Abstract
A NASA/GSFC solar-terrestrial mission in the explorer program with the objectives to determine: the elemental and isotopic composition of matter, the origin of the elements, the formation of the solar corona and acceleration of the solar wind. S/C builder: JHU/APL. The S/C structure has two octagonal decks, 1.6 m across and 1 m high; the S/C is three-axis stabilized with the spin axis Earth/sun pointing. The mission is planned for a launch in August 1997 with a Delta II launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral, Florida. S/C mass = 785 kg (includes 189 kg of fuel), power=430 W, nominal life of the mission is 5 years.2)
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References
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When a superconductor like niobium spins, it generates a magnetic field effect known as the ‘London moment,’ after physicist Fritz London (1900–1954).
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P. Slater, ‘Remote Sensing’ Optics and Optical Systems, Addison-Wesley, 1980, pp. 462–465
HCMM System in ‘Manual of Remote Sensing,’ Second Edition, American Society of Photogrammetry, 1983, pp. 663–670
J. H. King, “Availability of IMP-7 and IMP-8 Data for the IMS Period,” The IMS Source Book, GSFC, pp. 10–20,
‘Space Applications,’ DOS Annual Report 1990–91. pp. 13–23
“Arianespace Receives Contract for Indian Launches,” Space News, March 14–20, 1994, p. 3
“INTERBALL — Study of Magnetospheric Plasma and Solar-Terrestrial Relations,” Academy of Sciences of the USSR Space Research Institute, 1987
J. Büchner, L. M. Seljenyi, “Interbol erforscht die Magnetosphäre,” Astronomie und Raumfahrt, GDR, 25. Jahrgang, 1987, Heft 3, pp. 77–80
“Interball Project — Magnetospheric System of 4 Spacecraft,” The Solar-Terrestrial Science Project of the Inter-Agency Consultative Group for Space Science, ESA SP-1107, November 1990, pp. 61–73
“Indian Remote Sensing Satellite and Associated Data Products,” A.K.S. Gopalan, Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Symposium of Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol. I, p. 71, ERIM, Ann Arbor, MI, 1990
IRS Newsletter, ISRO, Vol. 2 No. 1, March 1991
“India Expands Access to Imagery,” Space News Aug. 26 — Sept. 8, 1991, p. 22
“India Calls IRS-1B Launch a Success,” Space News, September 9–15, 1991, p. 12 Transmission data rate: 125 Mbit/s (X-Band), TT&C in S-Band (Mission control center at Bangalore). Eosat of Lanham, MD (the Landsat data distributor) bought the worldwide
IRS-1C Executive Summary, IRS-1C/1D Project, May 1990, ISRO
“India’s IRS-1C Satellite to offer sharper Images,” Space News, May 25–31, 1992 p. 11
“India Readies Sharper IRS-1C for Molniya Launch,” Space News, January 9–15, 1995, p. 3
IRS-IE MEOSS Utilization Plan, ISRO, July 1991
Document on Configuration of IRS-P2 and MOS and their Interfaces, ISAC, Bangalore, Nov. 1992
Special issue on ‘Instrumentation for the International Sun-Earth Explorer Spacecraft’ in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics, Volume 16, No.3, July 1978
K. P. Wenzel, “Earth’s Distant Geomagnetic Tail Explored by ISEE-3 Spacecraft,” ESA Bulletin 37, 1984 pp. 46–50
A. Balogh, R. J. Hynds, J. J. van Rooijen, G. A. Stevens, T. R. Sanderson, K. P. Wenzel, “Energetic Particles in the Hehosphere — Results from the ISEE-3 Spacecraft,” ESA Bulletin 27, 1981, pp. 4–12
“Japanese Elated as JERS-1 Rescue Works,” Space News, April 13–19, 1992, p. 1 and p. 20
K. Maeda, M. Nakai, O. Ryuguji, “JERS-l/ERS-1 Verification Program and Future Verification Program,” Advanced Space Research, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 327–331, 1992
Jane’s Spaceflight Directory 1988–89, Fourth Edition, pp. 83–84
R. Kolenkiewicz, S. Zerbini, “LAGEOS-II: A collaborative NASA-ASI Mission,” CSTG Bulletin No.ll, Title: New Satellite Missions for Solid Earth Studies,, June 1989, pp. 13–18
