, Princeton Univ.
Lyons, S.L., Hanratty, T.J. & McLaughlin, J.B.(1991) Large computer simulation of fully developed turbulent channel flow with heat transfer. Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids, Vol.13, pp.999–1028.
Maczynski, J.F.J.(1962) A round jet in an ambiant co-axial stream, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.13, pp.597.
Maczynski, J.FJ. (1971) Ein Vergleich der experimentellen und theoretischen Ergebnisse fur den runden turbulenten Flüssigkeitsstrahl in einer Aussenströmung. Zeitschr.f Flugwiss. Vol.19, pp.113.
Malin, M.R. (1987) Prediction of radially spreading turbulent jets. AIAA Journ. Vol.26, No.6, pp.750–752.
Malmström, T.R., Kirkpatrick, A.T., Christensen, B. & Knappmiller, K.D.(1997) Centreline velocity decay measurements in low-velocity axisymmetric jets. J. Fluid Mech. Vol.246, pp.363–377.
Mansour, N.N., Kim, J. & Moin, P. (1988) Reynolds stress and dissipation-rate budgets in a turbulent channel flow. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.192, pp.15–44.
Marasli, B., Champagne, F.H. & Wygnanski, I.J. (1989) Modal decomposition of velocity signals in a plane, turbulent wake. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.198, pp.255–273.
Marasli, B., Champagne, F.H. & Wygnanski, I.J. (1991) On linear evolution of unstable disturbances in a plane turbulent wake. Phys. Fluids, Vol.A3, pp.665.
Martinuzzi, R. & Pollard, A. (1989a) Comparative study of turbulence models in predicting turbulent pipe-flow. Part I: algebraic stress model and K-e models. AIAA Journ. Vol.27, No.1, pp.29–36.
Martinuzzi, R. & Pollard, A. (1989b) Comparative study of turbulence models in predicting turbulent pipe-flow. Part II: Reynolds stress and K-e models. AIAA Journ. Vol.27, No.12, pp.1714–1721.
Martynenko, O.G. & Korovkin, V.N. (1992) Concerning the calculation of plane turbulent jets on the basis of the K-e model of turbulence. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.35, No.12, pp.3389–3395.
Mattingly, G.E. & Chang, C.C. (1974) Unstable waves in on an axisymmetric jet column. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol. 65, Part, pp.541–560.
Mc Guirk, J.J. & Rodi, W. (1979) The calculation of three-dimensional turbulent free jets. In Durst, F., Launder, B.E., Schmidt, F.W. & Whitelaw, J.H. (Eds.) Turbulent shear Flows. Vol.1, pp.71–83. Lect. Notes in Phys. Springer Verlag.
Meiburg, E. & Lasheras, J.C. (1988) Topology of the vorticity field in three dimensional shear layers and wakes. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 190, pp.1–37.
Meinhardt, C.D. & Adrian, R.J. (1995) Measurements of the zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer using particle image velocimetry. AIAA Paper 95–0789.
Mellor, G.L. (1972) The large Reynolds number asymptotic theory of turbulent boundary layers. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Vol.10, pp.851–873.
Mellor, G.L. and Gibson, D.M. (1966) Equilibrium turbulent boundary layers, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.24, Part 2, pp.225–253.
Mellor, G.L. & Herring, H.J. (1973) A survey of the mean turbulent field closure models, AIAA Journ. Vol.11, No.5, pp.590–599.
Menter, F. (1994) Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA Journ. Vol.32, No.8, pp.1598–1605.
Merritt, G.E. (1974) Wake growth and collapse in stratified flow. AIAA Journ. Vol.12, pp.940–949.
Michalke, A. (1965) On spatially growing disturbances in an inviscid shear layer. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.23, pp.521–544.
Millikan, C.B. (1939) A critical discussion of turbulent flows in channels and circular tubes. Proc. 5th. Int. Congr. Appl. Mech., Cambridge, USA, pp.386–392.
Moin, P. & Kim, J. (1982) Numerical investigation of turbulent channel flow, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.118, pp.341–377.
Moin, P. & Kim, J. (1985) The structure of the vorticity field in turbulent channel flow. Part 1. Analysis of instantaneous fields and statistical correlations. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.155, pp.441–464.
