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Forced Migration and Resilience pp 123–144Cite as

Forced Migration and Resilience. Elements of Resilient Processes on Different Scales in Host Countries

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Part of the book series: Studien zur Resilienzforschung ((STRE))

Abstract

Most investigations of resilience in the context of forced migration focus almost exclusively on the individual situation of the migrants. By looking at the experiences of Germany as host country for Syrian refugees and using the panarchy model by Holling as reference to analyse resilience processes on different scales the paper reveals the importance of institutional learning processes and capacity building for mutually supportive resilience processes on the level of single refugees and their families as well as for societies in the host countries.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    UNHCR stands for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, while UNRWA is the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees.

  2. 2.

    Other countries with high numbers of Syrian refugees include Lebanon (944,200), Jordan (676,300), Iraq (252,500) and Egypt (132,900); see UNHCR (2019).

  3. 3.

    In 2018, half of the total population of forcibly displaced persons were below 18 years (UNHCR 2019).

  4. 4.

    In many cases in the EU, the regional political success of anti-immigration parties was negatively correlated with the actual presence of refugees in the regions.

  5. 5.

    For example, families might be able to change their daily routines faster in situations of economic crisis than states, as the complexity of coordination between the single agents is reduced (see also Wink 2019).

  6. 6.

    In 2018, 210,900 refugees returned to Syria (177,300 from Turkey), while 526,500 Syrians were registered as new refugees outside Syria (397,600 in Turkey; all data from UNHCR 2019).

  7. 7.

    Additionally, 21,071 visas for family reunification of Syrian refugees were granted in 2018, while 40,725 visas for this purpose were granted in 2017 (Mediendienst Integration 2019, based on information from the German Office for Foreign Affairs).

  8. 8.

    This number was published in 2016 by the Ministry for the Interior (Spiegel Online 2016).

  9. 9.

    A further proof of the novelty of the challenge becomes obvious when considering that for the whole period between 1953 and 2018 5.7 million applications for asylum were filed, while nearly a third of these applications (1.8 million) were filed between 2013 and 2018 (SVR-Migration 2019, with reference to statistics of BAMF; see also on the specificities of the humanitarian crisis in 2015 OECD 2015).

  10. 10.

    Numbers on applications for asylum were published by the German Federal Agency for Migration and Refugees (BAMF).

  11. 11.

    In 2005, only 22,000 of originally 320,000 Bosnian refugees were still living in Germany (Valenta and Strabac 2013).

  12. 12.

    According to the German Federal Statistical Office, 64.3% of Syrian people seeking protection in Germany were male, 32.1% of Syrian people seeking protection in Germany were minors and the average age of Syrian people seeking protection in Germany was 25.8 years (Federal Statistical Office 2019, with data based on Dec, 31, 2018).

  13. 13.

    In 2015, 75% of all Syrian people seeking protection in Germany were male (SVR-Migration 2019).

  14. 14.

    31% of male persons and 44% of female persons from Syria were assessed to PTSD risk groups with only higher shares of persons seeking protection from Afghanistan (Brücker et al. 2019a, b).

  15. 15.

    The results of this study were based on interviews with a representative group of people seeking protection in Germany in 2016 and 2017 (see on the methodology IAB 2019).

  16. 16.

    In 2017, the State government of Lower Saxony as a first State government prohibited further relocations of asylum seekers to three cities (Salzgitter, Wilhelmshaven and Delmenhorst); see also Spiegel (2018).

  17. 17.

    In general, convergence of labour market participation of immigrants and native workers took up to twenty years in the past (Beyer 2017). These gaps increased for immigrants from “non-advanced” countries like Syria (Beyer 2017).

  18. 18.

    Brücker et al. (2019a, b) asked people seeking protection in Germany who started their jobs in 2017. 22% found their jobs with support from German friends, 15% supported by friends from their own ethnic background or other migrants and 3% by family members.

  19. 19.

    In the context of host countries, micro level resilience can also refer to citizens deciding to engage voluntarily in the support of refugees or to employers changing their human resources activities or business models according to new market signals due to refugee immigration (see e.g. Hamann et al., 2016; Linnert and Berg 2016). In this paper, we focus on forced migrants due to limited space.

  20. 20.

    See e.g. in this context the complaints of the mayor of Schwäbisch Gmünd about hindrances in the integration processes due to discretionary interventions from federal and regional level in Kastner (2019).

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  1. HTWK Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany

    Rüdiger Wink

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  1. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

    Michael Fingerle

  2. HTWK Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany

    Rüdiger Wink

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Wink, R. (2020). Forced Migration and Resilience. Elements of Resilient Processes on Different Scales in Host Countries. In: Fingerle, M., Wink, R. (eds) Forced Migration and Resilience. Studien zur Resilienzforschung. Springer, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27926-4_7

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