“Columbia Successfully Lofts Italian Lageos Satellite,” Space News, Oct. 26-Nov. 1, 1992, p. 13
NASA/ASI Lageos II brochure
E. J. Sheffner, “The Landsat Program: Recent History and Prospects,” PE&RS, Vol. 60„ 1994, pp. 735–744
“Fernerkundung, Daten und Anwendungen,” W. Markwitz/R. Winter, Wichmann Verlag, 1989, S. 32–36
“Taschenbuch zur Fernerkundung,” F. Strathmann, Wichmann Verlag, 1990
Monitoring Earth’s Ocean, Land, and Atmosphere from Space, Volume 97, AIAA, 1985, Chapter 3
“Satellite Loss Raises Questions for Eosat’s Future,” Space News, October 11–17, 1993, p. 3
EOSAT Landsat Technical Notes, September 1992
M. D. King ‘The Editor’s Corner,’ The Earth Observer, Vol. 6, No. 1, January/February 1994
B. L. Markham, et al., “Radiometric Calibration of the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus,” Proceedings of IGARSS’94, Volume IV, pp. 2004–2006
J. R. Irons, D. L. Williams, B. L. Markham, “Landsat-7 ETM+ On-Orbit Calibration and Data Quality Assessment,” Proceedings IGARSS’95, Vol. II, pp. 1573–1575
D. L. Williams, J. R. Irons, et al., “Landsat Advanced Technology Instrument (LATI) Concepts,” Landsat Satellite Information in the Next Decade, ASPRS Conference Proceedings, Sept. 25–28, 1995, Vienna, VA
A. S. Levine (editor), “LDEF — 69 Months in Space, First Post-Retrieval Symposium,” NASA Conference Publication 3134 (Part 1 and Part 2), Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by NASA at Kissimmee, Florida, June 2–8, 1991
W. Flury, “Europe’s Contribution to the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) Meteoroid and Debris Impact Analysis,” ESA Bulletin, Number 76, November 1993, pp. 112–118
B.B. Schardt, B.H. Mollberg, “The Orbiter Camera Payload System’s Large-Format Camera and Attitude Reference System,” in Monitoring the Earth’s Ocean, Land, and Atmosphere from Space, Volume 97, AIAA, 1985, pp. 684–709
The satellite missions are named in honor of Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) and William Clark (1770–1838), who headed the first overland expedition of about 40 persons (1804–06) to the Pacific coast and back, starting in St. Louis, Missouri. The expedition was initiated by President Thomas Jefferson, who wanted a first survey (information in the form of maps and diaries) of the territory west of the Mississippi acquired by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 from France.
Information provided by J. S. Pearlman and S. K. Manlief of TRW, Redondo Beach, CA
Note: The NICMOS3 array is being developed for the next-generation IR instruments for the Hubble Space Telescope.
Information provided by J. Jacobi of CTA, McLean, VA and by R. J. Hayduk of NASA/HQ, Washington, DC
“Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE): NASA’s first In-Space Lidar System for Atmospheric Research,” Optical Engineering, Jan. 1991, Vol. 30 No. 1 pp. 88–95
F. F. Mobley, L. D. Eckard, G. H. Fountain, G. W. Ousley, “Magsat — A New Satellite to Survey the Earth’s Magnetic Field,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. Mag. 16, No. 5, September 1980, pp. 758–760
R. Langel, G. Ousley, J. Berbert, “The MAGSAT Mission,” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 9, No. 4, April 1982, pp. 243–245
R. Langel, “The Magnetic Earth as Seen from Magsat, Initial Results,” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 9, No.4, April 1982, pp. 239–242
Information provided by V. Connors and D. O. Neil of NASA/LaRC
“The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Space,” Cambridge University Press 1990, p. 235
The original text was reviewed by Y. V. Trifonow of VNIIEM, Moscow
COSPAR-90-Paper by A. Karpov, USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology, Moscow. Title of paper: “Hy-drometeorological, Oceanographic and Earth-Resources Satellite Systems operated by the USSR.”
Y. V. Trifonov, “Meteor-3 space system for hydrometeorological observation,” VNIIEM, Moscow, 1991
‘Soviets to Launch U.S. Ozone Mapper,’ Space News Aug. 5–18, 1991, p. 14
‘TOMS Arrives Successfully in Space,’ Space News Aug. 19–25, 1991, p. 2
“TOMS Mission Declared Over by NASA Officials,” Space News, February 20–26, 1995, p. 11
Courtesy of B. S. Zhukov (IKI RAN), Y. V Trifonov and Y. V. Dubrovinsky (VNIIEM), Moscow
Meteor 2–22 was launched in honor of A. G. Iosiphyan, the founder and first director of VNIIEM and the designer of the Meteor-1, Meteor-2, and Meteor-Priroda satellite series
Information provided by H. D. Dicken of the University of Bremen
ESA Information Note to the Press No. 4, Feb. 11, 1991, “MOP-2 Ready for Launch”
“Current and Planned European Operational Meteorological Satellite Systems,” John Morgan, Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Symposium on Remote Sensing of The Environment, Bangkok, Thailand, April 18–25, 1990, ERIM, Ann Arbor, MI, Vol. I, pp. 107–116.
‘The Meteosat Operational Programme — From Experiments to Exploitation,’ Earth Observation Quarterly, No. 25, March 1989
Introduction to the METEOSAT Operational System, ESA BR-32 ISSN 250–1589, Sept. 1987
‘EUMETSAT Directory of Meteorological Satellite Application,’ ISBN 92 91110 006 4, 1991, EUMETSAT
“Meteosat Data Collection System,” March 1990, ESOC
“Meteosat DCP Satellite Retransmission System,” January 1990, ESOC
“Meteosat WEFAX Transmissions,” ESOC paper, March 1990
“Meteosat High Resolution Image Dissemination,” ESOC paper, Oct. 1989
“MOSAIC Meteorological Data Distribution,” EUMETSAT, EUM UG 01
“Meteosat Second Generation Programme Proposal,” ESA/PB-EO, Nov. 1992
Information provided by G. Moody and D. Finn of OSC, and by W. J. Koshak of NASA/MSFC
“Soviets to Set Record Pace for MIR Repairs,” Space News June 10–16, 1991, p. 12
“Earth Imagery from MIR offered to Commercial Buyers,” Space News, April 25-May3, 1992, p. 27
Overview paper provided by G. Zimmermann of DLR (IKF) Berlin, Aug. 1991
Note: The sensors of existing modules are operational (Priroda and Spektr modules are planned)
MIR Earth Images are sold by ‘Energiya Deutschland GmbH’, a joint venture of NPO Energiya, Moscow and Kayser-Threde of Munich, Germany — see Space News, Aug. 17–23, 1992, p. 13
F. Ackermann, J. Bodechtel, F. Lanzl, D. Meissner, P. Seige, H. Winkenbach;”MOMS-02 — Ein multispektrales Stereo-Bildaufnahmesystem für die zweite deutsche Spacelab-Mission D2,” Geo-Informations-Systeme, Zeitschrift für interdisziplinären Austausch innerhalb der Geowissenschaften, Wichmann Verlag, Jahrgang 2, Heft 3/1989, S. 5–11
J. Bodechtel, D. Meißner, P. Seige, H. Winkenbach, J. Zilger, “The MOMS Experiment on STS-7 and STS-11 -First Results and Further Development of the Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner,” Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Volume 1, 1984, pp. 77–85
“MOMS-01: First Results of STS-7 Mission,” IGARSS’83
J. Bodechtel, S. Lutz, “Neue Wege der Erderkundung,” aus Einsichten, Forschung an der LMU, pp. 38–43, 1992
Courtesy of P. Seige, DLR
John D. Mill, et al., “Midcourse Space Experiment: Introduction to the Spacecraft, Instruments, and Scientific Objectives,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 31, No. 5, September-October 1994, pp. 900–907
J. F. Carbary, E. H. Darlington, K. Heffernan, T. J. Harris, C. I. Meng, M. J. Mayr, P. J. McEvaddy, K. Peacock, “Aerial Surveillance Sensing Including Obscured and Underground Object Detection,” Proceedings of SPIE, April 4–6, 1994, Orlando Florida, Volume 2217
Note: The spatial resolution of the SPIMs is driven by the point-spread function in one direction (along the slit) and by the point-spread function and the mirror step size in the other direction. For the 0.05° mirror steps one can assume that it is driven by the point-spread function in both directions, and is about 0.85 mrad. The spatial resolution is diminished by using the 0.1° steps or by reducing the number of bins in the readout, by co-adding 2, 4, or 8 adjacent pixels. This is to reduce the bandwidth requirement by trading spatial resolution, spectral resolution and frame rate. The nadir resolution is 0.85 mrad × 900 km ≃ 770 m. Nadir FOV is 17 mrad (1o) × 900 km ≃ 15 km × 15 km.
