Abstract
The adrenal cortex is believed to secrete steroids with androgenic and estrogenic activity or precursors which are transformed to androgenic or estrogenic substances outside the adrenal cortex. Howard and Migeon (1962) in Chapter 5 of Part 1 of this Volume have reviewed the evidence for the secretion of sex hormones by the normal adrenal cortex. Excessive secretion of androgens and estrogens, regardless of origin, results in precocious and exaggerated isosexual or heterosexual physical changes in the organism. This chapter is confined to the consideration of certain clinical syndromes in the human being which are attributed to adrenocortical disease and in which manifestations of feminization or masculinization occur. These manifestations may be isosexual, i.e. feminization of the female and masculinization of the male, or heterosexual, i.e. masculinization of the female and feminization of the male. As will become apparent, abnormalities of the adrenocortical secretion of a quantitative and, possibly, of a qualitative nature may be caused by disease of the adrenal gland itself or may be a secondary consequence of disease of other endocrine glands such as the pituitary or gonads.
This review was completed in 1964. The author wishes to thank Dr. Alfred M. Bongiovanni for reading this review and for his valuable suggestions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literature
Ainger, L. E., G. C. Zapata, R. S. Ely, and V. C. Kelley: The occurrence of congenita adrenal hyperplasia in first cousins. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 99, 636–641 (1960).
Albright, F.: Cushing’s syndrome. Its pathological physiology, its relationship to the adreno-genital syndrome, and its connection with the problem of the reaction of the body to injurious agents (“alarm reaction” of Selye). Harvey Lect. 38, 123–186 (1942–1943).
— F., A. P. Forbes, R. Fraser, R. B. Miller, and E. C. Reifenstein, Jr.: A classification of the causes of hypoleydigism. Trans. Ass. Amer. Phycns 56, 43–54 (1941).
Alexander, W. S., and O. D. Beresford: Masculinization of ovarian origin. Report of a case with virilization developing during pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Emp. 60, 252–258 (1953).
Avin, J.: Female pseudohermaphroditism with delivery of a normal child. Pediatrics 29, 828–830 (1962).
Axelrod, L. R.: Steroid-producing endocrine organs. Their common origins and metabolic activities. Tex. St. J. Med. 57, 974–977 (1961).
—, L. R., and J. W. Goldzieher: The metabolism of 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone and its relation to congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 20, 238–252 (1960).
Barr, M. L., and E. G. Bertram: A morphological distinction between neurones of the male and female, and the behavior of the nucleolar satellite during accelerated nucleoprotein synthesis. Nature (Lond.) 163, 676–677 (1949).
— L. F. Bertram, and H. A. Lindsay: The morphology of the nerve cell nucleus, according to sex. Anat. Rec. 107, 283–292 (1950).
Bartter, F. C., F. Albright, A. P. Forbes, A. Leaf, E. Dempsey, and E. Carroll: The effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisone in the adrenogenital syndrome associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: an attempt to explain and correct its disordered hormonal pattern. J. clin. Invest. 30, 237–250 (1951).
— F. C., A. P. Forbes, and A. Leaf: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia associated with the adrenogenital syndrome: an attempt to correct its disordered hormonal pattern. J. clin. Invest. 29, 797 (1950).
—, and P. Pronove: Cit. by G. M. Tomkins and J. S. McGuire, The adrenogenital syndrome. In: J. B. Stanbury, J. B. Wyngaarden and D. S. Fredrickson (eds.), The metabolic basis of inherited disease, p. 637–676, New York: McGraw 1960.
Bassöe, H. H., R. Emberland, and K. F. Stöa: Fluctuating steroid excretion in Cushing’s syndrome. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 28, 163–168 (1958).
Baulieu, É.- É.: Isolement dans le plasma et dans l’urine d’ester-sulfate de 5-androstène-3β ol-17-one chez une malade atteinte de tumeur surrénalienne. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 248, 1441–1443 (1959).
Baulieu, É.- É.: Esters-sulfates de stéroïdes hormonaux. Isolement de l’ester-sulfate de 5-androstène-3β-ol-17-one (dehydroépiandrostérone) dans tumeur cortico-surrénalienne. Absence du stéroide lïbre. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 251, 1421–1423 (1960).
— Studies of conjugated 17-ketosteroids in a case of adrenal tumor. J. clin. Endocr. 22, 501–510 (1962).
— E. Charollais et M. De Vigan: Étude par chromatagraphie sur papier des stéroïdes corticaux dans deux virilismes d’origine surrénalienne (hyperplasier acquise et congenitale). Ann. Biol. clin. 14, 669–675 (1956).
— R. Emiliozzi et C. Corpechot: Isolement dans le plasma veineux pérephérique et surrénalien de l’ester-sulfate de 5-androsténe-3β ol-7,17-dione. Experientia (Basel) 17, 110–111 (1961).
— L. G. huis in’t veld, A. Jaoudé et M. F. Jayle: Fractionnement et mesure des 17-cetosteroides urinaires neutres au cours de la maladie de Cushing. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 26, 153–172 (1957).
Baylis, R. I. S., I. E. Broadbent, and A. W. Steinbeck: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Effects of corticotrophin and tetrahydrocortisone. Lancet 1954I, 434–435.
Beas, F., R. P. Zurbrügg, J. Cara, and L.I. Gardner: Urinary C19 steroids in normal children and adults. J. clin. Endocr. 22, 1090–1094 (1962).
Benedict, P. H., R. B. Cohen, O. Cope, and R. E. Scully: Ovarian and adrenal morphology in cases of hirsutism or virilism and Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Fertil. and Steril. 13, 380–395 (1962).
Benner, M. C.: Studies on the involution of the fetal cortex of the adrenal glands. Amer. J. Path. 16, 787–798 (1940).
Bentinck, R. C., F. Hinman, Jr., H. Lisser, and H. F. Traut: The familial congenital adrenal syndrome: report of two cases and review of the literature. Postgrad. Med. 11, 301–312 (1952).
Bergman, P., B. Sjögren, and B. Håkansson: Hypertensive form of congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia. Analysis of a case with co-existing polycystic ovaries. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 40, 555–564 (1962).
Bergstrand, C. G., G. Birke, and L.-O. Plantin: Chromatographic studies of the excretion of ketosteroids in children with the adrenogenital syndrome. Acta paediat. (Uppsala) 44, Suppl. 103, 95 (1955).
— — — The corticosteroid excretion pattern in infants and children with the adrenogenital syndrome. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 30, 500–508 (1959).
— — — Differences in corticosteroid excretion pattern between infants and children with the adrenogenital syndrome. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 34, 508–512 (1960).
Béthoux, R., P. Guinet, J. Perrin, R. Mornex et J.-P. Pedard: Une observation de corticosurrénalome malin avec gynécomastie. II. Étude biochemique. Ann. Endocr. (Paris) 17, 75–82 (1956).
Biancalana, D., e R. Romanelli: Adrenocarcinoma femminilizzante. Folia endocr. (Pisa) 11, 655–688 (1958).
Bierich, J. R., E. Bohe, and Kl.-D. Voigt: New aspects of the pathogenesis of the adrenogenital syndrome. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 18, 512–520 (1955).
Bigozzi, U., A. Borghi, G. Giusti, F. Morabito, and R. Toccafondi: An unusual case of adrenal dysfunction in the male. J. clin. Endocr. 19, 1506–1510 (1959).
Birke, G.: The effect of Reichstein’s substance S on the excretion of 17-ketosteroids. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 15, 17–24 (1954).
— E. Diczfalusy, L.-O. Plantin, H. Robbe, and A. Westman: Familial congenital hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 29, 55–69 (1958).
—, and L.-O. Plantin: A steroid metabolic study on adrenalectomized patients after administration of compounds E and F and Reichstein’s substance S. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 15, 61–65 (1954).
Black, J. A., and J. F. R. Bentley: Effect on the foetus of androgens given during pregnancy. Lancet 1959I, 21–24.
Blackman, S. S., Jr.: Concerning the function and origin of the reticular zone of the adrenal cortex: hyperplasia in the adrenogenital syndrome. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 78, 180–217 (1946).
Blehova, B., J. Cizkova-Pisarovicova, J. Hynie, B. Sekla, and L. Starka: Contribution to genetic problem of adrenogenital syndrome. Acta genet. (Basel) 11, 52–57 (1961).
Blizzard, R. M., G. W. Liddle, C. J. Migeon, and L. Wilkins: Aldosterone excretion in virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Invest. 38, 1442–1451 (1959).
—, and L. Wilkins: Present concepts of steroid therapy in virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. Arch. intern. Med. 100, 729–738 (1957).
Bloch, E., and K. Benirschke: Synthesis in vitro of steroids by human fetal adrenal gland slices. J. biol. Chem. 234, 1085–1089 (1959).
Bloch, E., K. Benirschke, and R. I. Dorfman: The presence of Δ 4-androstene 3,17-dione in prenatal and postnatal human adrenal glands. J. clin. Endocr. 15, 379–382 (1955).
— —, and E. Rosemberg: C19-Steroids, 17α-hydroxycorticosterone and a sodium retaining factor in human fetal adrenal glands. Endocrinology 58, 626–633 (1956a).
— R. I. Dorfman, and G. Pincus: The conversion of acetate to dehydroepiandrosterone by human adrenal gland slices. Arch. Biochem. 61, 245–247 (1956b).
— — — The conversion of acetate to C19 steroids by human adrenal gland slices. J. biol. Chem. 224, 737–750 (1957).
— E., B. Tissenbaum, B. L. Rubin, and H. W. Deane: Δ 5-3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human fetal adrenals. Endocrinology 71, 629–632 (1962).
Blodgett, F. M., R. H. Berki, and W. L. Herrmann: Hypospadias in a male infant with the adrenogenital syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 1087–1091 (1961).
Bondy, P. K., G. L. Cohn, W. Herrmann, and K. R. Crispell: The possible relationship of etiocholanolone to periodic fever. Yale J. Biol. Med. 30, 395–405 (1958).
