Abstract
As a construct, competency is generally divided into several parts (e.g., professional competency, social competency, personal competency), of which ethical competency (“to do right”) and its social counterpart, diversity competency (“to do right with others”), are still being researched. The importance of this research is obvious: Especially, but not exclusively, in business education, teaching “to do” as well as “to do right” and “to do right with others” is becoming more urgent and complex, and concepts related to corporate as well as individual social responsibility are gaining recognition as essential elements. However, analysis of university curricula indicates that higher business education programs are often not as “doing”-orientated as the construct of competency may imply. What is more, effective and efficient methods of measuring students’ expectations and experiences with regard to the teaching of ethical and diversity competency are not yet available.
We therefore developed a short self-report scale to screen expected academic acquisition of ethical competency and diversity competency. We tested the scale with the help of students from several business degree programs at a German university. We compared their expected ethical and diversity competency acquisition with expected acquisition of unspecific professional and methodological expertise, social competency and personal competency, as well as their general self-efficacy. Despite the small sample size, the results of the study indicate acceptable degrees of construct validity of the scales within the general construct of competency. We identify a pronounced demand for the teaching of “doing right” as well as “doing right with others” and specific relationships between diversity competency, ethical competency, and the other parts of the competency construct (e.g., an expected strong relationship between “doing right” and “doing right with others”, or the surprisingly missing relationship between ethical competency and social competency).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
References
Amann, W., Pirson, M., Dierksmeier, C., Kimakowitz, E. v., & Spitzeck, H. (Eds.). (2011). Business schools under fire: Humanistic management education as the way forward. Houndmills: Macmillan.
Amstutz, N., & Müller, C. (2013). Diversity management (Diversity management). In T. Steiger & E. Lippmann (Eds.), Handbuch Angewandte Psychologie für Führungskräfte (pp. 359–380). Berlin: Springer.
Avery, D. R., & Thomas, K. M. (2004). Blending content and contact: The roles of diversity curriculum and campus heterogeneity. Fostering diversity management competency. Academy of Management: Learning and Education, 3, 380–396.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Towards a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
Beierlein, C., Kovaleva, A., Kemper, C. J., & Rammstedt, B. (2012). Ein Messinstrument zur Erfassung subjektiver Kompetenzerwartungen: Allgemeine Selbstwirksamkeit Kurzskala (ASKU) (An instrument to measure subjective competency expectations: The general self-efficacy scale (ASKU)). Köln: GESIS.
Blömeke, S., Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, O., Kuhn, C., & Fege, J. (2013). Modeling and measuring competencies in higher education. Tasks and challenges. In S. Blömeke, O. Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, C. Kuhn, & J. Fege (Eds.), Modelling and measuring competencies in higher education. Tasks and challenges (pp. 1–12). Rotterdam: Sense.
Bloom, B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook 1, cognitive. New York: McKay.
Braun, E., Gusy, B., Leidner, B., & Hannover, B. (2008). Kompetenzorientierte Lehrevaluation—Das Berliner Evaluationsinstrument für selbsteingeschätzte, studentische Kompetenzen (BEvaKomp) [Competency-oriented evaluation of teaching activities—The Berlin evaluation instrument for the self-assessment of student competency (BEvaKomp)]. Diagnostica, 54, 30–42.
Butz, A., & Gerholz, K.-H. (2009). Providing business ethics education—A fresh didactical perspective. Academy of management annual meeting 2009.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: L. Erlbaum.
Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? Examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98–104.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.
Dochy, F. J. R. C., & Alexander, P. A. (1995). Mapping prior knowledge: A framework for discussion among researchers. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 10, 225–242.
Dubois, D. (Ed.). (1998). The competency casebook. Amherst: HRD Press.
Erpenbeck, J. (2003). Einführung (Introduction). In J. Erpenbeck & L. von Rosenstiel (Eds.), Handbuch Kompetenzmessung. Erkennen, Verstehen und Bewerten von Kompetenzen in der be- trieblichen, paedagogischen und psychologischen Praxis (Handbook of competency measurement) (pp. 9–19). Stuttgart: Schaeffer-Poeschel.
Erpenbeck, J., & Rosenstiel, L. v. (Eds.). (2007). Handbuch Kompetenzmessung (2. Aufl.) (Handbook of competency measurement). Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel.
Frey, A., & Balzer, L. (2003). Soziale und methodische Kompetenzen—der Beurteilungsbogen SMK: Ein Messverfahren für die Diagnose von sozialen und methodischen Kompetenzen (Social and methodological competency—The rating sheet SMK: An instrument to diagnose social and methodological competency). Empirische Pädagogik, 17, 148–175.
Gardenswartz, L., & Rowe, A. (1998). Managing diversity. A complete desk reference and planning guide. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gerholz, K.-H. (2012). The development of ethical competences in higher business education: A curriculum theory oriented approach. In I. V. Budal & J. Saether (Eds.), Building ethical schools and teaching practices. Bergen: Earli, SIG13 and NLA Forlaget. Proceedings of the 3th EARLI SIG 13 moral and democratic education conference.
Gerholz, K.-H. (2014). Fostering ethical competence in business education. In L. O’Riordan, P. Zmuda, & S. Heinemann (Eds.), New perspectives on corporate social responsibility—Locating the missing link. Wiesbaden: Springer-Gabler.
Gilbert, T. F. (1996). Human competence: Engineering worthy performance. New York: Wiley.
Grühn, D. (2001). Praxisorientierung in Bachelorstudiengängen (Practical experience orientation in bachelor level courses of study). In U. Welbers (Ed.), Studienreform mit Bachelor und Master (Academic reform by means of bachelor and master courses of study) (pp. 101–127). Neuwied: Luchterhand.
Gunkel. (2013). Cultural Diversity—Aktueller Erkenntnisstand und Bedeutung für das strategische Personalmanagement (Cultural diversity—Current findings and relevance for strategic human resource management). In R. Stock-Homburg (Ed.), Handbuch strategisches Personalmanagement (Handbook of strategic human resource management) (pp. 425–444). Wiesbaden: Springer.
Hartig, J., & Klieme, E. (2006). Kompetenz und Kompetenzdiagnostik (Competency and competency diagnostics). In K. Schweizer (Ed.), Leistung und Leistungsdiagnostik (Performance and performance diagnostics) (pp. 127–143). Berlin: Springer.
Hasenberg, S., & Schmitz-Atzert, L. (2013). Die Rolle von Erwartungen zu Studienbeginn: Wie bedeutsam sind realistische Erwartungen uÌber Studieninhalte und Studienaufbau fuÌr die Studienzufriedenheit? (The role of expectations at the start of studies: How important are realistic expectations of content and structure of the course of studies for study satisfaction?) Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 27(1–2), 87–93.
Heinemann, S. (2013). Wenn nicht hier, wo dann? Diversity Management als strategischer Mehrwert für das Hochschulmanagement. (If not here, then where? Diversity management as a strategic surplus for university management) In K. Spelsberg (Ed.), Gender 360°: Einsichten und Aussichten—ein interdisziplinarer Auftakt (Gender 360°: Insights and perspectives—An interdisciplinary start) (pp. 211–245). Berlin: Lit.
Heinemann, S. (2014). Quo vadis (business) ethics education? Stand, Kernherausforderungen, Perspektiven. (Quo vadis (business) ethics education? Status, core challenges, perspectives) In H. Willing & N. Seeger (Eds.), Responsible business. Baden Baden: Nomos (in press).
Heinemann, S., & Krol, B. (2011). Nachhaltige Nachhaltigkeit: Zur Herausforderung der ernsthaften Integration einer angemessenen Ethik in die Managementausbildung (Sustainable sustainability: Challenges of a serious integration of adequate ethics into management education and training). Essen: FOM Hochschule.
Heinemann, S., & Miggelbrink, R. (2014). Shopping in the (business) ethics supermarket? On the relationship between value pluralism and management. In L. O’Riordan, P. Zmuda, & S. Heinemann (Eds.), New perspectives on corporate social responsibility—Locating the missing link. Wiesbaden: Springer-Gabler.
Hoffmann, T. (1999). The meanings of competency. Journal of European Industrial Training, 23(6), 275–285.
Illeris, K. (2010). Competence, learning and education. How can competences be learned, and how can they be developed in formal education? In K. Illeris (Ed.), International perspectives on competence development. Developing skills and capabilities (pp. 83–98). New York: Routledge.
Illies, C. (2003). The grounds of ethical judgement. New transcendental arguments in moral philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Johnston, W. B., & Packer, A. E. (1987). Workforce 2000: Work and workers for the twenty-first century. Indianapolis: The Hudson Institute.
Kanning, U. P. (2003). Diagnostik sozialer Kompetenzen. (Social competency diagnostics). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Klieme, E., Hartig, J., & Rauch, D. (2008). The concept of competence in educational contexts. In J. Hartig, E. Klieme, & D. Leutner (Eds.), Assessment of competencies in educational context (pp. 3–22). Bern: Hogrefe Huber.
Klippert, H. (2000). Methoden-Training: Übungsbausteine für den Unterricht (Training of methodological competency: Practise modules for teaching). Weinheim: Beltz.
Kramer, K. (2003). Entwicklung eines Lerndiagnose-Monitorings für Lehrkräfte—Zwischenergebnisse eines Arbeitsprozesses zur Weiterbildung. Unveröffentlichter Arbeitsbericht zum Bund-Länder-Projekt “Lebenslanges Lernen-Grundschule”(Development of a learning diagnostics monitoring for teaching staff—Intermediate findings of a working process within continuing education. Unpublished working paper of the federal-provincial-project “Lebenslanges Lernen-Grundschule”) Kiel: IPN.
Krathwohl, D. R. (2002). A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy: An overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(4), 212–218.
McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for “intelligence”. American Psychologist, 28, 1–14.
OECD. (2005). The definition and selection of key competencies. Executive Summary. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/35070367.pdf. Accessed 1 June 2014.
Prenzel, M., Baumert, J., Blum, W., Lehmann, R., Leutner, D., Neubrand, M., et al. (Eds.). (2004). PISA 2003: Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland—Ergebnisse des zweiten internationalen Vergleichs (The status of education of adolescents in Germany—Findings of the second international comparison study.). Münster: Waxmann.
Prenzel, M., Baumert, J., Blum, W., Lehmann, R., Leutner, D., Neubrand, M., et al. (Eds.). (2005). PISA 2003: Der zweite Vergleich der Länder in Deutschland—Was wissen und können Jugendliche? (PISA 2003: The second comparison of federal states in Germany—What do adolescents know and how do they perform?). Münster: Waxmann.
Reichart, E., & Bieling, G. (2013). Age Diversity Management ¨bei der Hewlett-Packard GmbH: Das Projekt “Age Diversity @ HP” (Age diversity management at Hewlett-Packard GmbH: The project “Age diversity @ HP”). In R. Stock-Homburg (Ed.), Handbuch strategisches Personalmanagement (Handbook of strategic human resource management) (pp. 504–518). Wiesbaden: Springer.
Rossouw, G. J. (2002). Three approaches to teaching business ethics. Teaching Business Ethics, 6, 411–433.
Rühl, M. (2013). Diversity Management bei Deutsche Lufthansa AG—Strategische Ausrichtung und operative Praxis (Diversity management at the Deutsche Lufthansa GmbH—Strategic orientation and operative practice). In R. Stock-Homburg (Ed.), Handbuch strategisches Personalmanagement (Handbook of strategic human resource management) (pp. 466–482). Wiesbaden: Springer.
Rühl, M., & Hoffmann, J. (2008). Das AGG in der Unternehmenspraxis (The law for general non-discrimination in management practice). Wiesbaden: Springer.
Sadler, R. D. (2013). Making competent judgements of competence. In S. Blömeke, O. Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, C. Kuhn, & J. Fege (Eds.), Modeling and measuring competencies in higher education. Tasks and challenges (pp. 13–28). Rotterdam: Sense.
Salganik, L. H. (2003). Key competencies for a successful life and a well-functioning society. Cambridge: Hogrefe Huber.
Schaeper, H. (2005): Hochschulbildung und Schlüsselkompetenzen. Der Beitrag der Hochschulfor-schung zur Evaluation der Qualifizierungsfunktionen und-leistungen von Hochschulen (University education and key competencies. The contribution of research into academia to the evaluation of universities function and performance to qualify students). Zeitschrift für Pädagogik, 50, 209–220. (Beiheft).
Schaeper, H., & Briedis, K. (2004). Kompetenzen von Hochschulabsolventinnen und Hochschulabsolventen, berufliche Anforderungen und Folgerungen für die Hochschulreform (Competencies of university graduates, practice requirements, and consequences for the reform of the university system). Hannover: Hochschul-Informations-System.
Schein, E. H. (1971). The individual, the organization, and the career: A conceptual scheme. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 7(4), 401–426.
Schulte, F. P., & Heinemann, S. (2013). Anders kennen, anders können—Diversity-Kompetenz im Kontext anderer Kompetenzfacetten (Knowing differences and acting in due consideration of differences—Diversity competency within the context of other subfacetts of the competency construct). In K. Spelsberg (Ed.), Gender 360°: Einsichten und Aussichten—ein interdisziplinärer Auftakt (Gender 360°: Insights and perspectives—An interdisciplinary start) (pp. 248–262). Berlin: LIT.
Schwalbach, J., & Schwerk, A. (2008). Corporate Responsibility in der akademischen Lehre. Systematische Bestandaufnahme für ein Curriculum (Corporate responsibility within academic teaching: A systematic inventory for the purpose of curriculum development). http://www.nachhaltigwirtschaften.net//archiv/2828/corporate_responsibility_in_der_akademischen_lehre.pdf. Accessed 1 June 2014.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S.Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). Windsor: Nfer-Nelson.
Shaw, W. H. (1996). Business ethics today: A survey. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 489–500.
Spencer, L. M., Jr., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at work: Models for superior performance. New York: Wiley.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2013). World population prospects: The 2012 Revision, Vol. I: Comprehensive Tables. ST/ESA/SER.A/336.
Waters, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Social competence as a developmental construct. Developmental Review, 3, 79–97.
Weinert, F. E. (2001). Concept of competence: A conceptual clarification. In D. S. Rychen & L. H. Salganik (Eds.), Defining and selecting key competencies (pp. 5–65). Seattle: Hogrefe Huber.
Wiek, A., Withycombe, L., & Redman, C. L. (2011). Key competencies in sustainability: A reference framework for academic program development. Sustainability Science, 6(2), 203–218.
Zhang, T., Gino, F., & Bazerman, M. H. (2014). Morality rebooted: Exploring simple fixes to our moral bugs. Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper No. 14–105.
Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, O., & Kuhn, C. (2010). Messung akademisch vermittelter Fertigkeiten und Kenntnisse von Studierenden bzw. Hochschulabsolventen—Analyse zum Forschungsstand (Measurement of academically mediated skills and knowledge of students and graduates—Analysis of the current state of research). http://www.wipaed.uni-mainz.de/ls/382.php. Accessed 1 June 2014.
Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, O., & Seidel, J. (2011). Kompetenz und ihre Erfassung—das neue „Theorie-Empirie-Problem“ der empirischen Bildungsforschung? (Competency and its measurement—The new “theory-empiricsm-problem” of empirical educational research). In O. Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia (Ed.), Stationen Empirischer Bildungsforschung. Traditionslinien und Perspektiven (Stations of empirical educational research) (pp. 218–233). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schulte, F., Gerholz, KH., Heinemann, S. (2015). Linking “Doing”, “Doing Right” and “Doing Right With Others”—Empirical Indications of the Relationship Between Ethical Competency, Diversity Competency, and Other Parts of the Competency Construct. In: O'Riordan, L., Zmuda, P., Heinemann, S. (eds) New Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility. FOM-Edition. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06794-6_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06794-6_26
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-06793-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-658-06794-6
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsBusiness and Management (R0)