Note: The bins are formed in the SPIM electronics by co-adding 1, 2, or 4 adjacent pixels; this is done to reduce the data bandwidth requirement in cases where UVISI is not the principal instrument, or higher frame rates are needed which can be traded off against resolution. For the case of 136 and 272 bins, the bins overlap; for the case of 68 bins, the bins are noncontiguous.
“The NIMBUS-7 User’s Guide,” NASA/GSFC, Prepared by The Landsat/Nimbus Project, Aug. 1978
“NIMBUS-7, Observing the Atmosphere and Oceans,” NASA pamphlet Dec. 1983
W. P. Menzel, J. F. W. Purdom, “Introducing GOES-I: The first of a Generation of new Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 75 No. 5, May 1994, pp. 757–781
Note: For a number of years the designation GOES Next (N) was used to identify the first of the satellites that would follow the GOES I-M series. It was also thought this GOES N would be the start of a totally new generation satellite series. However, during the time frame of about 1992–95, NOAA has come to realize that a new satellite series would take at least a decade to develop, manufacture, and launch. This new situation made NOAA realize it would need a few more clones of the current GOES I-M series to maintain continuity of GOES service prior to the GOES Next being available. What has evolved is a program that will likely buy 3–4 additional GOES I-M satellites beyond the GOES I-M series. These would then be labeled GOES N through Q. GOES R would be the first of a new generation of three-axis stabilized satellites. (Information: R. Heymann of NOAA).
E. P. Mercanti, “Need for Expanded Environmental Measurement Capabilities in Geosynchronous Earth Orbit,” Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment,’ ERIM, Volume I, pp. 45–55
R. Koffler, L. Spayd, “30 Years of Operational Environmental Satellites: A Retrospective and Future View of the United States Program,” presented at the Twenty-Third International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Bangkok, Thailand, April 18–25, 1990, pp. 95–97
J.R. Greaves, W.E. Schenk, ‘The Development of the Geosynchronous Weather Satellite System,’ in Monitoring Earth’s Ocean, Land, and Atmosphere from Space, Volume 97, 1985, pp. 150–181
Space Sensors, brochure of Hughes Santa Barbara Research Center (SBRC), January 1994
“The Geostationary Operational Satellite Data Collection System,” NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS 2, June 1983
“Users Guide for Random Reporting — An Introduction to GOES Random Reporting Services,” NOAA, April
User Interface Manual, Version 1.1, for the ‘Data Collection System Automatic Processing System (DAPS),’ Integral Systems Inc., Sept. 1990
Information provided by M. J. Nestlebush of NOAA/NESDIS
J. Savides, “Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GOES I-M,” System Description, Space Systems/Loral, Palo Alto, CA, Dec. 1992
“The GOES I-M Series Satellites — A brief description and Status Report,” NOAA draft paper, March 1993
“GOES I-M Data Book” by Space Systems/Loral
M. J. Nestlebush, “The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Data Collection System,” NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS 40, June 1994
A. F. Durham, “Future Polar Satellite Program Plan for Global Environmental Observations,” IAF 92–0083, 43rd Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Aug. 28-Sept. 5, 1992 Washington, D. C.
Bruce H. Needham, “Instrumentation and Services for the NOAA Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) in the 21st Century,” NOAA/NESDIS, Office of System Development, Washington D.C.,’90
“Pre-Phase-A Study of NOAA O, P, Q Spacecraft and Ground Segment LRPT and HRPT Data Handling and Transmission Subsystems” Draft Final Report, Oct. 16, 1990, Atlantic Research Corp. prepared for NASA/GSFC
Note: Although the original acronym for ‘Search and Rescue’ is ‘SAR’ in the context of NOAA missions, it was changed in this book consistently to ‘S&R’ in order to distinguish it from the other widely-used meaning of SAR, namely ‘Synthetic Aperture Radar,’ a sensor type. A consequence is the use of ‘S&RSAT’ (instead of SARSAT)
CEOS Summary Report, WGD-10 Meeting, Annapolis MD, April 16–18, 1991
CEOS Summary Report, WGD-10 Meeting, Annapolis MD., April 16–18, 1991
Note: In order to conform with the S&R designation the original acronym for SARSAT was changed to S&RSAT in this book (see footnote 306).
Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) NOAA-I, NASA /NOAA Bulletin 1991
“Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Symposium of Remote Sensing Environment,” Vol. I, Bangkok, Thailand, April 18–25, 1990,, Erim, P.O. 8618 Ann Arbor Mich. p. 94
Y. G. Zurabov, “The COSPAS-S&RSAT System: Results and Prospects,” Space Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 1 1993, pp.
Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Symposium of Remote Sensing of the Environment, Vol. I, Bangkok, Thailand, April 18–25, 1990, p. 89, Erim, Ann Arbor, MI
F. v. Scheele, “Star Formation and Ozone Depletion: The Swedish ODIN Satellite to Eye Heaven and Earth,” Nordic Space Activities, No. 5, 1994, pp. 44–46
“ODIN — A Small Satellite for Astronomy and Atmospheric Research,” SSC/SNSB brochure
Verbal information provided by B. Kutuza of IRE (Russian Academy of Sciences), Moscow
Information provided by M. Deckett of Orbcomm, Dulles, VA
Information provided by F. Primdahl of TUD, Lyngby, Denmark
P. Donaldson, “Mapping Magnetism,” Space, April 1993
“The ESA Earth Observation Programme and its Role in Global Remote Sensing,” P. Goldsmith, Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Symposium of Remote Sensing of the Environment,” Vol. I, ERIM, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 125–137.
Programme Proposal for the first Polar Orbit Earth-Observation Mission using the Polar Platform, Part 1, ESA paper, 31–08–89
Objectives and Strategy for the Earth-Observation Programme of the European Space Agency, ESA, Oct. 88
Polar Platform Concept Evaluation, ESA paper, Sept. 25, 1989
Programme Proposal for the first ESA Polar Platform, ESA/PB-EO (89) 32, Sept. 1, 1989
Programme Proposal for the Development and Exploitation of the First Polar Orbit Earth-Observation Mission (POEM-1) using the Polar Platform, ESA/POEM 1, Issue 1, Oct. 28, 1991, Part 1, Issue 1, Oct. 30, 1991, Part 2
“MERIS Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer,” ESA brochure
M. Morel, J. L. Bézy, F. Montagner, A. Morel, J. Fischer, “Envisat’s Medium-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer,” ESA Bulletin, No. 76, November 1993, pp. 40–46
M. Endermann, H. Fischer, “Envisat’s High-Resolution Limb Sounder: MIPAS,” ESA Bulletin 76, November 1993, pp. 47–52
W. Posselt, “Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding,” Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, May 27–31, 1991, Rio de Janeiro, Volume II, pp. 737–748, ERIM, Ann Arbor MI.
“ASAR Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar,” ESA brochure
S. Karnevi, E. Dean, D. J. Q. Carter, S. S. Hartley, “Envisat’s Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar: ASAR,” ESA Bulletin, No. 76, November 1993, pp. 30–35
A. Resti, “Envisaťs Radar Altimeter: RA-2,” ESA Bulletin, No. 76, November 1993, pp. 58–60
A. Popescu, P. Ingmann, “Envisaťs Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultations of Stars Instrument: GOMOS,” ESA Bulletin, No. 76, November 1993, pp. 36–39
GOMOS handout from Atmospheres Panel Meeting’ in Washington DC, Feb. 26–27, 1991
“GOMOS — Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars,” ESA brochure
Robert Kandel, “Radiation and the Energy Balance,” Paper presented at the ESA ‘Earth Observation User Consultation Meeting,’ ESTEC, May 1991, The Consultative Document Collection of Preprints for the Meeting.
“MIMR Multifrequency Imaging Microwave Radiometer on POEM,” ESA brochure F-31
“ASCAT Advanced Scatterometer,” ESA brochure
H. Ebner, H. R. Schulte, H. Hölzl, D. Miller, P. Hans, “ASCAT — Advanced Wind Scatterometer,” IGARSS’92 Volume I, pp. 435–439
“Improved Atmospheric Sounding Infrared,” ASI/CNES brochure, April 1991
“The Solar-Terrestrial Science Project of the Inter-Agency Consultative Group for Space Science,” ESA SP-1107, November 1990, pp. 11–15
“ISTP Global GEOSPACE Science — Energy Transport in Geospace,” ESA/NASA/ISAS brochure, 1992 of GSFC
“The Precise Range and Range Rate Equipment PRARE: Status Report on System Development, Preparations for ERS-1 and Future Plans,” Submitted by F. Flechtner, K. Kaniuth, Ch. Reigber, H. Wilmes of DGFI, Second International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning System (GPS’90), Sept.’90, Ottawa
P. Hartl, C. Reigber “Das PRARE-System der ERS-1 Mission,” Die Geowissenschaften, 9. Jahrgang, Heft 4–5, April-Mai 1991, pp. 156–162.
“PRIRODA,” Ein Forschungsmodul der sowjetischen Orbitalstation MIR zur Fernerkundung der Erde, Wissenschaftliche Nutzlast Technische Beschreibung, Institut für Kosmosforschung (IKF), Berlin, 1990
“PRIRODA-Experimente,” Programm zur Beschaffung, Verarbeitung, Bewertung und Anwendung von Daten des Multisensorsystems PRIRODA der sowjetischen Orbitalstation MIR, 1992–94, DARA, Berlin, Mai 1991
“Complex for Remote Sensing of the Earth,” Science Program, DLR paper 1991
Orbital Station MIR, Complex of Remote Sensing of the Earth “PRIRODA,” Scientific Program, IRE brochure, Moscow, 1991
G. Zimmermann, “Mission PRIRODA,” German Proposals to Scientific Program, DARA Bulletin, Dec. 1991
M. L. Chanin, M. Desbois, A. Hauchecorne, “ALISSA a French Russian cooperation in the PRIRODA mission.” Paper of CNRS — Service d’Aeronomie
R. Furrer, H. Rubin, M. Schaale, A. V. Poberovsky, A. V. Mironenkov, Y. M. Timofeyev, “MIRIAM — A Space-borne Sun Occultation Experiment for Atmospheric Trace Gas Spectroscopy,” Geo Journal 32.1, Januar 1994, pp.
“MIRIAM 1995–1998 MIR-Infrared Atmospheric Measurements — Untersuchung der Atmosphäre aus der Raumstation MIR,” Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften an der Freien Universität Berlin, 1994
German User Requirements to PRIRODA Mission, Annex 1 of Protocol to MOMS-2 for the PRIRODA Mission, DLR paper of PRIRODA Workshop, May 1991
Protocol of the Meeting of Specialists of USSR and Germany on MOMS-2 for the PRIRODA Mission. DLR paper, May 1991
S. Föckersperger, et al., “MOMSNAV: Location of the Russian Space Station MIR with Differential GPS,” Proceedings of the 2nd ESA International Conference on GNC, ESTEC, 12–15 April 1994, pp. 159–165
* IKAR-D, -P and MSU-SK with forward look angle (in flight direction) of 40° against nadir
R. K. Raney, A.P. Luscombe, E.J. Langham, S. Ahmed “Radarsat,” reprint from Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 79, No. 6, June 1991
* Nominal: range dependent and processor dependent; ** Nominal: ground range resolution varies with range
‘Sowjetisches kosmisches System zum Studium der Naturschätze der Erde und zur Umweltkontrolle — der heutige Stand und die Perspektiven für den Zeitraum 1991–1995,’ the paper is a translation of a presentation given by L. Dessinow of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1989.
Interavia Space Directory 1990–91, p. 436
E. L. Lukashevich, “The Space System Resurs-F for the Photographic Survey of the Earth,” Space Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1994, pp. 2–4
Information provided by the State Center “PRIRODA,” Moscow
Courtesy of E. L. Lukashevich of State Center Priroda, Moscow
Note: For S/C No. 37 and (39), the orbit was changed from an altitude of 275 km (275 km) to an altitude of 355 km (180 km), respectively
T.M. Wasjuchina, A.M. Wolkow, “Zustand und Perspektiven der Entwicklung Kosmischer Systeme zur Erforschung natürlicher Ressourcen der Erde und der Hydrometeorologie,” Moscow 1988, translated into German by R. Müller, 1989 (IKF)
COSPAR-90-Paper by A. Karpov, USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology, Moscow. Title of paper: “Hydrometeorological, Oceanographic and Earth-Resources Satellite Systems operated by the USSR.”