Bongiovanni, A. M.: Detection of pregnanediol and pregnanetriol in the urine of patients with adrenal hyperplasia. Suppression with cortisone. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 92, 244–251 (1953).
— In vitro hydroxylation of steroids by whole adrenal homogenates of beef, normal man, and patients with the adrenogenital syndrome. J. clin. Invest. 37, 1342–1347 (1958).
— Unusual steroid pattern in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: deficiency of 3β-hydroxy dehydrogenase. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 860–862 (1961).
— The adrenogenital syndrome with deficiency of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J. clin. Invest. 41, 2086–2092 (1962).
—, and A. Clark: Urinary Δ 5-pregnene-3β,17α,20α,21-tetrol in 3β-ol-dehydrogenase deficiency. J. clin. Invest. 41, 1346 (1962).
—, and G. W. Clayton, Jr.: A simplified method for the routine determination of pregnanediol and pregnanetriol in urine. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 94, 180–186 (1954).
—, and W. R. Eberlein: Critical analysis of methods for measurement of pregnane-3α,17α, 20α-triol in human urine. Analyt. Chem. 30, 388–393 (1958).
— —, and J. Cara: Studies on the metabolism of adrenal steroids in the adrenogenital syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 14, 409–422 (1954).
— — J. D. Smith, and A. J. McPadden: The urinary excretion of three C-21 methyl corticosteroids in the adrenogenital syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 19, 1608–1618 (1959b).
— A. M. Di George, and M. M. Grumbach: Masculinization of the female infant associated with estrogenic therapy alone during gestation: four cases. J. clin. Endocr. 19, 1004–1011 (1959a).
—, and A. J. McPadden: Steroids during pregnancy and possible fetal consequences. Fertil. and Steril. 11, 181–186 (1960).
—, and A. W. Root: The adrenogenital syndrome. New Engl. J. Med. 268, 1283–1289, 1342–1351, 1391–1399 (1963).
Bradbury, J. T., and W. G. Slate: A case of adrenal hyperplasia with unusual findings. J. clin. Endocr. 14, 810 (1954).
Bradlow, H. L., and T. F. Gallagher: Metabolism of 11β-hydroxy-Δ 4-androstene-3,17-dione in man. J. Biol. Chem. 229, 505–518 (1957).
— — Metabolism of 11β-hydroxy-Δ 4-androstene-3,17-dione in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 19, 1575–1580 (1959).
Bratrude, T. E., and W. H. Thompson: Congenital hyperplasia of the adrenals. Staff meet. Bull. Hosp. Univ. Minn. 15, 25–43 (1943).
Breibart, S., A. M. Bongiovanni, and W. R. Eberlein: Progestins and skeletal maturation. New Engl. J. Med. 268, 255 (1963).
Brentnall, C. P.: A case of arrhenoblastoma complicating pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Emp. 52, 235–240 (1945).
Bricaire, H., J. Graveleau et P. Laudat: Un nouveau cas d’hyperplasie congénitale des surrénales a forme hypertensive isolement du composé “S”. Ann. Endocr. (Paris) 19, 725–733 (1958).
Brooks, R. V.: A method for the quantitative fractionation of urinary 17-oxo steroids with some observations on steroid excretion during administration of ACTH and in the adrenogenital syndrome. Biochem. J. 68, 50–57 (1958).
— The metabolism of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. Endocr. 21, 277–286 (1960).
— D. Mattingly, I. H. Mills, and F. T. G. Prunty: Post-pubertal adrenal virilism with biochemical disturbance of the congenital type of adrenal hyperplasia. Brit. med. J. 1960I, 1294–1298.
Brooksbank, B. W. L.: Endocrinological aspects of hirsutism. Physiol. Rev. 41, 623–676 (1961).
Brutschy, P.: Hochgradige Lipoidhyperplasie beider Nebennieren mit herdförmigen Kolkablagerungen bei einem Fall von Hypospadiasis penisscrotalis und doppelseitigem Kryptorchismus mit unechter akzessorischer Nebenniere am rechten Hoden (Pseudohermaphroditismus masculinus externus). Frankfurt. Z. Path. 24, 203–240 (1920).
Bryan, G. T., B Kliman, and F. C. Bartter: Impaired aldosterone production in “saltlosing” congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin. Res. Proc. 10, 223 (1962).
Burstein, S., and R. I. Dorfman: Steroid sulfatase in rat testis and adrenals. Fed. Proc. 21, 248 (1962).
— — Determination of mammalian steroid sulfatase with 7α-H3-3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one sulfate. J. biol. Chem. 238, 1656–1660 (1963).
— K. Savard, and R. I. Dorfman: The in vivo metabolism of hydrocortisone. Endocrinology 53, 88–97 (1953).
Bush, I. E., J. Swale, and J. Patterson: Analysis of steroids in adrenal venous blood and in urine in a case of virilism. Biochem. J. 62, 16P–17P (1956).
— G. I. M. Swyer, M. I. Stern, and M. L. N. Willoughby: Adrenocortical hyperplasia: report of a case with studies of the excretion of steroid metabolites. J. Endocr. 15, 430–439 (1957).
Butler, A. M., R. A. Ross, and N. B Talbot: Probable adrenal insufficiency in an infant: report of a case. J. Pediat. 15, 831–835 (1939).
Butler, G. C., and G. F. Marrian: The isolation of pregnane-3,17,20-triol from the urine of women showing the adrenogenital syndrome. J. Biol. Chem. 119, 565–572 (1937).
Callow, N. H., R. K. Callow, and C. W. Emmens: Colorimetric determination of substances containing the grouping-CH2 · CO- in urine extracts as an indication of androgen content. Biochem. J. 32, 1312–1331 (1938).
Calvin, H. I., and S. Lieberman: Evidence that steroid sulfates serve as biosynthetic intermediates. II. In vitro conversion of pregnenolone-3H-sulfate-35S to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone-3H-sulfate-35S. Biochemistry 3, 259–264 (1964).
— R. L. Vande Wiele, and S. Lieberman: Evidence that steroid sulfates serve as biosynthetic intermediates. In vivo conversion of pregnenolone-sulfate-S35 to dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate-S35. Biochemistry 2, 648–653 (1963).
Camacho, A. M., and C. J. Migeon: Isolation, identification and quantitation of testosterone in the urine of normal adults and in patients with endocrine disorders. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 301–305 (1963).
Cara, J., F. Beas, C. Spach, and L. I. Gardner: Increased urinary and plasma etiocholanolone and related steroids in a boy with virilizing adrenal hyperplasia and periodic fever. J. Pediat. 62, 521–530 (1963).
—, J., and L. I. Gardner: Two new subvariants of virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. J. Pediat. 57, 461–470 (1960).
Carpentier, P. J.: Malformation génitale du foetus féminin aprés administration d’un noveau steroïde de synthèse pendant las grossesse. Bull. Soc. roy. belge Gynéc. Obstét. 28, 137–148 (1958).
Carter, A. C., and E. Shorr: A study of the biological activity and the magnitude of endogenous androgen production in a case of adrenogenital syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 8, 583 (1948).
Castleman, B. (ed): Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. case 41121. New Engl. J. Med. 252, 496–499 (1955).
— Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. case 45341. New Engl. J. Med. 261, 397–402 (1959).
Cathala, J., et F. Alison: Les vomissements précoces et persistants du noveau-né par adénome cortico-surrénal congénital. Nourrisson 34, 185–189 (1946).
Chanis, D., Jr.: Some aspects of hermaphroditism: report of a case of female pseudohermaphroditism. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 47, 508–514 (1942).
Chaptal, J., R. Jean, P. Cristol et H. Bonnet: Augmentation des 17-hydroxycorticoïdes plasmatiques et urinaires dans un cas d’hyperplasie congénitale des surrénales sans hypertension artérielle. Identification des steroides anormaux relevant d’un deficit de la 11-beta hydroxylase. Ann. Endocr. (Paris) 20, 323–329 (1959).
Chester Jones, I.: The adrenal cortex. Cambridge: University Press 1957.
Childs, R, M. M. Grumbach, and J. J. Van Wyk: Virilizing adrenal hyperplasia; a genetic and hormonal study. J. clin. Invest. 35, 213–222 (1956).
Christy, N. P., E. Z. Wallace, and J. W. Jailer: The effect of intravenously-administered ACTH on plasma 17,21-dihydroxy-20-ketosteroids in normal individuals and in patients with disorders of the adrenal cortex. J. clin. Invest. 34, 899–906 (1955).
— — — Comparative effects of prednisone and of cortisone in suppressing the response of the adrenal cortex to exogenous adrenocorticotropin. J. clin. Endocr. 16, 1059–1074 (1956).
Clayton, B. E.: Some observations on adrenocorticotrophin in blood. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 51, 558–560 (1958).
Cleveland, W. W., O. C. Green, and L. Wilkins: Deaths in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Pediatrics 29, 3–17 (1962).
Cohen, R. B., W. B. Chapman, and B. Castleman: Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease): a study of surgically resected adrenal glands. Amer. J. Path. 35, 537–561 (1959).
Cohn, G. L., P. K. Bondy, and C. Castiglione: Studies on pyrogenic steroids. I. Separation, identification, and measurement of unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone, etiocholanolone, and androsterone in human plasma. J. clin. Invest. 40, 400–407 (1961).
Cope, C. L.: Diagnostic use of adrenal inhibition in Cushing’s syndrome. Brit. med. J. 1956 II, 193–197.
— Steroid metabolism in a case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Brit. med. J. 1959I, 815–817.
—, C. L., and R. J. Harrison: Effect of 9α-fluorohydrocortisone on adrenal hyperfunction in Cushing’s syndrome. Brit. med. J. 1955II, 457–460.
Coppage, W.S., Jr., and G. W. Liddle: Metabolic studies with a steroid isolated from the urine of patients with “salt.losing” congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 20, 729–734 (1960).