Morrisson, W.R.B., Bullock, K.J. & Kronauer, R.E. (1971) Experimental evidence of waves in the sublayer. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.47, pp.639–656.
Morton, B., Taylor, G.I. & Turner, J.S.(1956) Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained and instantaneous sources. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Vol.A243, pp.1–23.
Mourn, J.W., Kawall, J.G. & Keffer, J.F. (1979) Structural features of the plane turbulent jet. Phys. Fluids, Vol.22, No.7, pp.1240–1244.
Mumford, J.C. (1982) The structure of the large eddies in fully developed turbulent shear flows. Part 1: the plane jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 118, pp.241–268.
Mumford, J.C. (1983) The structure of the large eddies in fully developed turbulent shear flows. Part 2: the plane wake. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.137, pp.447–456.
Murlis, J., Tsai, H.M. & Bradshaw, P. (1982) The structure of turbulent boundary layers at low Reynolds numbers. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.122, pp.13–56.
Musker, A.J. (1979) Explicit expression for the smooth wall velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary layer. AIAA Journal, Vol. 17, No.6, pp.655–657.
Myers, G.E.; Schauer, J.J. & Eustis, R.H. (1963) The plane turbulent wall jet. Part I. J. Basic Eng. Tras. ASME, Vol.85, No.1, pp.47–54.
Myong, H.K. & Kasagi, N. (1990a) Prediction of anisotropy of the near-wall turbulence with an anisotropic low-Reynolds-number K-e turbulence model. J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol.112, pp.521–524.
Myong, H.K. & Kasagi, N. (1990b) A new approach to the improvement of K-e turbulence model for wall-bounded shear flows. JSME Int. J. Ser.II, Vol.33, No.1, pp.63–72.
Nagano, Y. & Shimada, M. (1995) Rigorous modeling of dissipation-rate equation using direct simulations. JSME Int. J. Ser.B, Vol.38, No.1, pp.51–59.
Naguib, A.M. & Wark, C.E. (1992) An investigation of wall layer dynamics using a combined temporal filtering and correlation technique. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 243, pp.541–560.
Nakayama, A. & Liu, B.,(1990) The turbulent near-wake of a flat plate at low Reynolds number, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.217, pp.93–114.
Narashima, R. & Prabhu, A. (1972) Equilibrium and relaxation in turbulent wakes. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol. 54, Part 1, pp.1–17.
Narasimha, R., Yegna Narayan, K. & Parthasarathy, S.P. (1973) Parametric study of turbulent wall jets in still air. Aeron. Journal, Vol.77, pp.355–359.
Naudasher, E. (1965) Flow in a wake of self-propelled bodies and related sources of turbulence, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol. 22, Part 4, pp.625–656.
Neish, A. & Smith, F.T. (1992) On turbulent separation in the flow past a bluff body. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.241, pp.443–467.
Newman, B.G. (1967) Turbulent jets and wakes in a pressure gradient. In Sovran, G. (Ed.) Fluid Mechanics of Internal Flow, pp.170–209. Elsevier.
Niederschulte, M.A., Adrian, R.J. & Hanratty, T.J. (1990) Measurements of a turbulent flow in a channel with particle image velocimetry. Exp. Fluids, Vol.9, pp.222–230.
Nikuradse, J. (1932) Gesetzmässigkeit des Turbulenter Strömung in glatten Rohren. Verein Deutsch. Ing-Forschungsheft, No.356.
Nishino, K. & Kasagi, N. (1989) Turbulence statistics measurements in a two-dimensional channel flow using a three-dimensional particle tracking velocimeter. Proc. 7th. Symp. Turbulent Shear Flows, Stanford, p.22.1.1.
Nishino, K., Samada, M., Kasuya, K. & Torii, K. (1996) Turbulence statistics in the stagnation region of an axisymmetric impinging jet flow. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, Vol.17, pp. 193–201.
Ogawa, N., Maki, H. & Hijikata, K. (1992) Studies of opposed turbulent jets (impact position and turbulent component in jet center) JSME International, Ser.II, Vol.35, No.2, pp.205–211.
Oler, J.W. & Goldschmidt, V.W. (1980) Interface crossing frequency as a self-preserving flow variable. Phys. Fluids, Vol.23, No.1, pp.19–21.
