Abstract
Members of the genus Betula are deciduous trees, bushes, or shrubs with brown branches and a trunk, the upper part of which is covered with smooth, silver-white to white bark and the base with blackish, fissured bark. Birches are monoecious: the purple-brown male flowers are housed is drooping catkins and the green female catkins are small and erect but hang when mature. The fruit is a winged achene (Jury 1978).
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Nuutila, A.M., Kurtén, U., Puupponen-Pimiä, R., Hämäläinen, J., Mannonen, L., Kauppinen, V. (1995). Somatic Embryogenesis in Birches (Betula spp.). In: Bajaj, Y.P.S. (eds) Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seed I. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol 30. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03091-2_17
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03091-2_17
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