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Spracherwerb

  • Dieter HillertEmail author
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Zusammenfassung

Wie die Muttersprache erworben wird und wie Kinder und Erwachsene mehr als eine Sprache erwerben, hängt vom Zusammenspiel zwischen neurogenetischen und sozialen Prozessen ab. Neuronale Schaltkreise werden bereits während der perinatalen Periode gebildet. Ein epigenetisches Modell unterscheidet zwischen einer „erfahrungserwartenden“ und „erfahrungsabhängigen“ Phase, wobei während der letztgenannten Phase die Parameter für sensitive Perioden festgelegt werden. Ein genetisch vorherbestimmtes Programm der neuronalen Verschaltung unterstützt das neuronale Netzwerk, aber verhindert keine Neuroplastizität während des gesamten Lebenszyklus. Entsprechend können wir jederzeit eine neue Sprache lernen, obwohl sensitive Perioden, die vermutlich nicht sprachspezifisch sind, den Lernprozess erleichtern und optimieren. Die Fähigkeit, mehr als eine Sprache zu sprechen, ist aus neurologischer Sicht von Vorteil, da es die Entwicklung der weißen Substanz und Neuroplastizität fördert, einschließlich des „Code-Switchens“. Aus methodologischer Sicht erscheinen Einzelfallstudien angemessener zu sein als Gruppenstudien, um den zahlreichen subjektiven Variablen, die beim Zweitspracherwerb eine Rolle spielen, Rechnung zu tragen. Diese Variablen beziehen sich u. a. auf: Alter beim Spracherwerb, phonologische, grammatische und semantische Ähnlichkeiten zwischen Zweitsprache und Muttersprache, Grad der Sprechflüssigkeit und Gebrauchshäufigkeit. Bildgebende Daten weisen darauf hin, dass eine sehr gute Sprachkompetenz in der Zweitsprache die frontotemporalen Schaltkreise aktivieren, die für die Muttersprache vorgesehen sind; eine weniger gute Sprachkompetenz in der Zweitsprache aktiviert zusätzlich präfrontale Areale, die gewöhnlich nicht zum neuronalen Netzwerk der Muttersprache gehören.

Stichwörter

Alter beim Spracherwerb Bilingualismus Code-Switching Kritische Periode Multilingualismus Neuroplastizität Perinatale Entwicklung Sensitive Periode Spracherwerb Sprachkompetenz Sprechflüssigkeit Zweitsprache 
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© Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.School of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoSan Diego, La JollaUSA

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