Cost, W. S.: Quantitative estimation of adrenocortical hormones and their α-ketolic metabolites in urine. II. Pathological adrenocortical hyperfunction. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 42, 39–52 (1963).
Cotte, G.: Plastic operations for sexual ambiguity. J. Mt Sinai Hosp. 14, 170–174 (1947).
Cox, R. I.: The separation and quantitative estimation of pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol, pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol-11-one, and other urinary acetaldehydogenic steroids. J. Biol. Chem. 234, 1693–1697 (1959).
Cushing, H.: The basophil adenomas of the pituitary body and their clinical manifestations (Pituitary basophilism). Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 50, 137–195 (1932).
Danowski, T. S.: Clinical endocrinology, vol. IV, Adrenal cortex and medulla, p. 341–343. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. 1962a.
— Clinical endocrinology, vol. IV, Adrenal cortex and medulla, p.78–83, 90–94. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. 1962b.
— Clinical endocrinology, vol. IV, Adrenal cortex and medulla, p.84–89. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. 1962c.
— Clinical endocrinology, vol. IV, Adrenal cortex and medulla, p. 155–157. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. 1962d.
Davies, B. M. A.: Blood corticotrophin in normal adults and in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 45, 55–67 (1964).
Debray, Ch., É. É. Beaulieu et M.-F. Jayle: Cancer de la cortico-surrémale etude cliníque, radiologique, biochimique et histologique d’un cas. Methode simple de dépistage. Ann. Endocr. (Paris) 15, 895–909 (1954).
Decourt, M. J., et M. F. Jayle: Pseudohermaphrodisme masculin avec hyperandrogénie cortico-surrénale. Ann. Endocr. (Paris) 21, 528–532 (1960).
— —, et É. É. Baulieu: Virilisme cliniquement tardif avec excrétion de prégnanetriol et insuffisance de la production du cortisol. Ann. Endocr. (Paris) 18, 416–422 (1957).
Dempsey, H., and S. Richardson Hill, Jr.: Studies in man on gonadotropin responsive feminizing adrenal cortical neoplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 173–180 (1963).
Diczfalusy, E., and R. Luft: A qualitative study on the oestrogens excreted by a male patient with an adrenal cortical tumour. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 9, 327–332 (1952).
Dignam, W. J., R. J. Pion, E. J. Lamb, and H. H. Simmer: Plasma androgens in women. II. Patients with polycystic ovaries and hirsutism. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 45, 254–271 (1964).
Dijkhuizen, R. K., and E. Behr: Adrenal hypertrophy in infants. A new clinical entity of the neonatal period. Acta paediat. (Uppsala) 27, 279–295 (1940).
Doe, R. P., J. A. Vennes, and E. B. Flink: Diurnal variation of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, sodium, potassium, magnesium and creatinine in normal subjects and in cases of treated adrenal insufficiency and Cushing’s syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 20, 253–265 (1960).
Dohan, F. C., E. Rose, J. W. Eiman, E. M. Richardson, and H. Zintel: Increased urinary estrogen excretion associated with adrenal tumors: Report of four cases. J. clin. Endocr. 13, 415–428 (1953).
Dominguez, O. V.: Biosynthesis of steroids by testicular tumors complicating congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 663–674 (1961).
Dorfman, R. I.: Neutral steroid hormone metabolites. Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 9, 5–26 (1954).
Dorfman, R. I., E. Forchielli, S. Ichii, and W. Futterweit: Evaluation of androgens and estrogens in normal and abnormal states. Soc. Mexicana de Nutricion y Endocrinol. 3rd Reunion Anual, San José Purua, Mich., Mexico Nov. 1962, p. 141–150.
Dyrenfurth, I., A. J. Blair, J. C. Beck, and E. H. Venning: Studies in patients with adrenocortical hyperfunction. I. The effect of corticotropin on levels of corticosteroids, 17-ketosteroids and aldosterone. J. clin. Endocr. 20, 735–750 (1960).
—, S. Sybulski, V. Notchev, J. C. Beck, and E. H. Venning: Urinary corticosteroid excretion pattern in patients with adrenocortical dysfunction. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 391–408 (1958).
Eberlein W. R.: The salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Pediatrics 21, 667–672 (1958).
—, and A. M. Bongiovanni: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia with hypertension: unusual steroid pattern in blood and urine. J. clin. Endocr. 15, 1531–1534 (1955a).
— — Partial characterization of urinary adrenocortical steroids in adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Invest. 34, 1337–1343 (1955b).
— — Plasma and urinary corticosteroids in the hypertensive from of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. Biol. Chem. 223, 85–94 (1956).
— — Steroid metabolism in the “salt-losing” form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Invest. 37, 889–890 (1958).
Epstein, J. A., and H. S. Kupperman: Dexamethasone therapy in the adrenogenital syndrome—a comparative study. J. clin. Endocr. 19, 1503–1506 (1959).
Escamilla, R. F., and S. G. Johnson: Successful surgical removal of adrenal cortical adenoma causing virilism for 30 years. Postgrad. Med. 11, 272–277 (1952).
Fallesen, M.: Binyrebarkensufficiens hos et spaedbarn. Nord. Med. 39, 1573–1574 (1948).
Felioissimo, P. X. J., e J. M. De Abreu: Sobre un caso de arrhenoblastoma do ovario e gravidez topica simultanea. Virilisação da gestante e do feto feminino. Rev. Obstet. Ginec. S. Paulo 1, 356–377 (1938).
Fieser, L. F., and M. Fieser: Steroids. New York: Reinhold 1959.
Fine, E., H. M. Levin, and E. L. Mcconnell, Jr.: Masculinization of female infants associated with norethindrone acetate. Obstet. and Gynec. 22, 210–213 (1963).
Finkelstein, M.: Pregnanetriolone, abnormal urinary steroid. In: R. I. Dorfman (ed.), Methods in hormonal research, vol. 1, p. 169–197. New York: Academic Press 1962.
— The adrenogenital syndrome. New Engl. J. Med. 270, 260–261 (1964).
—, and R. I. Cox: Method for simultaneous estimation of pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol and pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol-11-one in urine. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 95, 297–300 (1957).
—, J. v. Euw u. T. Reichstein: Isolierung von 3,17,20α-trioxypregnanon-(11) aus pathologischem menschlichem Harn. Helv. chim. Acta 36, 1266–1277 (1953).
— E. Forchielli, and R. I. Dorfman: Estimation of testosterone in human plasma. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 98–101 (1961).
—, and S. Goldberg: A test for qualitative and quantitative estimation of pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol-11-one in urine and its significance in adrenal disturbances. J. clin. Endocr. 17, 1063–1070 (1957).
—, and J. Schoenberger: Urinary steroids in 10 cases of adrenal carcinoma, with special reference to pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol-11-one. J. clin. Endocr. 19, 608–612 (1959).
Forbes, A. P., and F. Albright: A comparison of the 17-ketosteroid excretion in Cushing’s syndrome associated with adrenal tumor and with adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 11, 926–935 (1951).
Forchielli, E., G. Sorcini, M. Stylianou Nightingale, N. Brust, R. I. Dorfman, W. H. Perloff, and G. Jacobson: Testosterone in human plasma. Analyt. Biochem. 5, 416–421 (1963).
Fotherby, K., and D. N. Love: An investigation of the possible precursors of urinary pregnanetriol. J. Endocr. 21, 129–135 (1960).
Frank, R. T.: A suggested test for functional cortical adrenal tumor. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 31, 1204–1206 (1933).
Fujita, T., H. Ibayasi, K. Motohasi, T. Uchikawa, and S. Okinaka: Clinical applications of urinary ACTH assay. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 143–148 (1963).
Fukushima, D. K., H. L. Bradlow, K. Dobriner, and T. F. Gallagher: The fate of testosterone infused intravenously in man. J. Biol. Chem. 206, 863–874 (1954).
— — L. Hellman and T. F. Gallagher: Further studies of 21-deoxyhydrocortisone-4-C14 in man. J. clin. Endocr. 19, 393–402 (1959).
— — — — Origin of pregnanetriol in a patient with adrenal carcinoma. J. clin. Endocr. 22, 765–772 (1962).
— — — B. Zummoff, and T. F. Gallagher: Study of 17-hydroxyprogesterone-4-C14 in man. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 765–778 (1961a).
Fukushima, D.K., K. Dobriner, and T. F. Gallagher: Metabolic studies with deuterium steroid hormones. Fed. Proc. 10, 185 (1951).
—, and T. F. Gallagher: Steroid isolation studies in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. Biol. Chem. 229, 85–92 (1957).
— — Absence of 21-dehydroxylation in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 694–698 (1958).
— — Steroid production in “nonfunctioning” adrenal cortical tumor. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 923–927 (1963).
— M. Smulowitz, and K. I. H. Williams: Δ 5-pregnene-3α,16α,20α-triol and related steroids in adrenocortical carcinoma. J. Biol. Chem. 236, 3147–3150 (1961 b).
Gallagher, T. F.: On alterations in adrenal function, especially with adrenocortical carcinoma. Cancer Res. 17, 520–529 (1957).
— A. Kappas, H. Spencer, and D. Lazlo: Influence of invasiveness, hormones, and amphenone on steroids in adrenal carcinoma. Science 124, 487–489 (1956).
Gandy, H. M., and E. H. Keutmann: 11β-Hydroxylase deficiency in congenital adrenal hyperplasia in the absence of hypertension. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 96, 519 (1958).
— —, and A. J. Izzo: Characterization of urinary steroids in adrenal hyperplasia: isolation of metabolites of cortisol, compound S, and desoxycorticosterone from a normotensive patient with adrenogenital syndrome. J. clin. Invest. 39, 364–377 (1960).
Gardner, L. I.: Increased plasma 17-ketosteroid concentration in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Proc. Soc. expo Biol. (N. Y.) 83, 251–252 (1953).
—, and C. J. Migeon: Urinary dehydroisoandrosterone in hyperadrenocorticism: influence of cortisone, hydrocortisone, and ACTH. J. clin. Endocr. 12, 1117–1139 (1952).
— — Unusual plasma 17-ketosteroid pattern in a boy with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and periodic fever. J. clin. Endocr. 19, 266–269 (1959).
— R. C. Sniffen, A. S. Zygmuntowicz, and N. B. Talbot: Follow-up studies in a boy with mixed adrenal cortical disease. Pediatrics 5, 808–823 (1950).
Geller, J., A. S. Alvarez, A. Gutman, A. De Freitas, J. L. Gabrilove, and L. J. Soffer: Effect of prednisone on adrenal responsiveness to corticotropin in normal subjects and in patients with treated and untreated Cushing’s syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 409–416 (1958).
Gierke, E. v.: Über interrenalismus und interrenale Intoxikation. Verh. dtsch. path. Ges. 23, 449–456 (1928).
Gilbert-Dreyfus, M. M., J.-C. Savoie, J. Sebaoun, F. Dray, Y. Adam, R. Rapapport et A. Chabaud: Etude d’un cas d’hypercorticisme congénital par anomalie de la 11β-Phydroxylase. Identification des composés “S”, “DOC” et “B”. Ann. Endocr. (Paris) 20, 754–760 (1959).
Gillman, J.: The development of the gonads in man, with a consideration of the role of fetal endocrines and the histogenesis of ovarian tumors. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Instn. 32, 83–131 (1948).
Glenister, T. W.: The origin and fate of the urethral plate in man. J. Anat. (Lond.) 88, 413–425 (1954).
Glenn, J. F., and W. H. Boyce: Adrenogenitalism with testicular adrenal rests simulating interstitial cell tumor. Trans. Amer. Ass. gen.-urin. Surg. 54, 59–66 (1962).
Gold, A. P., and A. F. Michael, Jr.: Testosterone-induced female pseudohermaphrodism. J. Pediat. 52, 279–283 (1958).
Goldman, A. S., A. M. Bongiovanni, W. C. Yakovic, and A. Prader: Study of Δ 5,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic adrenal cortical tissue. J. clin. Endocr. 24, 894–909 (1964).
Goldstein, M., M. Gut, and R. I. Dorfman: Conversion of pregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 38, 190–191 (1960).
Goldzieher, J. W., and K. Rodgers: Clitoral hypertrophy in one of nonidentical twins. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 86, 882–885 (1963).
Gonzales, R. F., and L. I. Gardner: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia with associated episodes resembling histamine poisoning. Pediatrics 17, 524–531 (1956).
Graeff, J. De, and A. J. Moolenaar: Effect of cortisone on the excretion of aldosterone in virilising adrenal hyperplasia. Lancet 1960I, 854–855.
Gray, C. H., J. M. Greenaway, N. J. Holness, and D. A. Shaw: The metabolism of (4-14C) cortisol in a patient with Cushing’s syndrome. J. Endocr. 24, 199–214 (1962).
Green, O. C., C. J. Migeon, and L. Wilkins: Urinary steroids in the hypertensive from of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 20, 929–946 (1960).
Greenblatt, R. B.: Clinical aspects of sexual abnormalities in man. Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 14, 335–404 (1958).
— J. M. Manautou, S. L. Clark, and A. P. Rosenberg: Suppression of adrenal cortical activity in treatment of menstrual disorders. Metabolism 7, 25–39 (1958).
Groen, A., J. A. De Vries, and D. De Wied: Urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids in patients with adrenogenital syndrome. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 18, 530–535 (1955).
Gross, R. E., and I. A. Meeker, Jr.: Abnormalities of sexual development. Observations from 75 cases. Pediatrics 16, 303–324 (1955).
Grumbach, M. M., and J. R. Ducharme: The effect of androgen on fetal sexual development. Fertil. and Steril. 11, 157–180 (1960).
— —, and R. E. Moloshok: On the fetal masculinizing action of certain oral progestins. J. clin. Endocr. 19, 1369–1380 (1959).
Grumbach, M. M., J. J. van Wyk, and L. Wilkins: Chromosomal sex in gonadal dysgenesis (ovarian agenesis): relationship to male pseudohermaphrodism and theories of human sex differentiation. J. clin. Endocr. 15, 1161–1193 (1955).
Grunwaldt, E., and T. Bates: Nonadrenal female pseudohermaphrodism after administration of testosterone to mother during pregnancy. Pediatrics 20, 503–505 (1957).
Guignard-de Maeyer, J.A., J. F. Crigler, Jr., and N. I. Gold: An alteration in cortisol metabolism in patients with Cushing’s syndrome and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 1271–1284 (1963).
Guillon, J., J. Colas, R. Trichereau, G. Delumeau et É.- É. Baulieu: Tumeur surrénale virilisante. Étude des 17-cétostéroides dans la tumeur, dans le sang veineux surrénalien et périphérique et dans les urines. Ann. Endocr. (Paris) 22, 331–335 (1961).
Guin, G. H., and E. F. Gilbert: Cushing’s syndrome in children associated with adrenal cortical carcinoma. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 92, 297–307 (1956).
Guinet, P., J. Perrin, R. Béthoux, R. Mornex et J.-P. Pédard: Une observation de cortico-surrenalome malin avec gynecomastie. Ann. Endocr. (Paris) 17, 69–74 (1956).
Gurtner, H. P.: Pseudohermaphroditismus masculinus und kongenitale Nebennierenrindenhyperplasie. Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 326, 409–443 (1955).
Hamilton, W. J., J. D. Boyd, and H. W. Mossman: Human embryology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. 1947.
Hamwi, G. J., G. Gwinup, J. H. Mostow, and P. K. Besch: Activation of testicular rest tissue by prolonged excessive ACTH production. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 861–869 (1963).
— R. A. Serbin, and F. A. Kruger: Does adrenocortical hyperplasia result in adrenocortical carcinoma? New Engl. J. Med. 257, 1153–1157 (1957).
Hayles, A. B., and R. B. Nolan: Female pseudohermaphroditism: report of a case in an infant born of a mother receiving methyltestosterone during pregnancy. Proc. Mayo Clin. 32, 41–44 (1957).
— — Masculinization of female fetus, possibly related to administration of progesterone during pregnancy. Report of two cases. Proc. Mayo Clin. 33, 200–203 (1958).
Haynes, E., H. P. Thomas, and M. S. Wheeler: Pseudohermaphroditism with psychosis. Med. Rec. (N. Y.) 154, 307–310 (1941).
Healy, C. E., and C. C. Guy: Pseudohermaphroditismus masculinis externus associated with suprarenal hyperplasia and vascular hypertension. Arch. Path. 12, 541–561 (1931).
Hechter, O., and G. Pincus: Genesis of adrenocortical secretion. Physiol. Rev. 34, 459–596 (1954).
Hedinger, C.: Beidseitige Hodentumoren und kongenitales adrenogenitales Syndrom (Leydig- Zellen oder Nebennierenrindengewebe?) Schweiz. Z. allg. Path. 17, 743–750 (1954).
Hernando, L., J. Crabbé, E. J. Ross, W. J. Reddy, A. E. Renold, D. H. Nelson, and G. W. Thorn: Clinical experience with a physicochemical method for estimation of aldosterone in urine. Metabolism 6, 518–543 (1957).
Hertz, R., D. M. Bergenstal, H. A. Lubs, and S. J. Jackson: Observations on adrenal carcinoma with special reference to the effects of amphenone. Cancer (Philad.) 10, 765–776 (1957).
Higgins, G. A., W. E. Brownlee, and F. A. Mantz, Jr.: Feminizing tumors of the adrenal cortex. Amer. Surg. 22, 56–79 (1956).
Hirschmann, H., and F. B. Hirschmann: Steroid excretion in a case of adrenocortical carcinoma. II. An examination of the non-ketonic fraction precipitable with digitonin. J. Biol. Chem. 157, 601–612 (1945).
— — Steroid excretion in a case of adrenogenital carcinoma. V. Δ 5-pregnenetriol-3β,17α,20α. J. Biol. Chem. 187, 137–146 (1950).
Hoffman, F., C. Overzier, and G. Uhde: Zur Frage der hormonalen Erzeugung fötaler Zwitterbildungen beirn Menschen. Geburtsh. u. Frauenheilk. 15, 1061–1070 (1955).
Hollander, N., and V. P. Hollander: The microdetermination of testosterone in human spermatic vein blood. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 966–971 (1958).
Horwith, M., and P. E. Stokes: Cushing’s syndrome, experience with total adrenalectomy. Advanc. intern. Med. 10, 259–295 (1960).
Howard, F. S., and F. Hinman, Jr.: Female pseudohermaphroditism with supplementary phallic urethra: Report of two cases. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 65, 439–452 (1951).
Hudson, B., J. Coghlan, A. Dulmanis, M. Wintour, and I. Ekkel: The estimation of testosterone in biological fluids. I. Testosterone in plasma. Aust. J. expo Biol. med. Sci. 41, 235–246 (1963).
Ibayashi, H., M. Nakamura, S. Murakawa, T. Uchikawa, T. Tanioka, and K. Nakao: The determination of urinary testosterone using thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography. Steroids 3, 559–568 (1964).
Ichii, S., E. Forchielli, C. E. Cassidy, C. B. Rosoff, and R. I. Dorfman: Biosynthesis of androgens by homogenates of normal and abnormal human adrenal glands. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 9, 344–348 (1962).
Iversen, T.: Congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia with disturbed electrolyte regulation, “dysadrenocorticism”. Pediatrics 16, 875–901 (1955).
Jacobsohn, G. M.: Isolation of 5-pregnene-diol from the urine of a patient with congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 22, 859–860 (1962).
Jacobziner, H., and A. Gorfinkel: Familial congenital adrenal syndrome. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 52, 308–320 (1936).
Jailer, J. W.: Virilism. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 29, 377–394 (1953).
— J. J. Gold and G. F. Cahill: Hirsutism as the only clinical manifestation of an adrenal adenoma. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 67, 201–205 (1954a).
— —, and E. Z. Wallace: Evaluation of “cortisone test” as a diagnostic aid in differentiating adrenal hyperplasia from adrenal neoplasia. Amer. J. Med. 16, 340–345 (1954b).
— — R. Vande Wiele, and S. Lieberman: 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 21-desoxyhydrocortisone; their metabolism and possible role in congenital virilism. J. clin. Invest. 34, 1639–1646 (1955).
— D. Longson, and N. P. Christy: Studies in Cushing’s syndrome. II. Adrenal weight-maintaining activity in the plasma of patients with Cushing’s syndrome. J. clin. Invest. 36, 1608–1614 (1957).
— J. Louchart and G. F. Cahill: Adrenal virilism. II. Metabolic studies. J. clin. Invest. 31, 880–884 (1952).
— — J. J. Gold, and A. I. Knowlton: The effect of cortisone on the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. J. clin. Invest. 32, 449–452 (1953).
—, and E. Z. Wallace: The effect of intravenously administered hydrocortisone on the urinary 17-keto-steroids in patients with adrenal virilism. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 61, 442–447 (1955).
— R. W. Vande Wiele, N. P. Christy, and S. Lieberman: Studies in Cushing’s syndrome. III. Urinary 17-ketosteroids in patients with bilateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia. J. clin. Invest. 38, 357–365 (1959).
James, V. H. T.: The excretion of individual 17-oxosteroids in Cushing’s syndrome. J. Endocr. 23, 119–127 (1991).
Jaoudé, F. A., É.-É. Baulieu et M. F. Jayle: Fractionnement par chromatographie sur papier des 17-cetosteroïdes neutres urinaires au cours de l’hyperplasie virilisante congenitale corticosurrénale: contribution à l’étude de leur biogénèse. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 26, 30–42 (1957).
Javert, C. T., and W. F. Finn: Arrhenoblastoma: the incidence of malignancy and the relationship to pregnancy, to sterility and to treatment. Cancer (Philad.) 4, 60–77 (1951).
Jayle, M. F., S. H. Weinmann, É.-É. Baulieu et V. Vallin: Virilisme post-pubertaire discret par deficience de l’hydroxylation en C21. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 29, 513–524 (1958).
Jenkins, J. S., and A. W. Spence: Effect of corticotropin and 9α-fluorohydrocortisone on urinary steroids in Cushing’s syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 17, 621–631 (1957).
Jensen, C. C., and S.-I. Björklund: The adrenogenital syndrome. Discussion of a case with special reference to the paternal and maternal steroid patterns. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 22, 42–48 (1956).
Jeune, M., et A. Charrat: Les syndromes corticosurrénaux congénitaux l’hyperplasia surrénale congénitale. Pédiatrie 8, 307–355 (1953).
Jones, H. W., Jr., and G. E. S. Jones: The gynecological aspects of adrenal hyperplasia and allied disorders. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 68, 1330–1365 (1954).
—, Jr., and L. Wilkins: The genital anomaly associated with prenatal exposure to progestogens. Fertil. and Steril. 11, 148–156 (1960).
Jost, A.: Problems of fetal endocrinology: gonadal and hypophyseal hormones. Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 8, 379–418 (1953).
Kaplan, N. M.: Male pseudohermaphroditism. Report of a case, with observations on pathogenesis. New Engl. J. Med. 261, 641–644 (1959).
Kappas, A., K. Dobriner, and T. F. Gallagher: Studies in steroid metabolism. XXVII. A comparison of the steroid response to ACTH and cortisone in normal young men. J. clin. Invest. 34, 1559–1565 (1955).
Kappas, A., and T. F. Gallagher: Studies in steroid metabolism. XXVIII. The α-ketosteroid excretion pattern in normal females and the response to ACTH. J. clin. Invest. 34, 1566–1572 (1955).
—, L. Hellman, D. K. Fukushima, and T. F. Gallagher: The pyrogenic effect of etiocholanolone. J. clin. Endocr. 17, 451–454 (1957).
Keller, M.: Increased urinary estrogen and 17-ketosteroid excretion associated with adrenal adenoma. Isolation of cholestane-dione-3,6 from the tumor. J. clin. Endocr. 16, 1075–1088 (1956).
— A. Hauser, and A. Walser: Virilizing adrenal adenoma associated with increased urinary excretion of estrogens and 17-keto steroids. Isolation of the steroids from the tumor. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 1384–1398 (1958).
Kelley, V. C., R. S. Ely, and R. B. Raile: Metabolic studies in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Effects of cortisone therapy. J. clin. Endocr. 12, 1140–1162 (1952).
— — — Hormone patterns in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Pediatrics 12, 541–548 (1953).
Kinsell, L. W., and H. Lisser: Adrenal cortical tumor causing hirsutism without other evidence of virilization. J. clin. Endocr. 12, 50–54 (1952).
Klein, R.: Evidence for and against the existence of a salt-losing hormone. J. Pediat. 57, 452–460 (1960).
— P. Taylor, C. Papadatos, Z. Laron, D. Keele, J. Fortunato, C. Byers, and C. Billings: Sodium losing material in human urine. Proc. Soc. expo Biol. (N. Y.). 98, 863–866 (1958).
Knudson, A. G., Jr.: Mixed adrenal disease of infancy. J. Pediat. 39, 408–423 (1951).
Koff, A. K.: Development of the vagina in the human fetus. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Instn 24, 59–92 (1933).
Kovacić, N., J. Matovinovrć, and M. Prosenjak: Qualitative differences in urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 24, 393–401 (1957).
Laidlaw, J. C., W. J. Reddy, D. Jenkins, N. Abu Haydar, A. E. Renold, and G. W. Thorn: Advances in the diagnosis of altered states of adrenocortical function. New Engl. J. Med. 253, 747–753 (1955).
Lamb, E. J., W. Dignam, R. J. Pion, and H. H. Simmer: Plasma androgens in women. I. Normal and non-hirsute females, oophorectomized and adrenalectomized patients. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 45, 243–253 (1964).
Landau, R. L.: The diagnosis of adrenal cortical tumors. Proc. 2nd nat. Cancer Conf. 1952, 1, 309–321 (1954).
— B. F. Stimmel, E. Humphreys, and D. E. Clark: Gynecomastia and retarded sexual development resulting from a longstanding estrogen-secreting adrenal tumor. J. clin. Endocr. 14, 1097–1112 (1954).
Landing, B. H.: Hilar-cell proliferation in the adrenogenital syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 14, 245–247 (1954).
—, and E. Gold: The occurrence and significance of Leydig cell proliferation in familial adrenal cortical hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 11, 1436–1453 (1951).
Langecker, H.: Das Schicksal des 17α-Oxyprogesterons und seines 17-Capronates in menschlichen Organismus. II. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 225, 309–313 (1955).
— 17α-Oxyprogesteron und Nebennierenrindenhyperplasie. III. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 227, 474–480 (1956).
—, u. W. Prescher: Das Schicksal von 17-α-Oxyprogesteron im menschlichen Organismus. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 223, 306–310 (1954).
Lanman, J. T.: The fetal zone of the adrenal gland. Its developmental course, comparative anatomy, and possible physiologic functions. Medicine (Baltimore) 32, 389–430 (1953).
—, and L. M. Silverman: In vitro steroidogenesis in the human neonatal adrenal gland, including observations on human adult and monkey adrenal glands. Endocrinology 60, 433–445 (1957).
Levine, S. Z.: Conference at the New York Hospital — Cornell Medical Center. Case 2. Congenital adrenocortical insufficiency with virilism. J. Pediat. 34, 768–777 (1949).
Lewis, R. A., and L. Wilkins: The effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone in congenital adrenal hyperplasia with virilism and in Cushing’s syndrome treated with methyl testosterone. J. clin. Invest. 28, 394–400 (1949).
Liddle, G. W.: Tests of pituitary-adrenal suppressibility in the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 20, 1539–1560 (1960).
Lieberman, A. H., and J. A. Luetscher: Some effects of abnormalities of pituitary, adrenal or thyroid function on excretion of aldosterone and the response to corticotropin or sodium deprivation. J. clin. Endocr. 20, 1004–1016 (1960).
Lieberman, S., and K. Dobriner: The isolation of pregnanediol-3α,17-one-20 from human urine. J. Biol. Chem. 161, 269–278 (1945).
Lindner, H. R.: Androgens and related compounds in the spermatic vein blood of domestic animals. I. Neutral steroids secreted by the bull testis. J. Endocr. 23, 139–159 (1961).
Lindsay, A. E., C. J. Migeon, C. A. Nugent, and H. Brown: The diagnostic value of plasma and urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid determinations in Cushing’s syndrome. Amer. J. Med. 20, 15–22 (1956).
Lipsett, M. B.: Precursors of etiocholanolone and androsterone in adrenal carcinoma. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 107, 439–442 (1961).
—, and B. Damast: Excretion of pregnane-3α,17α,21-triol-20-one (tetrahydro S) by patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 99, 285–287 (1958).
—, and B. D. Riter: Urinary steroids in post-natal adrenal hyperplasia with virilism. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 38, 481–489 (1961).
Lloyd, C. W.: Virilization and hirsutism. In: C. W. Lloyd (ed.), Human reproduction and sexual behavior. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1964.
Lombardo, M. E., C. McMorris, and P. B. Hudson: The isolation of steroidal substances from human adrenal vein blood. Endocrinology 65, 426–432 (1959).
Lucas, W. M., W. F. Whitmore, Jr., and C. D. West: Identification of testosterone in human spermatic vein blood. J. clin. Endocr. 17, 465–472 (1957).