Oler, J.W. & Goldschmidt, V.W. (1982) A vortex-street model of the flow in the similarity region of two-dimensional turbulent jets. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.123, pp.523–535.
Oler, J.W. & Goldschmidt, V.W. (1984) Coherent structures in the similarity region of two-dimensional turbulent jets. J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol. 106, No.2, pp.187–192.
Paizis, S.T. & Schwarz, W.H. (1974a) An investigation of the topography and motion of the turbulent interface. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.63, Pt.2, pp.315–343.
Paizis, S.T. & Schwarz, W.H. (1974b) Entrainment rates in turbulent flows. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.68, pp.297–314.
Panchapakesan, N.R. & Lumley, J.L. (1993a) Turbulent measurements in axisymmetric jets of air and helium. Part 1. Air jet. J. Fluid Mech. Vol. 246, pp.197–223.
Panchapakesan, N.R. & Lumley, J.L. (1993b) Turbulent measurements in axisymmetric jets of air and helium. Part 2. Helium jet. J. Fluid Mech. Vol. 246, pp.225–247.
Panchev, S. (1971) Random Functions and Turbulence. Pergamon Press.
Panton, R.L. (1990) Scaling turbulent wall layers. J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol.112, pp.425–432.
Pao, H.P. & Kao, T.W. (1977) Vortex structure in the wake of a sphere. Phys. Fluids, Vol.20, pp.187–191.
Papailiou, D.D. & Lykoudis, P.S. (1974) Turbulent vortex streets and the entrainment mechanism of a two-dimensional free turbulent jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.62, pp. 11–31.
Park, W.J. & Cimbala, J.M. (1991) The Effect of jet injection geometry on two-dimensional momentumless wakes. J. Fluid Mech. Vol.224, pp.29–47.
Patel, R.P. (1971) Turbulent jets and wall jets in uniform streaming flow, Aeronaut. Quarterly, Vol. 22, pp.311–326.
Patel, R.P. (1979) Some measurements in radial free jet. AIAA Journ. Vol.17, No.6, pp.657–679.
Patel, V.C. & Chen, H.C. (1987) Turbulent wake of a flat plate. AIAA Journ. Vol. 25, No.8, pp.1078–1085.
Patel, V.C. & Head, M.R. (1969) Some observations on skin friction and velocity profiles in fully developed and channel flows, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.38, Part 1, pp.181–201.
Patel, V.C. & Scheuerer, G. (1982) Calculation of Two-Dimensional Near and Far Wakes, AIAA Journ. Vol.20, No.7, pp.900–907.
Paullay, A.J., Melnik, R.E., Rubel, A., Rudman, S. & Siclari, M.J. (1985) Similarity solutions for plane and radial jets using a K-e turbulence model. J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol.107, pp.84.
Payne, F.R. & Lumley, J.L.(1967) Large-eddy structure of the turbulent wake behind a circular cylinder. Phys. Fluid Suppl. S 194–S196.
Perry, A.E. & Abell, C.J. (1977) Asymptotic similarity of turbulence structures in smooth- and rough-walled pipes. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.79, pp.785–799.
Perry, A.E., Henbest, S. & Chong, M.S. (1986) A theoretical and experimental study of wall turbulence. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.165, pp.163–199.
Perry, A.E., Lim, K.L. & Hembest, S.M. (1987) An experimental study of the turbulence structure on smooth- and rough-wall boundary layers. Journ Fluid Mech. Vol. 177, pp.437–466.
Petersen, R.A. (1978) Influence of wave dispersion on vortex pairing in a jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.89, pp.469–495.
Peterson, L.F. & Hama, F.R. (1978) Instability and transition of the axisymmetric wake of a slender body of revolution, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 88, part 1, pp.71–96.
Phillips, W.R.C. (1987) The wall region of a turbulent boundary layer. Phys. Fluids, Vol.30, No.8, pp.2354–2361.
Phillips, W.R.C. & Ratnanacher, J.T. (1990) The outer region of a turbulent boundary layer. Phys. Fluids, Vol.A2, No.3, pp.427–434.
Plaschko, P. (1979) Helical instabilities of slowly divergent jets. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 92, pp.209–215.
