Skip to main content

Psychology of Literacy: East and West

  • Chapter
The Alphabet and the Brain

Abstract

In this chapter, I discuss largely, though by no means exclusively, Far Eastern literacy. (The Far East will be henceforth referred to simply as “the East.”) And I tend to minimize the relations among literacy, brain, cognition, and culture. Literacy is simply obtaining sound and meaning from printed language; as such, literacy by itself may not have a great influence on cognition and culture. Literacy may have greater influence on cognition and culture, if it serves as “the magic key that unlocks the door to the wonderland of stories and information.” And, as I will argue, cortical activities are similar whether one reads in an Eastern or Western script.

Reading is the magic key that unlocks the door to the wonderland of stories and information.

(Taylor & Taylor, The Psychology of Reading, 1983: 397)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, M.J., and Huggins, A. W. E. (1985). The growth of children’s sight vocabulary: a quick test with educational and theoretical implications. Reading Research Quarterly 20262–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alegria, J., Pignot, E., and Morais, J. (1982). Phonetic analysis of speech and memory codes in beginning readers. Memory and Cognition, 10, 451–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amano, K. (1970). Formation of the act of analyzing phonemic structure of words and its relation to learning Japanese syllabic characters (Kanamoji). Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology 1876–89 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baddeley, A. D., and Lewis, V.L. (1981). Inner active processes in reading: the inner voice, the inner ear, and the inner eye. In A. M. Lesgold, and C. A. Perfetti (Eds.) Interactive processes in reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baddeley, A.D., Eldridge, M., and Lewis, V. (1981). The role of subvocalization in reading. Quarterly Journal of Psychology 33 a439–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, J., and Treiman, T. (1980). Use of orthography in reading and learning to read. In Kavanaugh, J. F., and Venezky, R. L. (Eds.), Orthography, reading and dyslexia. Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, J. D. (1984). Computerized typing and editing can now be extended to all living languages of the world. Scientific American, 251, 96–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bliss, C. K. (1965). Semantography ( 2nd Ed. ). Sydney: Semantography.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloodworth, D. (1967). The Chinese looking glass. London: Secker and Warburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, L., and Bryant, P. E. (1983). Categorizing sounds and learning to read: a causal connection. Nature, 301, 419–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, G. J., Hicks, R. E., and Ross, B. (1979). Lexical discrimination and letter-string identification in the two visual fields. Brain and Language, 8, 10–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D.L. (1971). Some linguistic dimension in auditory blending. In Reading: the right to participate. (20th Yearbook of the National Reading Conference), Clemson, S. C.: National Reading Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brownell, H.H., Michel, D., Powelson, J., and Gardner, H. (1983). Surprise but coherence: sensitivity to verbal humor in right-hemisphere patients. Brain and Language, 18, 20–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calfee, R. C., Venezky, R. L., and Chapman, R. S. (1969). Pronunciation of synthetic words with predictable and unpredictable letter-sound correspondences. Technical Report 71, Wisconsin Research and Developmental Center for Cognitive Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, Y. R. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chong, J. Y., Han, S. J., and Kang, T. J. (1983). Hangul Word Processor III., JAE Consultants, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, E. B. (1970). Collecting a data base for a reading technology. Journal of Educational Monograph, 61 (4), 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, E.B., and Hahn, S.C. (1966). Failure to improve the readability with a vertical typography. Journal of Applied Psychology, 50, 434–436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coltheart, M., Patterson, K., and Marshall, J. C. (Eds.) (1980). Deep dyslexia: a review of the syndrome. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deloche, G., Andreewsky, E., and Desi, M. (1982). Surface dyslexia: a case report and some theoretical implications to reading models. Brain and Language, 15, 12–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durkin, D. ( 1966 a). Children who read early. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkin, D. (1966 b). The achievement of pre-school readiness: two longitudinal studies. Reading Research Quarterly, 1, 5–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehri, L.C. (1984). How orthography alters spoken language competencies in children learning to read and spell. In Downing, J., and Valtin, R. (Eds.), Language awareness and learning to read. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endo, M., Shimizu, A., and Nakamura, I. (1981 a). Laterality differences in recognition of Japanese and Hangul words by monolinguals and bilinguals. Cortex, 17, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endo, M., Shimizu A., and Nakamura, I. (1981 b). The influence of Hangul learning upon laterality difference in Hangul word recognition by native Japanese subjects. Brain and Language, 14, 114–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etiemble, M. (1973). L’ecriture. Paris: Gallimand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feitelson, D.I. (1980). Relating instructional strategies to language idiosyncracies in Hebrew. In Kavanagh, J.F., and Venezky, R. L. (Eds.), Orthography, reading and dyslexia. Baltimore: University of Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flaugher, R. L. (1971). Patterns of test performance by high school students of four ethnic identities. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, B., and Routh, D.K. (1976). Phonetic analysis and synthesis as word attack skills. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 70–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gainotti, G., Caltagirone, C., Micelli, G., and Masullo, C. (1981). Selective semantic-lexical impairment of language comprehension in right-brain damaged patients. Brain and Language, 13, 201–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gazzaniga, M. S. (1983). Right hemisphere language following brain bisection (a 20-year perspective). American Psychologist, 38, 525–549.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gelb, I. J. (1963). A study of writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, E.J., Gibson, J.J., Pick, A.D., and Osser, H. A. (1962). A developmental study of the discrimination of letter-like forms. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 897–906.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goody, J., and Watt, I. (1968). The consequences of literacy. In Literacy in traditional societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, R. L., Croen, L., and Rotkin L. (1982). Urban second grade children: a profile of good and poor readers. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 15, 268–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatta, T. (1978). Recognition of Japanese Kanji and Hirakana in the left and right visual fields. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 20, 51-59 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatta, T. (1980). Kanji processing levels and cerebral hemisphere differences. Part IV 29,Osaka Educational University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havelock, E. A. (1978). The Greek concept of justice: From its shadow in Homer to its substance in Plato. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, R., and Hatta, T. (1982). Visual field differences in a deeper semantic processing task with Kanji stimuli. Japanese Psychological Research, 24, 111–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, J. T., and Liu, I. M. (1978) Paired-associate learning proficiency as a function of frequency count, meaningfulness, and imagery value in Chinese two-character ideograms Chinese Psychological Journal, 1978, 20, 5–17 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, H. (1970). Sign, symbol and script. London: George Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Just, M.A., and Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading: from eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87, 329–354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kates, B., MacNaughton, S., and Silverman, H. (1978). Handbook of Blissymbolics. Toronto: Blissymbol Communications Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kratochvil, P. (1968). The Chinese language today. London: Hutchinson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutas, M., and Hillyard, S.A. (1982). The lateral distribution of event-related potentials during sentence processing. Neuropsychologia, 20, 579–590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kyostio, O.K. (1980). Is learning to read easy in a language in which the grapheme-phoneme correspondences are regular? In Kavanagh, J. F., and Venezky R. L. (Eds.), Orthography, reading and dyslexia. Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassen, N.A., Ingvar, D.H., and Skinhoj, E. (1978). Brain function and blood flow. Scientific American, 239, 62–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesser, G. S. (1976). Cultural differences in learning and thinking styles. In Messick, S. (Ed.), Individuality in learning and thinking. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesser, G. S., Fifer, G., and Clark, D. H. (1965). Mental abilities of children from different social-class and cultural groups. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 30 (4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, I. Y., and Mann, V.A. (1981). Should reading instruction and remediation vary with the sex of the child? Status Report on Speech Research SR-65, Haskins Laboratories.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, I. Y., Shankweiler, D., Fischer, F. W., and Carter, B. (1974). Explicit syllable and phoneme segmentation in the young child. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 18, 201–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, I. Y., Shankweiler, D., Liberman, A. M., Fowler, C., and Fischer, F. W. (1977). Phonetic segmentation and recoding in the beginning reader. In Reber, A. S., and Scarborough D. L. (Eds.), Toward a psychology of reading. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Y. T. (1938). The wisdom of Confucius. New York: The Modern Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, I.M. (1978). Methods of acquiring Chinese vocabulary. Bulletin of the Sun Yat-sen Cultural Foundation, 22, 159–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, I. M. (1979). Personal communication, May 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, I. M. (1984). A survey of memorization requirement in Taipei primary and secondary schools. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, I. M., and Hsu, M. (1974). Measuring creative thinking in Taiwan by the Torrance Test. Testing and Guidence, 2, 108–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, R. (1983). IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity. Nature, 297, 222–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddieson, I. (1984). Patterns of sounds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Marin, O. S. M. (1980). CAT scans of five deep dyslexic patients. In Coltheart, M., Patterson, K., and Marshall, J. (Eds.), Deep dyslexia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, E. (1986). School reforms aim at creativity. Science, 233, 267–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishkin, M., and Forgays, D. G. (1952). Word recognition as a function of retinal locus. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43, 43–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morais, J., Cary, L., Alegria, J., and Bertelson, P. (1979). Does awareness of speech as a sequence of phones arise spontaneously? Cognition, 7, 323–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muraishi, S., and Amano, K. (1972). Reading and writing abilities of preschoolers: a summary. Tokyo: The National Language Research Institute (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama, S. (1973). The empirical tradition: science and technology in China. In Toynbee, A. (Ed.), Half the world: the history and culture of China and Japan. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Navon, D., and Shimron, J. (1981). Does word naming involve grapheme-to-phoneme translation?: Evidence from Hebrew. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 97–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Needham, J. (1954–1985). Science and civilization in China (Vol. I -5). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, J. (1963). Poverties and triumphs of the Chinese scientific tradition. In Crombie, A. C. (Ed.), Scientific change. London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, J. A. (1984). Dyslexia in a right-handed patient with a posterior lesion of the right cerebral hemisphere. Neuropsychologia, 22, 265–280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornstein, R., Herron, J., Johnstone, J., and Swencionis, C. (1979). Differential right hemisphere involvement in two reading tasks. Psychophysiology, 16, 398–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paivio, A. (1965). Abstractness, imagery, and meaningfulness in paired-associate learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 4, 32–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paradis, M., Hagiwara, H., and Hildebrandt, N. (1985). Neurolinguistic aspects of the Japanese writing system. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. (1978–1979). Performance on geometric figure copying tests as predictors of types of errors in decoding. Reading Research Quarterly, 14, 100–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paschal, B.J., Kuo, Y.-Y., and Schurr, K.T. (1980). Creative thinking in Indiana and Taiwan college students. Paper read at the 5th Conference of the International Association of Cross-cultural Psychology, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, P. G., and Patterson, P. (1983). Precocious reading acquisition: psycholinguistic development, IQ, and home background. First Language, 3, 139–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Premack, A.J., and Premack, D. (1972). Sarah, a young chimpanzee learns 130 words and a bit of grammar. Scientific American, 227, 92–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Premack, D. (1984). Upgrading a mind. In Bever, T.G., Carroll, J. M., and Miller, L.A. (Eds.), Talking minds: the study of language in cognitive science. Cambridge, MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prohovnik, I., Hakansson, K., and Risberg, H. (1980). Observation on the functional significance of regional cerebral flow in `resting’ normal subjects. Neuropsychologia, 18, 203–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, E.D. (1983). Right-hemisphere lesions in disorders of affective language. In Kertesz, A. (Ed.), Localization in neuropsychology. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto, T., and Makita, K. (1973). Japan. In Downing, J. (Ed.), Comparative reading. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salapatek, P. (1968). Visual scanning of geometric figures by the human newborn. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66, 247–258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasanuma, S. (1975). Kana and Kanji processing in Japanese aphasics. Brain and Language, 2, 369–383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasanuma, S. (1980). Acquired dyslexia in Japanese: clinical features and underlying mechanisms. In Coltheart, M., Patterson, K., and Marshall, J. C. (Eds.), Deep dyslexia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasanuma, S., Itoh, M., Kobayashi, Y., and Mori, K. (1980). The nature of the task-stimulus interaction in the tachistoscopic recognition of Kana and Kanji words. Brain and Language, 9, 298–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scribner, S., and Cole, M. (1981). The psychology of literacy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, D.D., Harada, M., Tashiro, M., and Yamada, A. (1982). One congenitally deaf 1-year-old learn to read. Hearing Impaired, 376, 22–30 and 46 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, D., Yoshida, K., and Yagi, R. (1985). Teaching reading to one and two year olds at home. The Science of Reading, 29,1-17 (in Japanese with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, J.A. (1978). Eye movements, reading, and cognition. In Senders, J. W., Fisher, D. F., and Monty, R. A. (Eds.), Eye movements and higher psychological functions (Vol. 2 ). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, H. W., Stigler, J. W., Lucker, G. W., Lee, S.-Y., Hsu, C.-C., and Kitamara, S. (1982). Reading disabilities: the case of Chinese, Japanese and English. Child Deve!opment, 53, 1164–1181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, H. W., Lee, S.-Y., and Stigler, J. W. (1986). Mathematics achievement of Chinese, Japanese, and American children. Science, 231, 693–699.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, T., and Yasufuku, J. (1975). Development of the cognition of letters (2). Osaka University of Education Report, 24, 85–99 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, I. (1980). The Korean writing system: An alphabet? A syllabary? A logography? In Kolers, P.A., Wrolstad, M. E., and Bouma, H. (Eds.) Processing of visible language. v. 2. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, I. (1986). The variety of scripts and reading. Proceedings of the 12th annual symposium of the Deseret Language and Linguistic Society. Provo, Utah; Brigham Young University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, I., and Taylor, M. M. (1983). The psychology of reading. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, I., and Taylor, M.M. (1984). English function words. Unpublished paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrance, E. P. (1966). Torrance tests of creative thinking: norms-technical manual. Princeton: Personnel Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzeng, O. J. L., and Hung, D. (1980). Reading in a nonalphabetic writing system. In Kavanagh, J. F., and Venezky, R. L. (Eds.), Orthography, reading and dyslexia. Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzeng, O.J. L., Hung, D. L., and Wang, S-Y. (1977) Speech recoding in reading Chinese characters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 9, 621–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tzeng, O.J.L., Hung, D.L., Cotton, B., and Wang, S.-Y. (1979). Visual lateralization effects in reading Chinese characters. Nature, 282, 499–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, J. (1977). Introduction: primary school reading texts and teaching methods in the wake of the cultural revolution. Chinese Education, 10, 4–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valtin, R. (1984). The development of metalinguistic abilities in children learning to read and write. In Downing, J., and Valtin, R. (Eds.), Language awareness and learning to read. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warrington, E. K. (1975). The selective impairment of semantic memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 635–657.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidel, E. ( 1978 a). Lexical organization in the right hemisphere. In Buser, P. A., and Rougeul-Buser, A. (Eds.), Cerebral correlates of conscious experience. (INSERM Symposium No. 6 ), Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaidel, E. ( 1978 b). Concepts of cerebral dominance in the split brain. In Buser, P. A., and Rougeul-Buser, A. (Eds.), Cerebral correlates of conscious experience (INSERM Symposium No. 6 ), Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaidel, E. (1983). A response to Gazzaniga: language in the right hemisphere. Convergent perspectives. American Psychologist, 38, 342–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidel, E., and Peters, A. M. (1981). Phonological encoding and ideographic reading by the disconnected right hemisphere: Two case studies. Brain and Language, 14, 205–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Taylor, I. (1988). Psychology of Literacy: East and West. In: de Kerckhove, D., Lumsden, C.J. (eds) The Alphabet and the Brain. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01093-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01093-8_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-01095-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-01093-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics