Conclusion and Discussion

Abstract

Gender differences existed on some learning outcomes of both 1980s and 1990s Chinese only children. In study 1, for the 1980s generation only children, gender differences existed in all chronic self-concept levels: male students have higher individual level of self-concept, but lower relational and collective level of self-concept than female students; male students had lower levels of prosocial behaviour than female students; male students had also lower positive self-esteem than female students; and in career orientation, male students had higher investigative, but lower social career orientations than female students.