Zusammenfassung
Fieber ist ein jedem Laien geläufiger Begriff, er weiß aus eigener Erfahrung, was er darunter zu verstehen hat. Auch für den Arzt ist es ein eindeutiges, meßbares Krankheitssymptom, er kennt allerdings noch andere pathologische Steigerungen der Körpertemperatur, die er, wie z.B. beim Hitzschlag, nicht als Fieber, sondern als Überwärmung oder Hyperthermie bezeichnet. In einer wesentlich unglücklicheren Lage ist der Physiologe, der diese beiden Begriffe definieren, ihre Unterschiede beschreiben und erklären soll, wie Fieber und wie Hyperthermie zustande kommen Dazu fehlen ihm aber heute wesentliche Voraussetzungen. Noch vor 30 Jahren glaubte er zu wissen, daß die Körpertemperatur durch nervöse Zentren im Hypothalamus kontrolliert und konstant gehalten werde, er glaubte ihre Funktionsweise und ihre zentripetalen und zentrifugalen Verbindungen mit der Peripherie zu kennen. Fieber wurde als eine Störung der Funktion dieses Wärmezentrums bezeichnet, wobei allerdings umstritten war, ob es sich um eine Reizung, also eine aktive Leistung, oder eine Lähmung, d. h. Wegfall einer normalerweise von diesem Zentrum auf die Stoffwechselprozesse ausgeübten Hemmwirkung handelte (Freund 1926). Die stofflichen Veränderungen in den für das Fieber verantwortlichen Zellen waren unbekannt und sind es bis heute geblieben. Dazu sind viele der damals feststehenden Tatsachen ins Wanken geraten: Homoiothermie ist nicht einfach die Leistung eines Gehirnzentrums, sondern ist eine Eigenschaft des gesamten Organismus (Adolph 1951). Auch isolierte Gewebe behalten die charakteristischen homoiothermen Stoffwechseleigenschaf ten bei (Pichotka 1961). Wärmeregulation und Fieberfähigkeit sind nicht ausschließlich an die Intaktheit des Wärmezentrums im Hypothalamus oder dessen nervösen Verbindungen mit der Peripherie gebunden (Thauer 1939, 1941, 1958), langsam ablaufende Stoffwechseladaptationen an veränderte Umgebungstemperaturen sind auch ohne Zentrum möglich und kommen sogar bei poikilothermen Lebewesen (Precut 1955; Behmann und Meissner 1961, 1962) und Pflanzen (Pichotka 1957) vor. Schließlich macht uns auch die Tatsache Schwierigkeiten, daß die Normaltemperatur, also der Sollwert des Wärmereguliersystems keine konstante Größe ist (Nielsen 1937, 1938; Glaser und Newling 1957), sondern daß sie bei körperlicher Arbeit ansteigt und beim Menschen Werte bis zu 39° (Pembrey 1904, Löffler 1925 u. v. a.) erreichen kann. Dieselbe Körpertemperatur kann also einmal Fieber oder Hyperthermie, unter Umständen aber auch Normaltemperatur sein.
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Eichenberger, E. (1966). Fieber und endogene Hyperthermie durch pharmakologische, immunologische und physikalische Maßnahmen. In: Eichenberger, E., Foà, P.P., Grillo, T.A.I., Eichler, O. (eds) Erzeugung von Krankheitszuständen durch das Experiment. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology / Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie, vol 16 / 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-99896-6_2
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