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References
Taxonomy
Bentham, G., Hooker, J. D. 1880. Genera Plantarum 3, 1. Gymnospermae. London: L. Reeve, pp. 417–447.
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Morphology, Anatomy and Phylogeny
Beck, C. B. (Ed.) 1988. Origin and evolution of gymnosperms. New York: Columbia University Press.
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Martens, P. 1971. Les gnétophytes. Handbuch der Pflanzen- anatomie, 2nd edn., Spec. pt. 12, 2. Berlin: Bornträger.
Napp-Zinn, K. 1966. Anatomie des Blattes. I. Blattanatomie der Gymnospermen. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, 2nd edn., Spec. pt. 8, 2. Berlin: Bornträger.
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Palaeobotany
Arnold, C. A. 1948. Classification of gymnosperms from the viewpoint of paleobotany. Bot. Gaz. 110: 5–12.
Beck, C. B. 1976. Current status of the Progymnospermopsida. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 21: 5–23.
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Karyology
Flory, W. S. 1936. Chromosome numbers and phylogeny in the gymnosperms. J. Arnold Arb. 17: 83–89.
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Chemistry and Chemosystematics
Hegnauer, R. 1962. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, vol. 1. Basel: Birkhäuser, pp. 293–471.
Hegnauer, R. 1985. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, vol. 7. Basel: Birkhäuser, pp. 462–554.
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Kramer, K.U., Green, P.S. (1990). General References for Gymnosperms. In: Kramer, K.U., Green, P.S. (eds) Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02604-5_47
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