Abstract
Since the founding of Western translation theory, it has been maintained that there is always an element of choice on the part of the translator when s/he translates a complex message. Indeed, as Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–143 B.C.) revealed in De optimo genere oratorum (ca. 46 B.C.), in his translations of the most famous orations of the Attic orators, Aeschinos and Demosthenes, he did not render the original text word for word, as a literal translator (or interpres) would do. Instead, he preserved the general style and force of the original in a way that conformed to the usage of the target language.
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Laviosa, S. (2020). The Instrumental and Hermeneutic Models of Translation in Higher Education. In: Engel, N., Köngeter, S. (eds) Übersetzung. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20321-4_3
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