Information provided by D. Gilman and J. L. LaBrecque of NASA/HQ
Information provided by R. Ibba of ASI, Rome, Italy
Brochures and documentation provided by OHB-System
Interavia Space Directory 1990–91 (previously Jane’s Space Flight Directory), pp. 122–124
D. N. Baker, G. M. Mason, O. Figueroa, G. Colon, J. G. Watzin, R. M. Aleman, “The Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) Mission,” Preprint 93–128, U. of Maryland — see also (by the same authors): IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 31, No. 3, May 1993, pp. 531–541
Payload Definition Document for SAN MARCO D/L Satellite, CRA, Oct. 1987
G. Schmidtke, H. Doll, C. Wita, and S. Chakrabarti, “Solar EUV/UV and equatorial airglow measurements from San Marco-5,” Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 53, No. 8, pp. 781–785, 1991
Jane’s Spaceflight Directory 1988–89, pp. 35–36
INPE brochure ‘SCD1 Data Collection Satellite,’ and fax information from Prof. P. M. Fagundes, Rio de Janeiro
“SCD1 Satellite Description,” and “The Brazilian Data Collecting System,” papers provided by C. E. Santana of INPE, May/June 1992
Information provided by C. E. Santana of INPE
“The first Brazilian Earth Observation Satellite (SRR),” paper by C. E. Santana and J. Kono of INPE
“Satellite Launch to Advance Brazilian Space Program,” Space News Aug. 31-Sept. 6, 1992, p. 43
“Orbital Sciences Captures $120 Million in Business, Pegasus Launches Ocean Satellite Ordered,” Space News, March 11–17, 1991, p. 7
“OSC Reviews Seastar Design,” Space News, Oct. 28 — Nov. 3, 1991, p. 22
“System Concept for Wide-Field-Of View Observations of Ocean Phenomena from Space,” NASA-NOAA-Eosat publication, 1987
H. v.d. Piepen, V. Amman, R. Doerffer, “Remote Sensing of Substances in Water,” GeoJournal 24.1, pp. 24–27, 1991 (May) by Kluwer Academic Publishers
“Roles and Responsibilities of HRPT Stations for SeaWiFS,” SeaWiFS Project Office, GSFC, Dec. 19, 1991
S. D. Holland, “The NASA Electronic Still Camera System,” IEEE IGARSS’92 Volume I, pp. 149–151
D. L. Amsbury, J. M. Bremer, “Recent Developments in Space Shuttle Remote Sensing, using hand-held Film Cameras,” IGARSS’92, Volume I, pp. 152–154
S. G. Ackleson, D. E. Pitts, “Global Distribution of hand-held Photographs of Ocean and Coastal Regions Taken during Space Shuttle Missions, 1981–1991,” IEEE IGARSS’92 Volume II, pp. 1550–1552
R. M. Nelson, K. J. Willis, W. J. Daley, F. R. Brumbaugh, J. M. Bremer, “Cataloging and Indexing — The Development of the Space Shuttle Mission Data Base and Catalogs from Earth Observations hand-held Photography,” IEEE IGARSS’92 Volume I, pp. 155–157
Manual of Remote Sensing, Second Edition, American Society of Photogrammetry, 1983, pp. 1707–1710
H. v.d. Piepen, V. Amann, H. Helbig, HH. Kim, W. Hart, et al. “The Promise of Remote Sensing,” IEEE paper presented at IGARSS’82, June 1–4, Munich
“X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR) and its Shuttle-Borne Application for Experiments,” paper by Herwig Öttl and Francesco Valdoni
R.L. Jordan, B. L. Huneycutt, M. Werner, “The SIR-C/X-SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar System,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 79, No. 6, June 1991, pp. 827–838
Special Issue on SIR-C/X-SAR, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 33, No. 4, July 1995
“Skylab,” Jane’s Spaceflight Directory 1988–89, 4th Edition, pp. 117–122
P. Slater, “Remote Sensing,” Optics and Electronics Systems, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1980, pp. 456–462
J. R. Cowley, G. M. Lawrence, “Earth Limb Altitude Determination for the Solar Mesosphere Explorer,” AIAA-83–0429
Ch. Barth, “Solar Mesosphere Explorer to Study Ozone,” Nature, Volume 293, Sept. 24, 1981
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Kramer, H.J. (1996). Survey of Spaceborne Missions and Sensors. In: Kramer, H.J. (eds) Observation of the Earth and Its Environment. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97678-0_2
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