Pope, S.B. (1978) An explanation of the turbulent round/plane jet anomaly. AIAA Journ., Vol.16, pp.279–281.
Poreh, M., Tsuei, Y.G. & Cermak, J.E. (1967) Investigation of a turbulent radial wall jet. J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME, Vol.34, pp.457–463.
Pot, P.J. (1979) Measurements in a 2-D wake and in a 2-D wake merging into a boundary layer. Data Report, NLR TR-79063 U, The Netherlands.
Prasad, R.R. & Sreenivasan, K.R. (1989) Exp. Fluids, Vol.87, pp.259.
Pratt, B.D. & Keffer, J.F. (1972) The swirling Turbulent Jet, J. Basic Eng. Trans. ASME, pp.739–748, Dec.
Preston, J.H. (1958) The minimum Reynolds number for a turbulent boundary layer and the selection of transition device. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.3, pp.373–384.
Purtell, L.P., Klebanoff, P.S. & Buckley, F.T. (1981) Characteristics of turbulence in a boundary layer with zero pressure gradient. Phys. Fluids, Vol.24, pp.802–811.
Py, B. (1973) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.16, pp.129.
Rajagopalan, K.R. & Antonia, R.A. (1981) Properties of the large structure in a slightly heated turbulent mixing layer of a plane jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.105, pp.261–281.
Rajaratnam, N. (1976) Turbulent jets, Elsevier Publ. Company, The Netherlands.
Rajaratnam, N. & Humphries, J.A. (1984) Turbulent non-buoyant surface jets. J. Hydraulics Div. Proc. ASCE, Vol.100, pp.69–83.
Ramaprian, B.R., Patel, V.C. & Sastry, M.S. (1982) The symmetric turbulent wake of a flat plate, AIAA Journ., Vol.20, pp.1228–1235.
Ramos, J.L. (1984) Turbulent non reacting swirling flows. AIAA Journ. Vol.22, No.6, pp.846–847.
Reynolds, A.J. (1962) Similarity in swirling wakes and jets, J. Fluid Mech. Vol.14, pp.241–243.
Rhode, D.L., Lilley, D.C. & McLaughlin, D.K. (1982) On the prediction of turbulent swirling flowfields found in axisymmetric combustor geometries. ASME J. Fluids Eng. Vol.104, pp.378–384.
Ribeiro, M.M. & Whitelaw, J.H. (1980a) Coaxial jets with and without swirl, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.96, Pt.4, pp.769–795.
Ribeiro, M.M. & Whitelaw, J.H. (1980b) The structure of turbulent jets, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Vol.A370, pp.281–301.
Richman, J.W. & Azad, R.S. (1973) Developing turbulent flow in a smooth pipe. Appl. Sci. Res. Vol.28, pp.477–441.
Ricou, F.P. & Spalding, D.B. (1961) Measurements of entrainment by axisymmetrical turbulent jets. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.11, pp.21–28.
Ridhagni, P.R., Bevilaqua, P.M. & Lykoudis, P.S. (1971) Measurements in the turbulent wake of a sphere, AIAA Journ. Vol.9, pp.1433–1434.
Roach, P.E. & Brierley, D.H. (1989) The influence of a turbulent freestream on zero-pressure gradient transitional boundary layer development including the condition test cases T3A and T3B. In Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Flows and Transition to Turbulence, pp.319–347. Pironneau, O., Rodi, W., Ryhming, I.L., Savill, A.M. & Truong, T.V. (Eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press.
Robins, A.G. (1973) The development of structure of a two-dimensional free jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 88, Pt.3, pp.451–463.
Rockwell, D.O. & Niccolls, W.O. (1972) Natural breakdown of planar jets. Trans. ASME I: Journ. Basic Eng. Vol.94, pp.720–730.
Rodi, W. (1972) The prediction of free turbulent boundary layers by use of a two-equation model of turbulence. PhD thesis, Univ. Karlsruhe, Germany.
Rodi, W. (1975) A Review of Experimental Data of Uniform-Density Free Turbulent Boundary Layers, Studies in Convection, Vol.1, p.79–165. In Launder, B.E. Editor, Academic Press, New York.
Rodi, W. (1976) A new algebraic relation for calculating the Reynolds stresses, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. Vol.56, T219–T221.
Rose, W.G.(1962) A swirling round turbulent jet. Mean-flow measurements. J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME, Vol.29.
Roshko, A. (1976) Structure of turbulent shear flows: a new look, AIAA Journ. Vol.14, pp.1349–1357.
Saddoughi, S.G. & Veeravalli, S.V. (1994) Local isotropy in turbulent boundary layers at high Reynolds numbers. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 268, pp.333–372.
Sarkar, A. & So, R.M.C. (1997) A critical evaluation of near-wall two-equation models against direct numerical simulation. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, Vol.18, pp. 197–208.
Sarkar, A. & Speziale, C.G. (1990) A simple nonlinear model for the return to isotropy in turbulence. Phys. Fluids, Vol.A2, No.1, pp.84–93.
Sato, H. & Kuriki, K. (1961) The mechanism of transition in the wake of a thin flat plate placed parallel to a uniform flow. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.11, pp.321–352.
Savill, A.M. (1979) Effects of turbulence on curved or distorting mean flow. PhD Thesis, Univ. Cambridge, England.
Savill, A.M. (1983) The turbulence structure of a highly curved two-dimensional wake. In Dumas, R. & Fulachier, L. (Eds.) Structure of Complex Turbulent Shear Flows, pp. 185–197. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Schetz, J.A. & Jakubowski, A.K. (1975) Experimental study of the turbulent wake behind self-propelled slender bodies, AIAA Journ. Vol.13, pp.1568–1575.
Schetz, J.A. & Stanley, F. (1972) Analysis of free turbulent mixing flows without a net momentum defect, AIAA Journ. Vol.10, pp.1524–1526.
Schildknecht, M., Miller, J.A. & Meier, G.E.A. (1979) The influence of suction on the structure of turbulence in fully developed pipe flow, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.90, pp.67–107.
Schlichting, H. (1932) Über diie Enstehung der Turbulenz. Math. Naturwiss. Klassen nachr. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Göttingen, pp. 160–198.
Schlichting, H. (1979) Boundary Layer Theory, Mc Graw Hill, 2nd. Edition, New York.
Schneider, W. (1985) Decay of momentum in submerged jets. J. Fluid Mech., Vol.154, pp.91–110.
Schoolley, A. H. & Stewart, R.W. (1963) Experiments with a self-propelled body submerged in a fluid with a vertical density gradient, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.15, pp.83–98.
Schultz-Grünow, F. (1940) Neuer Reibungswiderstandgesetz für glatte Platten, Luftfahrtforsch. Vol.17, No.8, pp.239–246.
Schwarz, W.H. & Cosart, W.P. (1961) The two-dimensional wall jet, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.10, Part 4, pp.481–495.
Sfeir, A.A. (1976) The velocity and temperature fields of rectangular jets. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.19, pp.1289–1297.
Sforza, P.M. & Stasi, W. (1979) Heated three-dimensional turbulent jets. Trans. ASME, J. Heat Transfer, Vol.101, pp.353–358.
Sharma, S.D. (1987) Development of pseudo-two-dimensional turbulent wakes. Phys. Fluids, Vol.30, No.2, pp.357–363.
Shih, T.H. & Lumley, J.L. (1985) Modeling of pressure correlation terms in Reynolds stress and scalar flux equations. Report FDA-85–3. Sibley School Mech. Aero. Engng, Cornell Univ.
Shima, N. (1988) A Reynolds-stress model for near-wall and low-Reynolds number regions. J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol.110, pp.38–44.
Shima, N. (1993a) Prediction of turbulent boundary layers with a second-moment closure: Part I: Effects of periodic pressure gradient, wall transpiration, and free-stream turbulence. Trans. ASME, J. Fluids Eng. Vol.115, No.1, pp.56–63.
Shima, N. (1993b) Prediction of turbulent boundary layers with a second-moment closure: Part II: Effects of streamline curvature and spanwise rotation. Trans. ASME, J. Fluids Eng. Vol.115, No.1, pp.64–69.
Shlien, D.J. (1987) Observation of dispersion of entrained fluid in the self-preserving region of a turbulent jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.183, pp.163–173.
Simpson, R.L. (1971) The effect of a discontinuity in wall blowing on the turbulent incompressible boundary layer. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 14, pp.2083–2097.
Sirviente, A.I. & Patel, V.C. (1996) Experiments in the swirling wake of a self-propelled axisymmetric body. In Proc. 11th. ONR Symp. Naval Hydrodynamics, National Acad. Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Sislian, J.P. & Cusworth, R.A. (1986) Measurements of mean velocity and turbulent intensities in a free isothermal swirling jet. AIAA Journ. Vol.24, pp.303–309.
Smith, D.J. & Hugues, T. (1977) Some measurements in a turbulent circular jet in the presence of a co-flowing free stream. Aeron. Quarterly, pp.185–196. Aug.
So, R.M.C. & Hwang, B.C. (1986a) On similarity solutions for turbulent and heated round jets, ZAMP, Vol.37, pp.624–631.
So, R.M.C. & Hwang, B.C. (1986b) Local equilibrium assumption for round jet calculations, AIAA Journ. Vol.24, No.8, pp.1388–1390.
So, R.M.C, Lai, Y.G., Zhang, H.S. & Hwang, B.C. (1991a) Second order near-wall turbulence closures. AIAA Journ. Vol.29, No.11, pp.1819–1835.
So, R.M.C, Zhang, H.S. & Speziale, C.G. (1991b) Near-wall modelling of the dissipation rate equation. AIAA Journ. Vol. 29, pp.2069–2076.
So, R.M.C, Sarkar, A., Gerodimos, G. & Zhang, J. (1997) A dissipation rate equation for low-Reynolds-number and near-wall turbulence. Theoret. Comp. Fluid Dynamics, Vol.9, pp.47–63.
Spalart, P.R. (1988) Direct simulation of a turbulent boundary layer up to Rθ = 1410. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.187, pp.61–98.
Spalding, D.B. (1961) A single formula for the law of the wall. J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME; Vol.28E, No.3, pp.455–457.
Speziale, C.G., Sarkar, S. & Gatski, T.B. (1991) Modeling the pressure-strain correlation of turbulence: An invariant dynamical approach. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.227, pp.245–272.
Sreenivasan, K.R. (1981) Approach to self-preservation in plane turbulent wakes. AIAA Journ. Vol.19, No.10, pp.1365–1367.
Sreenivasan, K.R. (1984) The azimuthal correlations of velocity and temperature fluctuations in an axisymmetric jet. Phys. Fluids, Vol.27, pp.867–875.
Sreenivasan, K.R. (1989) The turbulent boundary layer. In Gad El Hak, M. (Ed.) Frontiers in Experimental Fluid Mechanics, pp. 159–209. Springer Verlag, New York.
Sreenivasan, K.R. & Antonia, R.A. (1977) Properties of wall shear stress fluctuations in a turbulent duct flow. J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME, Vol.44, pp.389–385.
Sreenivasan, K.R. & Meneveau, C. J. (1986) The fractal facets of turbulence. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.173, pp.357–386.
Sreenivasan, K.R. & Narasimha, R. (1982) Equilibrium parameters for two-dimensional turbulent wakes. J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, Ser.I, Vol.104, pp.167.
Stewart, R.W. (1956) Irrotational motion associated with free turbulent flows. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.1, pp.593–604.
Sudou, K. & Hibara, H. (1991) Gas-jet impingement normal to a solid surface. Trans. JSME, Vol.57 (B), pp.3731–3737 (in Japanese).
Symes, C.R. & Fink, L.E. (1977) In Proc. Structure and Mechanisms of Turbulence, Vol.1, Berlin.
Syred, B. & Beer, J.M. (1974) Combustion in swirling flows: a review. Combustion and Flame, Vol.23, pp. 143–201.
Tailland, A. & Mathieu, J. (1967) Jet pariétal, J. Mécanique, Vol.6, pp. 103–131.
Talmon, A.M., Kunen, J.M.G. & Ooms, G. (1986) Simultaneous flow visualization and Reynolds-stress measurement in a turbulent boundary layer. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 163, pp.459–478.
Tanaka, T. & Tanaka, E. (1976) Experimental study of a radial turbulent jet, (1st. Report, effect of nozzle shape on a free jet). Bull. JSME, Vol.19, No133, pp.792–799.
