Zusammenfassung
Erregungsbildungs- und -leitungsstörungen sollen in diesem Kapitel unabhängig von der Ätiologie der Grundkrankheit besprochen werden. Die resultierende Funktionsminderung wird dabei ganz vorrangig durch die Erregungsbildungs- oder -leitungsstörung selbst bestimmt, wenn auch die Prognose ganz entscheidend von der Grundkrankheit und ihrer Schwere abhängig sein kann. So ist z.B. die Funktionsbeeinträchtigung durch Kammerflimmern unabhängig von der Grundkrankheit; die Früh- und Spätergebnisse unseres therapeutischen Vorgehens hängen jedoch entscheidend vom Grundleiden ab. Allein die aus der Erregungsbildungs- und -leitungsstörung selbst sich ergebende Symptomatologie und die erforderliche Diagnostik sollen in diesem Kapitel besprochen werden, ebenso wie im Kapitel „Herzinsuffizienz“Symptomatologie und Diagnostik weitgehend unabhängig von der Ätiologie der Grundkrankheit abgehandelt wurden. Aus diesem Grunde wurde dieses Kapitel auch in die allgemeine und nicht in die spezielle klinische Kardiologie eingeordnet.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Literatur
Adgey, A. A. J., Geddes, J.S., Mulholland, H.C., Keegan, D.A.J., Pantridge, J.F.: Incidence, significance, and management of early bradyarrhythmia complicating acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1968 II, 1097.
Akhtar, M.: Supraventricular tachycardias. Electrophysiologic meachnisms, diagnosis and pharmacologic therapy. In: Tachycardias: mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment (M.E. Josephson, H.J.J., Wellens, Hrsg.), S. 137–170. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1984.
Akhtar, M., Damato, A.N., Ruskin, J.N.: Antegrade and retrograde conduction characteristics in 3 cases of paroxysmal atrioventricular junctional reentrant tachycardia. Amer. Heart J. 95, 22 (1978).
Allessie, M.A., Bonke, F.I.M., Schopman, F.: Circus movement in rabbit right atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia, II. Circulat. Res. 39, 168 (1976).
Allessie, M.A., Bonke, F.I.M., Schopman, F.: Circus movement in rabbit right atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia, III. Circulât. Res. 41, 9 (1977).
Anderson, R. H., Becker, A. E., Brechenmacher, C, Davies, M.J., Rossi, L.: Ventricular preexcitation. A proposed nomenclature for its substrates. Europ. J. Cardiol. 3, 27 (1975).
Averill, K.H., Lamb, L.E., Electrocardiographic findings in 67375 asymptomatic subjects: I. Incidence of abnormalities. Amer. J. Cardiol. 6, 76 (1960).
Barold, S.S., Coumel, PH.: Mechanisms of atrioventricular junctional tachycardia. Role of reentry and concealed accessory bypass tracts. Amer. J. Cardiol 39, 97 (1977).
Barold, S.S., Linhart, J.W., Samet, P., Lister, J.W.: Supraventricular tachycardia initiated and terminated by a single electrical stimulus. Amer. J. Cardiol. 24, 37 (1969).
Bathen, J., Sparr, S., Rokseth, R.: Embolism in sinoatrial disease. Acta med. scand. 203, 7 (1978).
Benchimol, A., Ellis, J.G., Dimond, E.G., Wu, T.: Hemodynamic consequences of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in man. Amer. Heart J. 70, 775 (1965).
Benditt, D.G., Pritchett, E.L..C., Smith, W.M., Wallace, A.G., Gallagher, J.J.: Characteristic of atrioventricular conduction and the spectrum of arrhythmias in Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome. Circulation 57, 454 (1978).
Benditt, D.G., Klein, G.J., Kriett, J.M., Dunnigan, A., Benson, D. W.: Enhanced atrioventricular nodal conduction in men: electrophysiologic effects of pharmacologic autonomic blockade. Circulation 69, 1088 (1984).
Bernard, R., Coumel, P.C., Damato, A.N. et al.: WHO task force on definition and classification of cardiac arrhythmias, Part I. In: Draft report: Definition of terms related to cardiac rhythm (E. Robles de Medina, Hrsg. ) 1977.
Bethge, K.P.: Langzeit-Elektrokardiographie bei Gesunden und bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzerkrankung. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1984.
Blömer, H., Wirtzfeld, A., Delius, W., Sebening, H.: Das Sinusknoten-Syndrom. Beiersdorf-Schriftenreihe. Erlangen: Straube Dr. med. 1977.
Braun Wald, E., Lambrew, C.T., Rockoff, S.D., Ross, J., Morrow A.G.: Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis; a description of the disease based upon an analysis of 64 patients. Circulation 4, 30, Suppl. 4, 22 (1964).
Breithardt, G., Seipel, L., Abendroth, R.R., Loogen, F.: Serial electrophysiological testing of antiarrhythmic drug efficacy in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Europ. Heart J. 1, 11 (1980).
Breithardt, G., Borggrefe, M., Seipel, L.: Der derzeitige Stand serieller elektrophysiologischer Untersuchungen zur Voraussage der Wirksamkeit von Antiarrhythmika bei Patienten mit ventrikulären Tachykardien. In: Neue Aspekte in der medikamentösen Behandlung von Tachyarrhythmien (G.Breithardt, F.Loogen, Hrsg.), S. 122–135. München: Urban & Schwarzenberg 1983.
Brugada, P., Wellens, H.J.J.: Programmed electrial Stimulation of the human heart. General principles. In: Tachycardias: Mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment (Josephson, M.E., Wellens, H.J.J., Hrsg.), S. 61. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1984.
Büchner, C., Thierfelder, K.: Die klinische Relevanz des Karotisdruckversuchs bei der Indikation zur Schrittmachertherapie. Herzschrittmacher 2, 25 (1982).
Buxton, A.E., Waxman, H.L., Marchlinski, F.E., Simson, MB., Cassidy, D., Josephson, M.E.: Right ventricular tachycardia: clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics. Circulation 68, 917 (1983).
Campbell, R.W.F., Murray, A. (Hrsg.): Dynamic electrocardiography. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston 1985.
Caracta, A.R., Varghese, P. J., Josephson, M.E.: Antecubital vein approach to recording His bundle activity. Clin. Res. 20, 373 (1972).
Castellanos, A., Castillo, C. A.: Concealed ventricular parasystole exposed by abrupt cessation of pacing. Chest 82, 362 (1982).
Castellanos, A., Lemberg, L.: Electrophysiology of pacing and cardioversion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1969.
Castellanos, A., Myerburg, R.J.: The hemiblocks in myocardial infarction. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1976.
Castellanos, A., Myerburg, R.J.: The resting electrocardiogram. In: The Heart (J.W. Hurst, Hrsg.), S. 206–229. New York: McGraw-Hill 1986.
Castellanos, A., Iyengar, A.S., Agha, AS. Castillo, C.A.: Wenckebach phenomenon within the atria. Brit. Heart J. 34, 1121 (1972).
Castellanos, A., Moleiro, F., Kayden, B., Myerburg, R.J.: Evolving concepts in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of ventricular parasystole. In: Tachycardias: mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment (M.E.Josephson, H.J.J.Wellens, Hrsg.), S. 287–303. Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger 1984a.
Castellanos, A., Zaman, L., Luceri, R.MU Myerburg, R.J.: Arrhythmias in patients with short PR-intervals and narrow QRS-complexes. In: Tachycardias: mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment (M.E. Josephson, H.J.J. Wellens, Hrsg.), S. 171–198. Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger 1984b.
Castillo, C.A., Maytin, O., Castellanos, A.: His bundle recordings in atypical A-V nodal Wenckebach block during cardiac pacing. Amer. J. Cardiol. 27, 571 (1971).
Chung, E.K.: Parasystole. Progr. cardiovasc. Dis. 11, 64 (1968).
Chung, E.K.: Manual of cardiac arrhythmias. Yorke Medical Books 1986.
Chung, E.K., Walsh, T.J., Massie, E.: Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Amer. Heart J. 69, 1 (1965).
Cohen, H.C., Singer, D.H.: Bundle branch block and other forms of aberrant intraventricular conduction: clinical aspects. In: Cardiac arrhythmias (W.J. Mandel, Hrsg.), S. 413–451. Philadephia: J.B. Lippincott 1987.
Cohen, H.C., Gozo Jr., E.G., Pick, A.: Ventricular tachycardia with narrow QRS complexes (left posterior fascicular tachycardia). Circulation 45, 1035 (1972).
Cooksey, J.D., Dunn, M., Massie, E.: Clinical vectorcardiography and electrocardiography. Chicago — London: Year Book 1977.
Coumel, PH.: Supraventricular tachycardias. In: Fundamentals of cardiac arrhythmias (D.M.Krikler, J.F.Goodwin, Hrsg., S. 62. London: Saunders 1975.
Coumel, Ph., Attuel, P.: Localization of the circus movement during reciprocating tachycardia in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In: His bundle electrocardiography and clinical electrophysiology (O.S. Narula, Hrsg.), S. 043. Philadelphia: Davis 1975.
Coumel, P., Leclerq, J. F., Attuel, P., Lavallé, J. P., Flammang, D.: Autonomic influences in the genesis of atrial arrhythmias: Atrial flutter and fibrillation of vagal origin. In: Cardiac arrhythmias: Electrophysiology, diagnosis and management (O.S. Narula, Hrsg.), S. 243–255. Baltimore-London: Williams & Wilkins 1979.
Coumel, P., Leclerq, J. F., Attuel, P.: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In: Atrial fibrillation (H.E. Kulbertrus, S.B. Olsson, M. Schlepper, Hrsg.), S. 158–175. Mölndal: Hässle 1982.
Coumel, P., Leclerq, J.F., Dessertenne, F.: Torsades des pointes. In: Tachycardias: mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment (M.E. Josephson, H.J.J. Wellens, Hrsg.), S. 325–351. Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger 1984.
Cranefield, P. F.: The conduction of the cardiac impulse, the slow response and cardiac arrhythmias. Mount Kisco/New York: Futura 1975.
Cranefield, P. F., Wit, A.L., Hoffman, B.F.: Genesis of cardiac arrhythmias. Circulation 47, 190 (1973).
Csapo, G.: Betrachtungen über Fragen der Resuscitation. Anaesthesist 18, 154 (1969).
Csapo, G.: Role of ventricular premature beats in initiation and termination of atrial arrhythmias. Brit. Heart J. 33, 105 (1971).
Csapo, G.: Clinical and elektrophysiological importance of latency and supernormal phase of the heart cycle. Brit Heart J. 34, 444 (1972).
Csapo, G.: Paroxysmal non-reentrant tachycardias due to simultaneous conduction in dual av nodal pathways. Amer. J. Cardiol. 43, 1033 (1979).
Csapo, G., Weisswange, A.: Disappearing His deflection. Electrophysiological evidence for conduction defect within the His bundle. Brit. Heart J. 40, 1153 (1978).
Curry, P.V.L., Shenasa, M.: Atrial arrhythmias: Clinical concepts. In: Cardiac arrhythmias (W.J. Mandel, Hrsg.), S. 208–234. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott 1987.
Curry, P.V.L., Evans, T.R., Krikler, D.M.: Paroxysmal reciprocating sinus tachycardia. Europ. J. Cardiol. 6/3, 199 (1977).
Damato, A.N., Lau, S.H., Helfant, R.H., Stein, E., Berkowitz, W.D., Cohen, S.I.: Study of atrioventricular conduction in man using electrode catheter recordings of His bundle activity. Circulation 39, 287 (1969 a).
Damato, A.N., