Zusammenfassung
Die Zunahme terroristischer Anschläge in Europa wird der Ausbreitung des islamistischen Terrors zugeschrieben, vor allem der Entstehung des „Islamischen Staates“ (IS). Zwischen 2010 und 2013 hatte sich die Anzahl der dschihadistischen Bewegungen weltweit von 31 auf 49 erhöht, die der Kämpfer von geschätzten 50.000 auf 105.000. Laut dem US-amerikanischen Rand National Defense Research Institute hatte sich die Anzahl der weltweit durch Terrorismus getöteten Menschen von 2007 bis 2015 um 774 % erhöht, von durchschnittlich 3284 auf 28.708 pro Jahr.
Tötet sie, wie ihr wollt. Zertrümmert ihnen den Kopf, schlachtet sie mit einem Messer, überfahrt sie mit dem Auto, werft sie von einem hohen Gebäude, erwürgt oder vergiftet sie.
IS-Sprecher Abu Mohammed al Adnani, Juni 2014
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Notes
- 1.
Keck, Zachary, “Suicide Bombings Spiked 94% in 2014”, The National Interest, January 6 2015, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/suicide-bombings-spiked-94-2014-11979.
- 2.
Jones, Seth, A Persistent Threat: The Evolution of al Qa’ida and Other Salafi Jihadists, Rand National Defense Research Institute, Washington D. C., 2014, S. 27.
- 3.
Storymaps, Esri Story Maps team and PeaceTech Lab, 14. April 2017, https://storymaps.esri.com/stories/terrorist-attacks/?year=2016.
- 4.
Browne, Ryan, “UK puts number of ISIS fighters killed at half US figure”, Cable News Network (CNN), 16 December 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/16/politics/uk-us-number-isis-fighters-killed/.
- 5.
Emerson, Steven and Hoekstra, Peter, “Islamist Terror Growing in Lethality and Geography, IPT Analysis Finds”, Investigative Project on Terrorism, 28 March 2016, http://www.investigativeproject.org/5241/islamist-terror-growing-in-lethality.
- 6.
Global Terrorism Index 2016 – Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism, Institute for Economics and Peace, University of Maryland, 2016, S. 2.
- 7.
„‚Boote mit 500.000 Flüchtlingen‘: IS will Europa mit Migranten überfluten“, Focus Online, 19. Februar 2015, http://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/islamischer-staat/terroristen-nehmen-rom-ins-visier-erster-schritt-is-will-europa-mit-fluechtlingen-ueberfluten_id_4487068.html.
- 8.
Stefan Meining, Ahmet Senyurt „Terrorverdacht unter Flüchtlingen: Wie Behörden Warnungen ignorierten“, ARD Report München, 17. Januar 2017, http://www.br.de/nachrichten/fluechtlinge-terrorgefahr-behoerden-report-100.html.
- 9.
Ebd.
- 10.
Pre-Lisbon Treaty EU police and criminal justice measures: the UK's opt-in decision: ninth report of session 2013–2014: report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence, Home Affairs Committee; Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, London Stationary Office, 2013, S. 13.
- 11.
European Union Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assesment 2017 – Crime in the age of technology, European Police Office, Den Haag, S. 8.
- 12.
So gilt MS-13 inzwischen als Kooperationspartner für Kartelle und Hisbollah in Mexiko und ist zuständig für die Überwindung der Grenze zu den USA.
- 13.
Longley, Robert, “Terrorists: The Òther`Illegal Immigrants”, United States Government Information, 7 June 2010, http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/defenseandsecurity/a/otmaliens.htm.
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- 15.
Dabei handelt es sich nur um jene Anschläge, die durch mindestens zwei Quellen bestätigt wurden. Eine unbekannte Anzahl von weniger verifizierbaren Anschlägen wäre hier noch als Dunkelfeld zu berücksichtigen.
- 16.
Schweitzer, Yoram, Mendelboim, Aviad, Rosner, Yotam, Suicide Attacks in 2016: The Highest Number of Fatalities, INSS Insight No. 887, January 5, 2017, http://www.inss.org.il/publication/suicide-attacks-2016-highest-number-fatalities/.
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- 18.
Hafez, Mohammed, Suicide Bombers in Iraq: The Strategy and Ideology of Martyrdom, United Institute for Peace, Washington D.C., 2007, S. 8.
- 19.
Vgl. Horgan, John, The Psychology of Terrorism, Routledge, London, 2014, S. 24–25.
- 20.
Vgl. Freudenberg, Dirk, „Green on Blue – Der Innentäter als spezifische Methode des Selbstmordattentats und Ansätze der Reaktion“, in Hansen, Stefan und Krause, Joachim (Hrsg.) Jahrbuch Terrorismus. 2013/2014, Verlag Barbara Budrich, Berlin, 2015, S. 136.
- 21.
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- 22.
Ohne Sprengmittel und Medien wäre Terrorismus in seiner heutigen Form nicht vorstellbar. Die Entwicklung beider war die Voraussetzung, dass das Phänomen seine Wirkung überhaupt entfalten konnte. Vgl. dazu Boot, Max, Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerillla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present, Norton & Company, New York, 2013.
- 23.
Vgl. Horgan, S. 37.
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- 29.
Militanter Arm der Zeloten als jüdische Widerstandsbewegung im Kampf gegen Rom im 1. Jahrhundert.
- 30.
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Vgl. Koran, Sure 8, 17, www.islam.de.
- 32.
Vgl. Shakaki, Khalil, „The Views of Palestinian Society on Suicide Terrorism”, in Countering Suicide Terrorism, Institute for Counter-Terrorism, S. 100–105.
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Eigene Zählung des Autors, beruhend auf Medienberichte.
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ebd.
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Weiterführende Literatur
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Maninger, S. (2019). Terrorismus: Reichweite und Methodenspektrum im Zeitalter islamistischer Anschläge. In: Freudenberg, D., Goertz, S., Maninger, S. (eds) Terrorismus als hybride Bedrohung des 21. Jahrhunderts. Sicherheit – interdisziplinäre Perspektiven. Springer, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20919-3_7
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