Tani, I. & Komatsu, Y. (1966) Impingement of a round jet on a flat surface. Proc. 11th. Int. Congress Appl. Mech. (Görtier, H., Ed.) Springer Verlag, New York, pp.672–676.
Tchen, CM. (1953) On the spectrum of energy in turbulent shear flow. J. Res. Nat. Bureau Standards, Vol.50, pp.51–62.
Teitel, M. & Antonia, R.A. (1990) The interaction region of a turbulent duct flow. Phys. Fluids, Vol. A2, No.5, pp.808–813.
Tennekes, H. & Lumley, J.L. (1972) A first course in turbulence, MIT Press.
Thomas, R.M. (1973) Conditional sampling and other measurements in a plane turbulent wake. J. Fluid Mech., Vol.57, pp.549.
Thomas, F.O. (1991) Structure of mixing layers and jets. Appl. Mech. Rev. Vol.44, No.3, pp.119–153.
Thomas, F.O. & Brehob, E.G. (1986). An investigation of large scale structure in the similarity region of a two-dimensional turbulent jet. Phys. Fluids, Vol. 29, No.6, pp.1788–1795.
Thomas, F.O. & Chu, H.C. (1989) An experimantal investigation of the transition of a planar jet : subharmonic suppression and upstream feedback. Phys. Fluids, Vol. A1, No.9, pp.1566–1587.
Thomas, F.O. & Goldschmidt, V.W. (1983) Interaction of an acoustic disturbance and a two-dimensional turbulent jet: experimental data. Trans. ASME I: J. Fluids Eng. Vol.105, pp.134–139.
Thomas, F.O. & Goldschmidt, V.W. (1985) The possibility of a resonance mechanism in the developing two-dimensional jet. Phys. Fluids, Vol.28, pp.3510–3514 .
Thomas, F.O. & Goldschmidt, V.W. (1986) Structure characteristics of a developing turbulent plane jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.163, pp.227–256.
Thomas, F.O. & Prakash, K.M.K. (1991) An experimental investigation of the natural transition of an untuned plane jet. Phys. Fluids, Vol. A3, No.1, pp.90–105.
Tollmien, W. (1926) Die Berechnung turbulenter Ausbreitungsvorgange. Z. Angew. Math. Mech. Vol.6, pp.468–478.
Townsend, A.A. (1947) Measurements in the turbulent wake of a cylinder. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Vol.A190, pp.551.
Townsend, A.A. (1949) The fully developed turbulent wake of a circular cylinder. Austral. J. Sci. Res. Vol.2, pp.451.
Townsend, A.A. (1956) The properties of equilibrium boundary layers. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.1, pp.561–573.
Townsend (1976) The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow. 2nd. Edn. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Townsend, A.A. (1979) Flow patterns of large eddies in a wake and in a boundary layer. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.95, pp.515–537.
Trentacoste, N. & Sforza, P. (1967) Further experimental results for three-dimensional free jets. AIAA Journ. Vol.5, No.5, pp.885–891.
Tsai, H.M. & Leslie, D.C. (1990) Large-eddy simulation of a developing turbulent boundary layer at a low Reynolds number. Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids, Vol.10, pp.519–555.
Tso, J. & Hussain, A.K.M.F. (1989) Organized motions in a fully developed turbulent axisymmetric jet. Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 205, pp.425–448.
Tso, J., Kovasznay, L.S.G., Hussain, A.K.M.F. (1981) Search for large-scale coherent structure in the nearly self-preserving region of a turbulent axisymmetric jet. J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol. 103, pp.503–508.
Turan, Ö, Azad, R.S. & Kassab, S.Z. (1987) Experimental and theoretical evaluation of the (math) spectral law. Phys.Fluids, Vol. 39, No.11, pp.3463–3474 .
Tuve, G.L. (1953) Air velocity in ventilating jets. In Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning.
Uberoi, M.S. & Freymuth, P. (1969) Spectra of turbulence in wakes behind circular cylinders. Phys. Fluids, Vol.12, pp.1359–1363.
Uberoi, M.S. & Freymuth, P. (1970) Turbulence energy balance and spectra of axisymmetric wake, Phys. Fluids, Vol.13, No.9, pp.2205–2210.
Ueda, H. & Hinze, J.O. (1975) Fine-structure turbulence in the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer, Journ.Fluid Mech., Vol. 67, Part 1, pp.125–143.
Wall, K.M. & Taulbee, D. (1996) Application of a nonlinear stress-strain model to axisymmetric turbulent swirling flows. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, Vol.17, pp.116–123.
Wallace, J.M., Brodkey, R.S. & Eckelmann, H. (1977) Pattern recognized structures in bounded turbulent shear flows, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol.83, pp.673–693.
Wei, T. & Willmarth, W.W. (1989) Reynolds-number effects on the structure of a turbulent channel flow. Journ.Fluid Mech. Vol.204, pp.57–95.
Weir, A.D. & Bradshaw, P. (1975) Resonance and other oscillations in the initial region of a plane turbulent jet. I.C. Aero. Report 75–07, Deptmt Aeronautics, Imperial College, London, England.
Weir, A.D., Wood, D.H. & Bradshaw, P. (1981) Interacting turbulent shear layers in a plane jet. Journ. FluidMech. Vol.107, pp.237–260.
White, B.R. (1981) Low-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME I, Vol.103, pp.624–630.
Whitfield, D.L.T., Swafford, T.W. & Jacocks, J.L. (1980) Calculation of turbulent boundary layers with separation, reattachment and viscous-inviscid interaction. AIAA Paper 80–1439.
Wilcox, D.C. (1993) Turbulence modelling for CFD, Griffin. Wilcox, D.C. & Traci, R.M. (1976) A complete model of turbulence, AIAA Paper 76–351.
Wille, R. (1963) Beitrage zur Phänomenologie der Freistrahlen, Z. Flugwiss. Vol.11, pp.222–233.
Willmarth, W.W. & Lu, S.S. (1972) Structure of Reynolds stress near the wall. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.55, Part 1, pp.65–92.
Witze, P.O. & Dwyer, H.A. (1976) The turbulent radial jet, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.75, Part 3, pp.401–417.
Wygnanski, I., Champagne, F. & Marasli, B. (1986) On the large-scale structures in two-dimensional, small-deficit, turbulent wakes, J. Fluid Mech. Vol. 168, pp.31–71.
Wygnanski, I. & Fiedler, H. (1969) Some measurements in a self-preserving jet, J. Fluid Mech., Vol.38, Part 3, pp.577–612.
Wygnanski, I., Oster, D., Fieldler, H. & Dziomba, B. (1979) On the perseverance of a quasi-two-dimensional eddy structure in a turbulent mixing layer. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.93, Part 2, pp.325–335.
Wygnanski, I., Katz, Y. & Horev, E. (1992) On the applicability of various scaling laws to the turbulent jet. Journ.Fluid Mech. Vol.234, pp.669–690.
Xu, C, Zhang, Z., den Tonder, J.M.J. & Nieuwstadt, F.T.M. (1996) Origin of high kurtosis levels in the viscous sublayer. Direct numerical simulation and experiment. Phys. Fluids, Vol.8, No.7, pp. 1938–1944.
Yajnik, K.S. (1970) Asymptotic theory of turbulent channel and boundary layer flows, Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol.42, Part, pp.411–427.
Yoon, H.K.& Lilley, D.G. (1983) Five-hole Pitot probe time-mean velocity measurements in confined swirling flow. AIAA Paper AIAA-83–0315, Reno, Nevada.
Zagarolla, M.V., Perry, A.E. & Smits, A.J.(1997) Log laws or power laws: the scaling in the overlap region. Phys. Fluids, Vol.9, No.7, pp.2094–2100.
Zaman, K.B.M.Q. & Hussain, A.K.M.F. (1981) Taylor Hypothesis and large-scale coherent structures. Journ. FluidMech. Vol.112, pp.379–396.
Zaric, Z. (1972) Wall turbulence effects. Adv. Heat transfer, Vol.8, pp.825.
Zhou, M.D. & Wygnanski, I. (1993) Parameters governing the turbulent wall jet in an external stream. AIAAJourn. Vol.31, No.5, pp.848–853.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Piquet, J. (1999). Turbulent Two-Dimensional Shear Flows. In: Turbulent Flows. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03559-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03559-7_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08475-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-03559-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive