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Migration und Demokratie pp 109–137Cite as

Zwischen Nationalismus und Kosmopolitismus: Wie lassen sich (neue) Formen demokratischer Bürgerschaft konzeptualisieren und bewerten?

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Zusammenfassung

In Zeiten transnationaler Verflechtungen und (Inter)Dependenzen kann demokratische Bürgerschaft nicht mehr ausschließlich innerhalb nationaler Grenzen gedacht werden. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert eine zweidimensionale Typologie, die es erlaubt, tatsächlich entstehende und normativ vorgeschlagene Formen von Bürgerschaft innerhalb und jenseits des Nationalstaats in einer umfassenden und zugleich differenzierten Weise konzeptionell zu verorten. Die erste Dimension umfasst die Verankerung von Mitgliedschaft in politischen Gemeinschaften. Die zweite Dimension bilden verschiedene Arenen politischer Entscheidungsprozesse, auf welche Bürgerrechte, -identitäten und -praktiken ausgerichtet sind. In beiden Dimensionen werden jeweils drei Kategorien unterschieden: Mitgliedschaft a) in einer singulären nationalen Gemeinschaft, b) in mehreren (nationalen) Gemeinschaften oder c) in der universellen Gemeinschaft aller Menschen. Bei den politischen Arenen unterscheiden wir a) innenpolitische, b) grenzüberschreitende und c) supranationale Arenen. Hieraus ergibt sich eine Typologie mit neun verschiedenen Formen demokratischer Bürgerschaft. Mithilfe dieser Typologie geben wir einen kurzen Überblick über normative Vorschläge und empirische Befunde, der zu folgenden Erkenntnissen führt: Die Realität in allen drei politischen Arenen wird nach wie vor durch das Konzept der Mitgliedschaft in einer einzigen nationalen Gemeinschaft dominiert; dieser Tatbestand wird aber in normativen Diskursen als mangelhaft empfunden. Die Idee der Mitgliedschaft in der universellen Gemeinschaft aller Menschen hingegen erfährt im normativen Diskurs breite Unterstützung, es lassen sich (bisher) jedoch wenig empirische Belege für ihre Existenz vorweisen. Im Gegensatz dazu ist Mitgliedschaft in mehreren Gemeinschaften nicht nur eine wachsende Realität, sondern auch normativ vielversprechend für die Demokratisierung einer transnationalisierten Welt.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Die Klammern weisen darauf hin, dass Austauschbeziehungen und Verflechtungen häufig asymmetrische Abhängigkeiten anstelle von gleichberechtigten Interdependenzen produzieren.

  2. 2.

    Ein Großteil der Forschung konzentriert sich auf die USA als Aufnahmeland (Fitzgerald 2000; Guarnizo et al. 2003; Waldinger 2008), in Europa gibt es bisher weniger Studien (Faist und Kivisto 2007; Koopmans und Statham 1999).

  3. 3.

    Eine umfassende Diskussion der Vor- und Nachteile doppelter Staatsbürgerschaft aus der Perspektive verschiedener Demokratietheorien bietet Blatter (2011).

  4. 4.

    Die AutorInnen haben eine Projektfinanzierung vom Schweizer Nationalfonds erhalten, um Bürgerschaftsidentitäten und -praktiken von doppelten StaatsbürgerInnen in der nationalen, transnationalen und supranationalen Arena sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ zu untersuchen. Erste Ergebnisse sind inzwischen verfügbar (Schlenker forthc.; Schlenker 2015).

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    Dr. Andrea Schlenker & Prof. Dr. Joachim Blatter

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Schlenker, A., Blatter, J. (2016). Zwischen Nationalismus und Kosmopolitismus: Wie lassen sich (neue) Formen demokratischer Bürgerschaft konzeptualisieren und bewerten?. In: Rother, S. (eds) Migration und Demokratie. Studien zur Migrations- und Integrationspolitik. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02589-2_5

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