Skip to main content

Exploratory learning from computer-based systems

  • Conference paper
Instructional Models in Computer-Based Learning Environments

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NATO ASI F,volume 104))

Abstract

Exploratory approaches to learning are being used increasingly in computer-based educational and vocational training systems. This chapter examines recent evidence for the effectiveness of the approach in relation to a range of learning issues. It is suggested that systematic studies of guidance and advice giving by expert tutors are required to more fully understand how to provide effective support to learners. Several observational methodologies are outlined and the chapter concludes with examples of how careful studies of tutor-student interaction can usefully inform the design of intelligent educational systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Anderson, J.A.: Psychology and intelligent tutoring. In: Artificial intelligence and education. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on AI and Education. May 1989. (D. Bierman, J. Breuker and J. Sandberg, eds.). pp. 1. Amsterdam: IOS 1990

    Google Scholar 

  2. Andrews, J.D.: Discovery and expository learning compared: Their effects on independent and dependent students. Journal of Educational Research. 78, (2), 80–89 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Berry, D.C., and Broadbent, D.E.: On the relationship between task performance and associated verbalizable knowledge. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 36A, 209–231 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bocker, H., Herczeg, J., and Herczeg, M.: ELAB–An electronics laboratory. In: Artificial intelligence and education. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on AI and Education, May 1989. (D. Bierman, J. Breuker and J. Sandberg, eds.). pp. 15–24. Amsterdam: IOS 1989

    Google Scholar 

  5. Briggs, P.: Do they know what they’re doing? An evaluation of word-processor users’ implicit and explicit task-relevant knowledge, and its role in self-directed learning. International Journal of Man-Machine Stu¬dies. 32, 385–398 (1990)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Broadbent, D.E., Fitzgerald, P., and Broadbent, M.H.P.: Implicit and explicit knowledge in the control of complex systems. British Journal of Psychology. 77, 33–50 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Brown, J.S., Burton, R.R., and de Kleer, J.: Pedagogical, natural language, and knowledge engineering tech¬niques in SOPHIE I, II and III. In: Intelligent Tutoring Systems. (D.H. Sleeman, and J.S. Brown, eds.). pp. 227–282. London: Academic Press 1982

    Google Scholar 

  8. Brown, J.S.: Process versus product: A perspective on tools for communal and informal electronic lear¬ning. Reprinted in the Journal of Educational Computing Research, 1, 179–201, (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bruner, J.S.: The act of discovery. Harvard Educational Review. 31, (1), 21–32 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Carroll, J.M., and Aaronson, A.P.: Learning by doing with simulated intelligent help. In: The society of text: Hypertext, hypermedia and the social construction of information. (E. Barrett, ed.). pp. 423–452. Cam¬bridge, MA: MIT Press 1989

    Google Scholar 

  11. Collins, A., Brown, J.S., and Newman, S.E.: Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the crafts of reading, wri¬ting and mathematics. In: Knowing, learning and instruction: Essays in honor of Robert Glaser. (LB. Resnick, ed.). pp. 453–494. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum 1989

    Google Scholar 

  12. Corbett, A.T., and Anderson, J.R.: The effect of feedback control on learning to program with the Lisp tutor. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. pp. 796–803. Hills¬dale: Lawrence Erlbaum 1990

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cox, RJ., and Cumming, G.: The role of exploration-based learning in the development of expertise. In: Computers in education. Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Computers and Education, Sydney, July 1990. (A. McDougall and C. Dowling, eds.). pp. 359–364. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1990

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cronbach, L.J., and Snow, R.E.: Aptitudes and instructional methods: A handbook for research on inter¬actions. New York: Irvington Publishers 1981

    Google Scholar 

  15. Egan, D.E., and Greeno, J.G.: Acquiring cognitive structure by discovery and rule learning. Journal of Edu¬cational Psychology. 64, 85–97 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ericson, K.A., and Simon, H.A.: Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review. 87, 215–251 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Hollan, JD., Hutchins, A.L., and Weitzman, L.: STEAMER: An interactive inspectable simulation-based training system. AI Magazine. 5, (2), 15–27 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Greeno, J.G.: Productive learning environments. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Research on Computers in Education. July 1990, pp. 1–11. Tokyo 1990

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hamill, B.W.: Three issues for intelligent tutoring. Machine-Mediated Learning. 3, (2), 169–187 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Herman, C.: Learning by discovery: A critical review of the studies. Journal of Experimental Education. 38, 58–72 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kamouri, A.L., Kamouri, J., and Smith, K.H.: Training by exploration: Facilitating the transfer of procedural knowledge through analogical reasoning. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies. 24, 171–192 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Leinhardt, G., and Greeno, J.G.: The cognitive skill of teaching. Journal of Educational Psychology. 78, (2), 75–95 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lepper, M.R.: Motivational considerations in the study of instruction. Cognition and Instruction. 5, (4), 289–309 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lepper, M.R., and Gunner, J.: Children and computers: Approaching the twenty-first century. American Psy¬chologist. February, 170–178 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  25. McDaniel, M.A., and Schlager, M.S.: Discovery learning and transfer of problem-solving skills. Cognition and Instruction. 7, (2), 129–159 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. McKendree, J., Reiser, B.J., and Anderson, J.R.: Tutoring goals and strategies in the instruction of program¬ming skills. In: Cognitive Science Society Conference Proceedings. pp. 252–254. Boulder, CO: Cognitive Science Society 1984

    Google Scholar 

  27. McKendree, J., and Carroll, J.M.: Advising roles of a computer consultant. In: Proceedings of the CHI’86 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. (N. Mantei and P. Orbeton, ed.). pp. 35–40. New York: ACM 1986

    Google Scholar 

  28. McKendree, J.: Effective feedback content for tutoring complex skills. Human-Computer Interaction. 5, 381–413 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Moyse, R.: Implementing knowledge negotiation. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Research on Computers in Education, July 1990, pp. 321–328. Tokyo 1990

    Google Scholar 

  30. Murray, T., Schultz, K., Brown, D., and Clement, J.: An analogy-based computer tutor for remediating physics misconceptions. Interactive Learning Environments. 1, (2), 79–101 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Nielson, J.: Video as a tool in research on novices learning with computers. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Research on Computers in Education, July 1990, pp. 329–336. Tokyo 1990

    Google Scholar 

  32. Norman, D.A.: Four (more) issues for cognitive science. Paper presented at the 11th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Ann Arbor, MI 1989

    Google Scholar 

  33. Reichgelt. H., Shadbolt, N., Paskiewicz, T., Wood, D., and Wood, H.: EXPLAIN: On implementing more effective tutoring systems. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vienna, August 1992 (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Sanderson, P.M.: Verbalizable knowledge and skilled task performance: Association, dissociation, and mental models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition. 15, (4), 729–747 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Shute, V., and Glaser, R.: A large-scale evaluation of an intelligent discovery world: SMITHTOWN. Interactive Learning Environments, 1. (1), 51–77 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Simon, H.A., and Kaplan, C.A.: Foundations of cognitive science. In: Foundations of cognitive science. (M. Posner, ed.). pp. 1–47. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1989

    Google Scholar 

  37. Sleeman, D., Kelly, A.E., Martinak, R., Ward, R.D., and Moore, J.L.: Studies of diagnosis and remediation with high school algebra students. Cognitive Science. 13, 551–568 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Solter, A., and Mayer, R.E.: Broader transfer produced by guided discovery of number concepts with preschool children. Journal of Educational Psychology. 70, (3), 363–371 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. VanLehn, K.: Problem solving and cognitive skill acquisition. In: Foundations of cognitive science. (M. Posner, ed.). pp. 527–579. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1989

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wenger, E.: Artificial intelligence and tutoring systems: Computational and cognitive approaches to the communication of knowledge. Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann 1987

    Google Scholar 

  41. White, B.Y., and Frederiksen, J.R.: QUEST: Qualitative understanding of electrical system troubleshooting. ACM SIGART Newsletter. 93, 34–37 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wood, D., Bruner, J.S., and Ross, G.: The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 17, 89–100 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Young, R.: Protocol analysis. In: The catalogue of artificial intelligence techniques. (A. Bundy, ed.). pp. 110. Berlin/New York/Heidelberg: Springer Verlag 1990

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Cox, R. (1992). Exploratory learning from computer-based systems. In: Dijkstra, S., Krammer, H.P.M., van Merriënboer, J.J.G. (eds) Instructional Models in Computer-Based Learning Environments. NATO ASI Series, vol 104. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02840-7_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02840-7_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08148-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-02840-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics