Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Taxonomy
Bentham, G., Hooker, J. D. 1880. Genera Plantarum 3, 1. Gymnospermae. London: L. Reeve, pp. 417–447.
Engler, A., Prantl, K. (Eds) 1887, 1926. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2, 1, pp. 6–127 (1887); 2nd edn., Vol.13. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. 447 pp. (1926).
Fitzpatrick, H. M. 1929. Coniferae: keys to the genera and species, with economic notes. Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. II, 19: 189–260.
Janchen, E. 1949. Das System der Koniferen. Österr. Akad. Wiss. Math. Nat. KI. Sitzungsber. 158: 155–162.
Keng, H. 1975. A new scheme of classification of the conifers. Taxon 24: 259–292.
Miguel, F. A. W. 1861. Prodromus Systematis Cycadearum. Utrecht: Post.
Read, R. W., Solt, M. L. 1986. Bibliography of the living cycads. Lyonia 4: 33–199.
Regel, E. 1876. Cycadearum generum specierumque revisio. Acta Horti Petrop. 4 (4): 273–320.
Silba, J. 1984. An international census of the Coniferae, I. Phytol. Mem. 7: 1–79.
Silba, J. 1986. Encyclopedia Coniferae. Phytol. Mem. 8: 1–217.
Morphology, Anatomy and Phylogeny
Beck, C. B. (Ed.) 1988. Origin and evolution of gymnosperms. New York: Columbia University Press.
Behnke, H. D. 1974. Sieve-element plastids of Gymnospermae: their ultrastructure in relation to systematics. Plant Syst. Evol. 123: 1–12.
Bierhorst, D. W. 1971. Morphology of vascular plants. New York: MacMillan.
Chamberlain, C.J. 1919. The living cycads. Chicago: Univ. Press.
Chamberlain, J. C. 1935. Gymnosperms, structure and evolution. Chicago: Univ. Press.
Coulter, J. M., Chamberlain, C. J. 1910. Morphology of gymnosperms. Chicago: Univ. Press.
Crane, P. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of angiosperms. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72: 716–793.
Eames, A. J. 1936. Morphology of vascular plants. Lower groups. New York: MacGraw-Hill.
Erdtman, G. 1957–1965. Pollen and spore morphology/plant taxonomy. (An introduction to palynology, Vols. 2–3); vol. 2: Gymnospermae, Pteridophyta and Bryophyta (Illustrations); vol.3 (1965): Gymnospermae, Pteridophyta, (Text). Stockholm: Ahnqvist Wiksell.
Esau, K. 1969. The phloem. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie Bd. 5, T. 2. Berlin: Bornträger.
Greguss, P. 1963. Xylotomische Bestimmung der heute lebenden Gymnospermen. Budapest: Akad. Kiadb
Greguss, P. 1968. Xylotomy of the living cycads. Budapest:
Akad. Kiadb. Greguss, P. 1972. Xylotomy of the living conifers. Budapest: Akad. Kiadb.
Martens, P. 1971. Les gnétophytes. Handbuch der Pflanzen- anatomie, 2nd edn., Spec. pt. 12, 2. Berlin: Bornträger.
Napp-Zinn, K. 1966. Anatomie des Blattes. I. Blattanatomie der Gymnospermen. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, 2nd edn., Spec. pt. 8, 2. Berlin: Bornträger.
Singh, H. 1978. Embryology of gymnosperms. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, 2nd edn., Spec. pt. 10, 2. Berlin: Bornträger.
Sporne, K. R. 1974. The morphology of gymnosperms, 2nd edn. London: Hutchinson.
Palaeobotany
Arnold, C. A. 1948. Classification of gymnosperms from the viewpoint of paleobotany. Bot. Gaz. 110: 5–12.
Beck, C. B. 1976. Current status of the Progymnospermopsida. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 21: 5–23.
Beck, C. B. 1987. Gymnosperm phylogeny - a commentary on the views of S. V. Meyen. Bot. Rev. 51: 273–294.
Florin, R. 1931. Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Coniferales and Cordaitales. Kongl. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 3, 10, 588 pp.
Florin, R. 1951. Evolution in cordaites and conifers. Acta Horti Berg. 15: 285–388.
Florin, R. 1963. The distribution of conifer and taxad genera in time and space. Acta Horti Berg. 20: 121–312.
Meyen, S. V. 1984. Basic features of gymnosperm systematics and phylogeny as evidenced by the fossil record. Bot. Rev. 50: 1–111.
Meyen, S. V. 1987. Fundamentals of palaeobotany. London, New York: Chapman Hall.
Niklas, K.J. (Ed.) 1981. Paleobotany, paleoecology and evolution, 2 vols. New York: Praeger.
Seward, A. C. 1919. Fossil plants. Cambridge Univ. Press. Stein, W. E., Wight, D. C., Beck, C. E. 1984. Possible alterna-tives for the origin of Sphenopsida. Syst. Bot. 9: 102–118.
Stewart, W. N. 1983. Palaeobotany and the evolution of plants. Cambridge: Univ. Press.
Thomas, B. A., Spicer, R. A. 1986. The evolution and palaeobiology of land plants. London: Croom Helm; Portland, OR: Sydney/Dioscorides Press.
Zimmermann, W. 1959. Die Phylogenie der Pflanzen, 2nd edn. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
Karyology
Flory, W. S. 1936. Chromosome numbers and phylogeny in the gymnosperms. J. Arnold Arb. 17: 83–89.
Khoshoo, T. N. 1961. Chromosome numbers in gymnosperms. Silv. Genet. 10: 1–9.
Koshoo, T. N. 1962. Cytogenetical evolution in the gymnosperms–karyotype. Summer School Bot. Darjeeling, pp. 119–135.
Mehra, P. N., Khoshoo, T. N. 1956. Cytology of conifers. J. Genet. 54: 181–185.
Sax, K., Sax, H.J. 1933. Chromosome number and morphology in the conifers. J. Arnold Arb. 14: 356–375.
Chemistry and Chemosystematics
Hegnauer, R. 1962. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, vol. 1. Basel: Birkhäuser, pp. 293–471.
Hegnauer, R. 1985. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, vol. 7. Basel: Birkhäuser, pp. 462–554.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kramer, K.U., Green, P.S. (1990). General References for Gymnosperms. In: Kramer, K.U., Green, P.S. (eds) Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02604-5_47
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02604-5_47
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08080-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-02604-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive