Abstract
Pain is a symptom of many diseases requiring treatment with analgesics. Severe pain due to cancer metastases needs the use of strong analgesics, that means opioid drugs. The addiction liability of opioids led to intensive research for compounds without this side effect. Many approaches have been used to differentiate the various actions of strong analgesics by developing animal models not only for analgesic activity but also for addiction liability. Several types of opioid receptors have been identified in the brain allowing in vitro binding tests. However, the in vitro tests can only partially substitute for animal experiments involving pain. Pain is a common phenomenon in all animals, at least in vertebral animals, similar to that felt by man. Analgesic effects in animals are comparable with the therapeutic effects in man. Needless to say, that in every instance painful stimuli to animals must be restricted as much as possible. Painful stimuli can consist of direct stimulation of the efferent sensory nerves or stimulation of pain receptors by various means such as heat or pressure. The role of endogenous peptides such as enkephalines and endorphins gives more insight into brain processes and the action of central analgesics.
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© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Vogel, H.G., Vogel, W.H. (1997). Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity. In: Vogel, H.G., Vogel, W.H. (eds) Drug Discovery and Evaluation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03333-3_8
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