Luetscher, J. A., Jr., and R. H. Curtis: Relationship of aldosterone in urine to sodium balance and to some other endocrine functions. J. clin. Invest. 34, 951 (1955).
Lukens, F. D. W., and H. D. Palmer: Adrenal cortical virilism. Endocrinology 26, 941–945 (1940).
Lyon, M. F.: Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.). Nature (Lond.) 190, 372–373 (1961).
— Sex chromatin and gene action in the mammalian X-chromosome. Amer. J. hum. Genet. 14, 135–148 (1962).
Marie, J.: Hyperplasie congenitale des surrénales ne comportant pas de sinus urogenital et s’accompagnant de développement prémature des seins. Sem. Hôp. Paris 33, 1594–1598 P (1957).
Mason, H. L.: Metabolites of 11-dehydrocorticosterone: pregnane-3(α),20-diol-11-one. J. Biol. Chem. 172, 783–787 (1948).
—, and E. J. Kepler: Isolation of steroids from the urine of patients with adrenal cortical tumors and adrenal cortical hyperplasia: A new 17-ketosteroid, androstane-3(α),11-diol-17-one. J. Biol. Chem. 161, 235–257 (1945).
Masuda, M.: Urinary ketosteroid excretion patterns in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 17, 1181–1190 (1957).
Mattox, V. R., A. B. Hayles, R. M. Salassa, and F. R. Dion: Urinary steroid patterns and loss of salt in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 24, 517–527 (1964).
Melllman, W. J., A. M. Bongiovanni, and J. W. Hope: The diagnostic usefulness of skeletal maturation in an endocrine clinic. Pediatrics 23, 530–544 (1959).
Migeon, C. J.: Fractionation by countercurrent distribution of urinary estrogens in normal individuals and in patients with hyperadrenocorticism. J. clin. Endocr. 13, 674–687 (1953).
— Adrenocortical function and plasma 17-ketosteroids in man. Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Endocrinology, vol. VIII, The human adrenal cortex, p. 141–156 (1955).
— Androgens in human plasma, In: H. N. Antoniades (ed.), Hormones in human plasma, p. 305. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1960.
—, and L. I. Gardner: Urinary estrogens (measured fluorometrically and biologically) in hyperadrenocorticism: influence of cortisone, compound F, compound B, and ACTH. J. clin. Endocr. 12, 1513–1531 (1952).
—, and J. E. Plager: Identification and isolation of dehydroisoandrosterone from peripheral human plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 209, 767–772 (1954).
Miller, E. C., Jr., and H. L. Murray: Congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia: case previously reported as “Bilateral interstitial cell tumor of the testicle”. J. clin. Endocr. 22, 655–657 (1962).
Miyake, T., H. Imura, and H. Muranaka: Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone in normal subjects and patients with endocrine disorders; with observations on the effect of adrenal steroids and adrenal 11β-hydroxylase inhibitors. Endocr. jap. 9, 223–233 (1962).
Moncrieff, A.: Non-adrenal female pseudohermaphroditism associated with hormone administration in pregnancy. Lancet 1958II, 267–268.
Mosier, H. D., and W. E. Goodwin: Feminizing adrenal adenoma in a 7-year-old boy. Pediatrics 27, 1016–1021 (1961).
Munson, P. L., T. F. Gallagher, and F. C. Koch: Isolation of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate from normal male urine. J. Biol. Chem. 152, 67–77 (1944).
Nabarro, J. D. N., A. Moxham, and G. Walker: Stimulation and suppression of the adrenal cortex in Cushing’s syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 586–599 (1958).
Narbutt, B.: Modifications des éliminations stéroïdiques sous l’influence du panthothenate de calcium et de la L-cystine dans un cas d’hyperplasie congénitale des surrénales. Presse méd. 68, 955–957 (1960).
Naujoks, H.: Adrenogenitales Syndrom bei eineiigen Zwillingen. Geburtsh. u. Frauenheilk. 21, 685–694 (1961).
Neher, R., P. Desaulles, E. Vischer, P. Weiland u. A. Wettstein: Isolierung, Konstitution und Synthese eines neuen Steriodes aus Nebennieren. Helv. chim. Acta 41, 1667–1692 (1958).
—, C. Meystre u. A. Wettstein: Neue 16α-hydroxysteroide aus menschlichem Urin und aus Schweine-Nebennieren. Isolierung, Konstitution, Synthesen. Helv. chim. Acta 42, 132–152 (1959).
Nellhaus, G.: Artificially induced female pseudohermaphroditism. New Engl. J. Med. 258, 935–938 (1958).
Nelson, D. H.: Corticotrophin in human plasma, p.626. In: E. B. Astwood (ed.), Clinical endocrinology. New York: Grune & Stratton 1960.
— J. W. Meakin, and G. W. Thorn: ACTH-producing pituitary tumors following adrenalectomy for Cushing’s syndrome. Ann. intern. Med. 52, 560–569 (1960).
Ney, K. H., and R. Ammon: The occurrence of aryl and steroid sulfatases. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. physiol. Chem. 315, 145–156 (1959).
Nilsson, L. R., and L. Söderhjeim: Female non-adrenal pseudohermaphroditism. Acta paediat. (Uppsala) 47, 603–610 (1958).
Nugent, C. A., K. Eik-Nes, H. S. Kent, L. T. Samuels, and F. H. Tyler: A possible explanation for Cushing’s syndrome associated with adrenal hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 20, 1259–1268 (1960).
O’Donnell, V. J., J. Birnie, and E. MacArthur: The biogenesis and transformations of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex in the adrenogenital syndrome. In: A. R. Currie, T. Symington and J. K. Grant (eds.), The human adrenal cortex, p. 393–406. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. 1962.
Oertel, G. W., and K. Eik-Nes: In vivo conversion of 5-pregnene-3β-ol–20-one to plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androsterone in the dog. Fed. Proc. 17, 400 (1958).
— — Plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone in the dog. Endocrinology 65, 766–776 (1959a).
— — Isolation and identification of testosterone in systemic blood from normal human male adults. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 102, 553–556 (1959b).
—, u. E. Kaiser: Bestimmung von Testosteron im peripheren Plasma junger Männer. Klin. Wschr. 39, 1146 (1961).
Okada, M., D. K. Fukushima, and T. F. Gallagher: Isolation and characterization of 3β-hydroxy-Δ 5 steroids in adrenal carcinoma. J. Biol. Chem. 234, 1688–1692 (1959).
Pansegrau, D. G., and R. E. Peterson: Improved staining of sex chromatin. Amer. J. clin. Path. 41, 266–272 (1964).
Papadatos, C., and R. Klein: Nonadrenal female pseudohermaphrodism. J. Pediat. 45, 662–667 (1954).
Paris, J., M. Upson, Jr., R. G. Sprague, R. M. Salassa, and A. Albert: Corticotrophic activity of human blood. J. clin. Endocr. 14, 597–607 (1954).
Park, W. W.: The occurrence of sex chromatin in early human and macaque embryos. J. Anat. (Lond.) 91, 369–373 (1957).
Perkoff, G. T., A. A. Sandberg, D. H. Nelson, and F. H. Tyler: Clinical usefulness of determination of circulating 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels. Arch. intern. Med. 93, 1–8 (1954).
Perloff, W. H., B. J. Channick, B. Suplick, and E. R. Carrington: Clinical management of idiopathic hirsutism (adrenal virilism). J. Amer. med. Ass. 167, 2041–2047 (1958).
— K. B. Conger, and L. M. Levy: Female pseudohermaphrodism: a description of 2 unusual cases. J. clin. Endocr. 13, 783–790 (1953).
—, and H. E. Hadd: The adrenogenital syndrome “virilizing type” in an adult male: a case report. Amer. J. med. Sci. 234, 441–443 (1957).
Phillips, J.: Four cases of spurious hermaphroditism in one family. Trans. obstet. Soc. Lond. 28, 158–168 (1886).
Polley, H. F., and H. L. Mason: Rheumatoid arthritis. Effects of certain steroids other than cortisone and of some adrenal cortex extracts. J. Amer. med. Ass. 143, 1474–1482 (1950).
Pond, M. H.: 17-Ketosteroid fractionation studies by a micro-chromatographic technique in endocrine disorders. J. Endocr. 10, 202–211 (1954).
Prader, A.: Cortisondauerbehandlung des kongenitalen adrenogenitalen Syndroms. Helv. paediat. Acta 8, 386–423 (1953).
Prader, A.: Der Genitalbefund beirn Pseudohermaphroditismus feminus des kongenitalen adrenogenitalen Syndroms. Morphologie, Häufigkeit, Entwicklung und Vererbung der verschiedenen Genitalformen. Helv. paediat. Acta 9, 231–248 (1954).
— Die Häufigkeit des kongenitalen adrenogenitalen Syndroms. Helv. paediat. Acta 13, 426–431 (1958).
—, u. H. P. Gurtner: Das Syndrom des Pseudohermaphroditismus masculinus bei kongenitaler Nebennierenrinden-hyperplasie ohne Androgenüberproduktion, (adrenales Pseudohermaphroditismus masculinis). Helv. paediat. Acta 10, 397–412 (1955).
—, u. R. E. Siebenmann: Nebenniereninsuffizienz bei kongenitaler Lipoidhyperplasie der Nebennieren. Helv. paediat. Acta 12, 569–595 (1957).
— — Congenital adrenal insufficiency with lipide hyperplasia of the adrenals and female genitalia in boys. Symposium on Nuclear Sex, London, 1957, p. 62–65 (published 1958).
— A., A. Spahr u. K. Neher: Erhöhte Aldosteronausscheidung beim kongenitalen adrenogenitalen Syndrom: ein Beitrag zur Pathogenese des Syndrom: Schweiz. med. Wschr. 85, 1085–1088 (1955).
Prunty, F. T. G., R. V. Brooks, and D. Mattingly: Development of hirsutism after puberty. Brit. med. J. 1958II, 1554–1557.
Raiti, S., and G. H. Newns: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Arch. Dis. Childh. 39, 324–333 (1964).
Rapaport, E., M.B. Goldberg, G. S. Gordan, and F. Hinman, Jr.: Mortality in surgically treated adrenocortical tumors. II. Review of cases reported for 20 year period 1930–1949, inclusive. Postgrad. Med. 11, 325–353 (1952).
Reifenstein, E. C., Jr.: 17-Alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and the virilism of the adrenogenital syndrome associated with congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia — a review. J. clin. Endocr. 16, 1262–1275 (1956).
Reilly, W. A., F. Hinman, D. E. Pickering, and J. T. Crane: Phallic urethra in female pseudohermaphroditism. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 95, 9–17 (1958).
Revol, A., R. Mallein et P. Guinet: Étude biochimique d’une tumour surrénalienne virilisante. Ann. Biol. clin. 18, 565–570 (1960).
Reynolds, J. W., and R. A. Ulstrom: 6β-Hydroxy compound S: report of its isolation from a case of the hypertensive form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 57, 606–608 (1962).
— — Studies of cortisol metabolism in a case of the hypertensive form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: demonstration of the absence of 11β-dehydroxylation. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 191–196 (1963).
Riondel, A., J. F. Tait, M. Gut, S. A. S. Tait, E. Joaohim, and B. Little: Estimation of testosterone in human peripheral blood using S35-thiosemicarbazide. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 620–628 (1963).
Roberts, K. D., L. Bandi, H. I. Calvin, W. D. Druoker, and S. Lieberman: Evidence that cholesterol sulfate is a precursor of steroid hormones. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 86, 958–959 (1964).
— R. L. van de Wiele, and S. Lieberman: 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone as a precursor of urinary steroids in a patient with a virilizing adenoma of the adrenal. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 1522–1533 (1961a).
— — — The conversion in vivo of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate to androsterone and etiocholanolone glucuronidates. J. biol. Chem. 236, 2213–2215 (1961 b).
Robinson, G. C., J. R. Miller, and H. W. McIntosh: Occurrence of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in half sisters. Pediatrics 28, 946–949 (1961).
Rose, E. K., H. T. Enterline, J. E. Rhoads, and E. Rose: Adrenal cortical hyperfunction in childhood. Report of a case with adrenocortical hyperplasia and testicular adrenal rests. Pediatrics 9, 475–484 (1952).
Rosemberg, E., F. X. Dufault, Jr., E. Bloch, E. Budnitz, P. Butler, and J. Brem: The effects of progressive reduction of sodium intake on adrenal steroid excretion and electrolyte balance in a case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia of the salt losing type. J. clin. Endocr. 20, 214–228 (1960).
Ross, E. J.: Urinary excretion of cortisol in Cushing’s syndrome: effect of corticotropin. J. clin. Endocr. 20, 1360–1365 (1960).
Rosselet, J. P., J. W. Jailer, and S. Lieberman: The metabolism of 21-deoxysteroids. J. Biol. Chem. 225, 977–994 (1957).
— L. Overland, J. W. Jailer u. S. Lieberman: Die Isolierung von 3α,17α,21-Trioxypregnanon-(20) (THS) aus menschlichem Harn. Helv. chim. Acta 37, 1933–1941 (1954).
Rubin, B. L., R. I. Dorfman, and A. Dorfman: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in urine. J. clin. Endocr. 14, 154–160 (1954a).
— —, and G. Pincus: Quantitative determination of seven urinary 17-ketosteroids. Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 9, 213–234 (1954b).
Salhanick, H. A., and D. L. Berliner: Isolation of steroids from a feminizing adrenal carcinoma. J. Biol. Chem. 227, 583–590 (1957).
Sandison, A. T.: A form of lipoidosis of the adrenal cortex in an infant. Arch. Dis. Child. 30, 538–541 (1955).
Savard, K., R. I. Dorfman, B. Baggett, L. L. Fielding, L. L. Engel, H. T. McPherson, L. M. Lister, D. S. Johnson, E. C. Hamblen, and F. L. Engel: Clinical, morphological, and biochemical studies of a virilizing tumor in the testis. J. clin. Invest. 39, 534–553 (1960).
Schenker, S., H. Wilson, and A. Spickard: Periodic fever associated with increased plasma unconjugated etiocholanolone and granulomatous liver disease: case report and studies in etiocholanolone and cortisol conjugation. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 95–106 (1963).
Schoen, E. J., V. di Raimondo, and O. V. Dominguez: Bilateral testicular tumors complicating congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 518–532 (1961).
Searle, W. N., M. Haines, and J. K. Barer: Virilizing tumours of the ovary, with report of a case associated with pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Emp. 55, 135–141 (1948).
Segaloff, A.,C. Y. Bowers, D. L. Gordon, J. V. Schlosser, and P. J. Murison: Hormonal therapy in cancer of the breast. XII. The effect of etiocholanolone therapy on clinical course and hormonal excretion. Cancer (Philad.) 10, 1116–1118 (1957).
— D. Gordon, and B. N. Horwitt: Differential diagnosis of adrenal lesions by the use of the intravenous administration of hydrocortisone. J. Lab. clin. Med. 45, 219–227 (1955).
Segre, E. J., J. Lobotsky, and C. W. Lloyd: Plasma testosterone in normal and virilized women. The Endocrine Society, Program of the 46th Meeting. June 18–20, 1964. San Francisco, California. Abstract 90.
Serrano, P. A., I. Dyrenfurth, and E. H. Venning: Steroid metabolism in a case of benign adrenocortical tumor. J. clin. Endocr. 22, 240–244 (1962).
Sharma, D. C., E. Forcidelli, and R. I. Dorfman: Inhibition of enzymatic steroid 11β-hydroxylation by androgens. J. Biol. Chem. 238, 572–575 (1963).
Shephard T. H. II., and S. W. Clausen: Case of adrenogenital syndrome with hypertension treated with cortisone. Pediatrics 8, 805–813 (1951).
Shorr, E., and A. C. Carter: A study of biological activity and the magnitude of endogenous androgen production in a case of andrenogenital syndrome. In: E. C. Reifenstein Jr. (ed.), Conference on Metabolic Aspects of Convalescence, Trans. 16th meeting. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation 1947.
Short, R. V.: Adrenal steroid production by the placenta, foetus and new-born. Brit. med. Bull. 18, 106–109 (1962).
Simpson, S. L.: Pituitary-adrenal hyperfunction. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 46, 39–44 (1953).
Slaunwidte, W. R., Jr., and K. W. Buchwald: Urinary 17-ketosteroids and estrogens in a case of feminizing adrenal tumor. J. clin. Endocr. 20, 786–791 (1960).
Smith, D. W., P. M. Marden, M. J. McDonald, and M. Speckhard: Lower incidence of sex chromatin in buccal smears of newborn females. Pediatrics 30, 707–711 (1962).
Snaith, A. H.: Feminizing adrenal tumor in a girl. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 318–322 (1958).
Sobel, E. H., R. C. Sniffen, and N. B. Talbot: The testes. V. Use of testicular biopsies in the differential diagnosis of precocious puberty. Pediatrics 8, 701–716 (1951).
Soffer, L. J., J. L. Gabrilove, and J. W. Jailer: Metabolic studies with adrenocorticotropin in Cushing’s syndrome and in virilism. J. clin. Endocr. 10, 594–602 (1950).
— J. Geller, and J. L. Gabrilove: Response of the plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid level to gel-ACTH in tumorous and non-tumorous Cushing’s syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 17, 878–883 (1957).
Sohval, A. R.: Recent progress in human chromosome analysis and its relation to the sex chromatin. Amer. J. Med. 31, 397–441 (1961).
— Chromosomes and sex chromatin in normal and anomalous sexual development. Physiol. Rev. 43, 306–356 (1963).
—, and W. Casselman: Alteration in size of nuclear sex-chromatin mass (Barr Body) induced by antibiotics. Lancet 1961II, 1386–1388.
Solomon, S., A. C. Carter, and S. Lieberman: The conversion in vivo of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to dehydroisoandrosterone and other 17-ketosteroids. J. Biol. Chem. 235 351–355 (1960).
— J. T. Lanman, J. Lind, and S. Lieberman: Biosynthesis of Δ 4-androstenedione and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone from progesterone by surviving human fetal adrenals. J. Biol. Chem. 233, 1084–1088 (1958).
Sorcini, G., F. Sciarra, G. Concolino, and M. Capone: Blood testosterone levels in patients with hirsutism. Folia endocr. (Pisa) 15, 696–698 (1962).
Southren, A. L., S. Weisenfeld, A. Laufer, and M. G. Goldner: Effect of o,p′DDD in a patient with Cushing’s syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 201–208 (1961).
Spaulding, M. H.: The development of the external genitalia in the human embryo. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Instn 13, 67–88 (1921).
Stanbury, J. B., J. B. Wyngaarden, and D. S. Fredrickson: Inherited variation and metabolic abnormality. In: J. B. Stanbury, J. B. Wyngaarden and D. S. Fredrickson (eds.). The metabolic basis of inherited disease, p.3–19. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1960.
Staubitz, W. J., O. J. Oberkircher, M. H. Lent, G. W. Bissell, and W. E. Farnsworth: Feminization in an adult male with adrenal cortical carcinoma. N. Y. St. J. Med. 54, 2565–2572 (1954).
Sweat, M. L.: Adrenocorticosteroids in peripheral and adrenal venous blood of man. J. clin. Endocr. 15, 1043–1056 (1955).
Sydnor, K. L., V. C. Kelley, R. B. Raile, R. S. Ely, and G. Sayers: Blood adrenocorticotrophin in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia” Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 82, 695–697 (1953).
Taylor, A. I.: Sex chromatin in the new born. Lancet 1963I, 912–914.
Thorn, G. W., A. E. Renold, A. Goldfien, D. H. Nelson, W. J. Reddy, and R. Hertz: Inhibition of corticosteroid secretion by amphenone in a patient with adrenocortical carcinoma. New Engl. J. Med. 254, 547–551 (1956).
Tilp: Hochgradige Verfettung der Nebennieren eines Säuglings. Verh. dtsch. path. Ges. 16, 305–307 (1913).
Tomkins, G. M., and J. S. McGuire, Jr.: The adrenogenital syndrome. In: J. B. Stanbury, J. B. Wyngaarden and D. S. Fredrickson (eds.), The metabolic basis of inherited disease, p. 637–676. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1960.
Touchstone, J. C., H. Bulaschenko, E. M. Richardson, and F. C. Dohan: The excretion of pregnane-3α,17α,21-triol-20-one (tetrahydro S) in normal and pathologic urine. J. clin. Endocr. 17, 250–255 (1957).
— J. C., E. M. Richardson, H. Bulaschenko, I. Landolt, and F. C. Dohan: Isolation of pregnane-3-alpha, 17-alpha, 21-triol-20-one (tetrahydro Compound S) from the urine of a woman with metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. J. clin. Endocr. 14, 676–678 (1954).
Treves, N.: Gynecomastia: the origin of mammary swelling in the male: an analysis of 406 patients with breast hypertrophy, 525 with testicular tumors and 13 with adrenal neoplasms. Cancer (Philad.) 11, 1083–1102 (1958).
Tuttle, L. L. D., and W. B. Gordon: Functioning tumors of the adrenal cortex. Amer. Surg. 23, 326–335 (1957).
Vance, V. K., W. J. Reddy, D. H. Nelson, and G. W. Thorn: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone in human plasma. J. clin. Invest. 41, 20–28 (1962).
Vande Wiele, R., N. P. Christy, S. Lieberman, and J. W. Jailer: Cushing’s syndrome. IV. Urinary 17-ketosteroids in patients with adrenal cortical tumors. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 99, 520–522 (1958).
Vanderkerckhove, D.: À propos de l’administration de méthylandrostènediol pendant la grossesse. Ann. Endocr. (Paris) 15, 513–516 (1954).
Vant, J. R., and R. H. Horner: Adrenogenital syndrome: absence of the vagina with pregnancy and successful delivery. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 85, 355–358 (1963).
Verdon, T. A., Jr., J. BRuton, R. H. Herman, and W. R. Beisel: Clinical and chemical response of functioning adrenal cortical carcinoma to ortho, pará-DDD. Metabolism 11, 226–234 (1962).
Villee, D. B., L. L. Engel, J. M. Loring, and C. A. Villee: Steroid hydroxylation in human fetal adrenals: formation of 16α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and deoxycorticosterone. Endocrinology 69, 354–372 (1961).
— —, and C. A. Villee: Steroid hydroxylation in human fetal adrenals. Endocrinology 65, 465–474 (1959).
Wallace, E. Z., N. P. Christy, and J. W. Jailer: Clinical application of the simplified Silber-Porter method for determining plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. J. clin. Endocr. 15, 1073–1088 (1955).
—, and S. Lieberman: Biosynthesis of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate by human adrenocortical tissue. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 90–94 (1963).
Wallach, S., H. Brown, E. Englert, Jr., and K. Eik-Nes: Adrenocortical carcinoma with gynecomastia: a case report and review of the literature. J. clin. Endocr. 17, 945–958 (1957).
Werthemann, A.: Intersexualität bei Säuglingen mit mißgebildeter Nebennierenrindenhyperplasie. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 16, 218–225 (1935).
— Über familiäres Vorkommen von Intersexualität und Nebennierenhyperplasie. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 22, 1335–1340 (1941).
West, C. D., B. Damast, and O. H. Pearson: Urinary estrogen excretion in Cushing’s syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 15–27 (1958).
— V. P. Hollander, T. H. Kritchevsky, and K. Dobriner: The isolation and identification of testosterone, Δ 4-androstenedione-3,17, and 7 -ketocholesterol from spermatic vein blood. J. clin. Endocr. 12, 915–916 (1962).
— L. F. Kumagai, E. L. simons, O. V. Domingues, and D. L. Berliner: Adrenocortical carcinoma with feminization and hypertension associated with a defect in 11β-hydroxylation. J. clin. Endocr. 24, 567–579 (1964).
White, F. P., and L. E. Sutton: Adrenogenital syndrome with associated episodes of hypoglycemia. J. clin. Endocr. 11, 1395–1402 (1951).
Wieland, R. G., R. P. Levy, D. Katz, and H. Hirschmann: Evidence for secretion of 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one sulfate by measurement in normal human adrenal venous blood. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 78, 566–568 (1963).
Wilkins, L.: A feminizing adrenal tumor causing gynecomastia in a boy of five years contrasted with a virilizing tumor in a five year old girl. J. clin. Endocr. 8, 111–132 (1948).
— The diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders in childhood and adolescence. Springfield (Ill.); Ch. C. Thomas 1950.
— The diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders in childhood and adolescence, ed. 2. Springfield (Ill.): Ch. C. Thomas 1957.
— Masculinization of female fetus due to use of orally given progestins. J. Amer. med. Ass. 172, 1028–1032 (1960).
— Adrenal disorders. II. Congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. Arch. Dis. Childh. 37, 231–241 (1962).
—, and J. Cara: Further studies on the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with cortisone. V. Effects of cortisone therapy on testicular development. J. clin. Endocr. 14, 287–296 (1954).
— J. F. Crigler, Jr., S. H. Silverman, L. I. Gardner, and C. J. Migeon: II. The effects of cortisone on sexual and somatic development with an hypothesis concerning the mechanism of feminization. J. clin. Endocr. 12, 277–295 (1952b).
— — — — — III. The control of hypertension with cortisone, with a discussion of varia-tions in the type of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and report of a case with probable defect of carbodydrate-regulating hormones. J. clin. Endocr. 12, 1015–1030 (1952c).
— W. Fleischmann, and J. E. Howard: Macrogenitosomia precox associated with hyperplasia of androgenic tissue of the adrenal and death from cortico-adrenal insufficiency: case report. Endocrinology 26, 385–395 (1940).
— L. I. Gardner, J. F. Crigler, Jr., S. H. Silverman, and C. J. Migeon: Further studies on the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with cortisone. I. Comparison of oral and intramuscular administration of cortisone, with a note on the suppressive action of compounds F and B on the adrenal. J. clin. Endocr. 12, 257–276 (l952a).
— M. Grumbach, J. J. van WyK, T. H. Shepard, and C. Papadatos: Hermaphroditism: Classification, diagnosis, selection of sex and treatment. Pediatrics 16, 287–302 (1955).
—, and H. W. Jones, Jr.: Partial masculinization of the female fetus by the administration of oral and intramuscular progestins during gestation. Pediatrics 21, 513 (1958).
— — G. H. Holman, and R. S. Stempfel, Jr.: Masculinization of the female fetus associated with administration of oral and intramuscular progestins during gestation: non-adrenal female pseudohermaphrodism. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 559–585 (1958).
— R. A. Lewis, R. Klein, L. I. Gardner, J. F. Crigler, Jr., E. Rosemberg, and C. J. Migeon: Treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with cortisone. J. clin. Endocr. 11, 1–25 (1951).
— — —, and E. Rosemberg: The suppression of androgen secretion by cortisone in a case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 86, 249–252 (1950).
Williams, W. C., Jr., D. Island, R. A. A. Oldfield, Jr., and G. W. Liddle: Blood corticotropin (ACTH) levels in Cushing’s disease. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 426–432 (1961).
Wilson, H., M. B. Lipsett, and D. W. Ryan: Urinary excretions of Δ 5-pregnenetriol and other 3β-hydroxy-Δ 5 steroids by subjects with and without endocrine disease. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 1304–1320 (1961).
Wilson, K. M.: Correlation of external genitalia and sex glands in the human embryo. Contr. Emhryol. Carneg. Instn 91, 23–30 (1926).
Witschi, E.: Embryogenesis of the adrenal and the reproductive glands. Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 6, 1–27 (1951).
— W. O. Nelson, and S. J. Segal: Genetic, developmental and hormonal aspects of gonadal dysgenesis and sex inversion in man. J. clin. Endocr. 17, 737–753 (1957).
Wolf, E. Trowbridge, L. C. Mills, B. L. Newton, L. L. D. Tuttle, R. A. Hettig, V. P. Collins, and W. B. Gordon: Adrenocortical carcinoma causing feminization in an adult male: hormonal considerations, and results of heterotransplantation of the tumor in guinea pigs. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 310–317 (1958).
Zahn, J.: Über Intersexualität und Nebennierenrindenhyperplasie. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 78, 480–487 (1948).
Zander, J.: Nachweis von Progesteron und 17α-Hydroxyprogesteron in hyperplastischen Nebennieren bei adrenogenitalem Syndrom. Klin. Wschr. 38, 5–11 (1960).
—, u. H. A. Müller: Über die Methylandrostenediolbehandlung während einer Schwangerschaft. Geburtsh. u. Frauenheilk. 13, 216–222 (1953).
Zondek, B., and M. Finkelstein: A neutral fluorogenic substance in human urine and its increased excretion in pregnancy and pseudohermaphroditism. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 11, 297–305 (1952).
— — Investigation on fluorogenic substances in the phenolic (oestrone) fraction of urine and its relation to the adrenal cortex. Acta med. orient. (Tel-Aviv) 12, 206–208 (1953).
— — Quantitative estimation of 3α,17,20α-pregnanetriol-11-one in urine as an aid in the diagnosis of pseudohermaphroditic conditions. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 17, 452–459 (1954).
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1968 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thomas, P.Z. (1968). Manifestations of Hypersecretion of Adrenal Sex Steroids in Man. In: Deane, H.W., Rubin, B.L. (eds) The Adrenocortical Hormones. Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie / Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 14 / 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-99938-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-99938-3_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-99940-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-99938-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive