Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Palmae

  • Chapter
Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons

Part of the book series: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants ((FAMILIES GENERA,volume 4))

Abstract

Small, medium-sized, or large, solitary or clustered, armed or unarmed, hapaxanthic or pleonanthic, hermaphroditic, polygamous, monoecious, or dioecious plants. Stems “woody”, slender to massive, very short to very tall, creeping, subterranean, climbing, or erect, usually unbranched, rarely branching dichotomously, lacking cambium but sometimes increasing in diameter by primary growth, sometimes ventricose; internodes very short to elongate; leaf scars conspicuous or not; stilt roots present or absent, roots sometimes modified into spines. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged, rarely distichous or tristichous; sheath initially always tubular at the base, later frequently splitting, unarmed or armed with spines or prickles, glabrous or variously scaly or hairy, sometimes with a ligulelike appendage on either side of or in front of the petiole, sheaths sometimes forming a crownshaft; petiole usually present, terete, or variously adaxially channeled or

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Selected Bibliography

  • Balick, M.J., Beck, H.T. et al. 1990. Useful palms of the world. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barfod, A.S. 1991. A monographic study of the subfamily Phytelephantoideae (Arecaceae). Opera. Bot. 105: 1–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barfod, A.S., Ervik, F., Bernal, R. 1998. Recent evidence on the evolution of phytelephantoid palms. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 83 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, S. 1996. A monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae). PhD Thesis, Department of Agricultural Botany, Reading University, pp. 367–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, R. 1998. The growth form of Phytelephas seemannii a potentially immortal solitary palm. Principes 42: 15–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, E.W. 1905. A palm from the mid-Cretaceous. Torreya 5: 30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, E.W. 1916. Lower Eocene floras of southeastern North America. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 91: 1–481.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M.W. et al. 1995a. See general references.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheadle, V.I. 1943. Vessel specialization in the late metaxylem of the various organs in Monocotyledonae. Am. J. Bot. 30: 484–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheadle, V.I. 1944. Specialization of vessels within each organ of the Monocotyledonae. Am. J. Bot. 31: 81–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheadle, V.I. 1948. Observations on phloem in the Monocotyledoneae. II. Additional observations on the occurrence and phylogenetic specialization in structure of the sieve tubes in the metaphloem. Am. J. Bot. 35: 129–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daghlian, C.P. 1981. A review of the fossil record of monocotyledons. Bot. Rev. 47: 517–555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delpino, F. 1870. Ulteriori osservazioni e considerazioni sulla dicogamia nel regno vegetale. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 13: 167–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dengler, N.G., Dengler, R.E., Kaplan, D.R. 1982. The mechanism of plication inception in palm leaves: histogenetic observations on the pinnate leaf of Dypsis lutescens. Can. J. Bot. 60: 2976–2998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield, J. 1978. Growth forms of rain forest palms. In: Tomlinson, P.B., Zimmermann, M.H. (eds.) Tropical’trees as living systems. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 247–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield, J. 1991. Paschalococos disperta. In: Zizka, G. (ed.) Flowering plants of Easter Island. Frankfurt: Palmengarten Wissenschaftliche Berichte. 3, pp. 64–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield, J., Beentje, H.J. 1995. The palms of Madagascar. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and The International Palm Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield, J., Manokaran, N. (eds.) 1993. Plant resources of south-east Asia, no. 6, Rattans. Wageningen: Pudoc. Dransfield, J., Ferguson, I.K., Uhl, N.W. 1990. The coryphoid palms: patterns of variation and evolution. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 77: 802–815.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dugand, 1974. Letter to the editor. Principes 18 (2): 59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Essig, F.B. 1998. Trends of specialization in the palm pericarp. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 83 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J.B. 1973. Unusual branch development in the palm, Chrysalidocarpus. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 66: 83–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J.B., Maidman, K.J. 1998. Branching and architecture in palms: value for systematics. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 83 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J.B., Moore, H.E., Jr. 1977. Multiple inflorescences in palms (Arecaceae): their development and significance. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 98: 573–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J.B., Tomlinson, P.B. 1973. Branch and inflorescence production in saw palmetto (Serenoa repens). Principles 17: 10–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallé, F. 1977. The longest leaf in palms? Principes 21: 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallé, F., Oldeman, A.A., Tomlinson, P.B. 1978. Tropical trees and forests: an architectural analysis. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley, M.H. 1996. Palm pollen and the fossil record. PhD Thesis, University of East London in collaboration with The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Vols. I & I I.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley, M.H., Kurmann, M.H., Ferguson, I.K. 1991. Systematic implications of comparative morphology in selected Tertiary and extant pollen from the Palmae and the Sapotaceae. In: Blackmore, S., Barnes, H.S. (eds.) Pollen and spores: patterns of diversification, pp. 225–238. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P.J., Hartley, R.D. 1980. See general references. Hegnauer, R. 1963, 1986. See general references.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A. 1985. Pollination of Socrata exorrhiza and Iriartea Ventricosa. Principes 29: 64–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A. 1986. A review of pollination studies in the Palmae. Bot. Rev. 52: 221–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A. 1990. Arecaceae. Part I. Introduction and Iriarteinae. Flora Neotropica 53: 1–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herendeen, P.S., Crane, P.R. 1995. The fossil history of monocotyledons. In: Rudall, P.J., Cribb, P.J., Cutler, D.F., Humphries, C.J. (eds.). Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holltum, R.E. 1955. Growth habits of monocotyledons–variations on a theme. Phytomorphology 5: 399–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. (ed.) 1991. Palms for human needs in Asia. Rotterdam: IUCN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. (ed.) and the IUCN/SSC Palm Specialist Group. 1996. Palms: their conservation and sustained utilization. Status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M.A.T. 1989. An unusually high chromosome number in Voanioala gerardii (Palmae: Arecoideae: Cocoeae: Butiinae). Kew Bull. 44: 207–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johri, B.M. et al. 1992. See general references.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, D.R., Dengler, N.G., Dengler, R.E. 1982a. The mechanism of plication inception in palm leaves; problem and developmental morphology. Can. J. Bot. 60: 2939–2975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, D.R., Dengler, N.G., Dengler, R.E. 1982b. The mechanism of plication inception in palm leaves: histogenetic observations on the palmate leaf of Rhapis excelsa. Can. J. Bot. 60: 2999–3016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klotz, L.H. 1978a. Form of the perforation plates in the wide vessels in palms J Arnold Arbor. 59: 105–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klotz, L.H. 1978b. The number of wide vessels in the petiolar vescular bundles in palms: an anatomical feature of systematic significance. Principes 22: 99–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linder, H.P., Kellog, E.A. 1995. Phylogenetic patterns in the commelinid clade. In: Rudall, P.J., Cribb, P.J., Cutler, D.F., Humphries, C.J. (eds.). Monocotyledons; systematics and evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 473–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Listabarth, C. 1992. A survey of pollination strategies in the Bactridinae. Bull. Inst. Fr. Ét. Andines 21: 699–714.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markley, K.S. 1955. Caranday - a source of palm wax. Econ. Bot. 9: 39–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, H.E., Jr. 1973. The major groups of palms and their distribution. Gentes Herb. 11: 27–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, H.E., Jr., Uhl, N.W. 1982. Major trends of evolution in palms. Bot. Rev. 48: 1–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, H.E., Jr., Uhl, N.W. 1984. The indigenous palms of New Caledonia. Allertonia 3: 313–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, S.G. 1973. The formation of endocarp in palm fruits. Principes 17: 91–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parthasarathy, M.V. 1968. Observations on metaphloem in the vegetative organs of palms. Am. J. Bot. 55: 1140–1168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parthasarathy, M.V. 1974. Ultrastructure of phloem in palms. III. Mature phloem. Protoplasma 79: 265–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parthasarathy, M.V., Klotz, L.H. 1976. Palm “wood”. I. Anatomical aspects. Wood Sci. Technol. 10: 215–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyykkö, M. 1985. Anatomy of the stem and petiole of Raphia hookeri (Palmae). Ann. Bot. Fenn. 22: 129–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, R.W. 1975. The genus Thrinax ( Palmae: Coryphoideae). Smithson. Contrib. Bot. 19: 1–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Röser, M. 1994. Pathways of karyological differentiation in palms. (Arecaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 189: 83–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Röser, M. 1995. Trends in karyo-evolution of palms. In: Brandham, P., Bennett, M. (eds.) Kew Chromosome Conference IV. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 249–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, U., Weiner, G., Liese, W. 1995. The fine structure of the stegmata in Calamus axillaris during maturation. IAWA J. 16: 61–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seubert, F. 1996a. Root anatomy of palms. II. Calamoideae. Feddes Repert. 107: 43–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seubert, F. 1996b. Root anatomy of palms. III. Ceroxyloideae, Nypoideae, Phytelephantoideae. Feddes Repert. 107: 597–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seubert, F. 1997. Root anatomy of palms. I. Coryphoideae. Flora 192: 81–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowunmi, M.A. 1972. Pollen morphology of the Palmae and its bearing on taxonomy. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 13: 1–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, D.W., Loconte, H. 1995. Cladistic analysis of monocot families. In: Rudall, P.J., Cribb, P.J., Cutler, D.F., Humphries, C.J. (eds.) Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 543–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thanikaimoni, G. 1971. Les palmiers: palynologie et systematique. Tray. Sect. Sci. Tech. Inst. Fr. Pondichéry. 11: 1286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, P.B. 1961. Palmae. In: Metcalfe, C.R. (ed.) Anatomy of the monocotyledons. I I. Palmae. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, P.B. 1990. The structural biology of palms. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, P.B., Moore, H.E., Jr. 1968. Inflorescence in Nannorrhops ritchiana (Palmae). J. Arnold Arbor. 49: 16–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, P.B., Soderholm, P.K. 1975. The flowering and fruiting of Corypha elata in south Florida. Principes 19: 83–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, P.B., Zimmermann, M.H. 1968. Anatomy of the palm Rhapis excelsa. V. Inflorescence. J. Arnold Arbor. 49: 291–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W. 1966. Morphology and anatomy of the inflorescence axis and flowers of a new palm, Aristeyera spicata. J. Arnold Arbor. 47: 9–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W. 1972a. Inflorescence and flower structure in Nypa fruticans (Palmae). Am. J. Bot. 59: 729–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W. 1972b. Leaf anatomy in the Chelyocarpus alliance. Principes 16: 101–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W. 1976. Developmental studies in Ptychosperma (Palmae). I. The inflorescence and the flower cluster. Am. J. Bot. 63: 82–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W. 1978. Leaf anatomy in the species of Hyophorbe ( Palmae ). Gentes Herb. 11: 268–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W., Dransfield, J. 1984. Development of the inflorescence, gynoecium, and androecium with reference to palms. In: White, R.A., Dickison, W.C. (eds.) Contemporary problems in plant anatomy. New York: Academic Press, pp. 347–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W., Dransfield, J. 1987. Genera Palmarum, a classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore, Jr. Lawrence, KS: Allen Press, and L.H. Bailey Hortorium and the International Palm Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W., Dransfield, J. 1988. Genera Palmarum, a new classification of palms and its implications. Adv. Econ. Bot. 6: 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W., Moore, H.E. Jr. 1971. The palm gynoecium. Am. J. Bot. 58: 945–992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W., Moore, H.E. Jr. 1977. Correlations of inflorescence, floral structure, and floral anatomy with pollination in some palms. Biotropica 9: 170–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W., Moore, H.E., Jr. 1978. The structure of the acervulus, the flower cluster of chamaedoroid palms. Am. J. Bot. 65: 197–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W., Moore, H.E., Jr. 1980. Androecial development in six polyandrous genera representing five major groups of palms. Ann. Bot. II, 45: 57–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, N.W., Dransfield, J., Davis, J.I., Luckow, M.A., Hansen, K.S., Doyle J.J. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships among palms: cladistic analyses of morphological and chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. In: Rudall, P.J. Cribb, P.J., Cutler, D.F. Humphries, C.J. (eds.) Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 623–661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, M.H., Tomlinson, P.B. 1965. Anatomy of the palm Rhapis excelsa. I. Mature vegetative axis. J. Arnold Arbor. 46: 160–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, M.H., Tomlinson, P.B. 1974. Vascular patterns in palm stems: variations of the Rhapis principle. J. Arnold Arbor. 55: 402–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zona, S., Henderson, A. 1989. A review of animal-mediated seed dispersal of palms. Selbyana 11: 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. Dransfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. W. Uhl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany

    Klaus Kubitzki

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dransfield, J., Uhl, N.W. (1998). Palmae. In: Kubitzki, K. (eds) Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_35

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_35

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08378-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-03531-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation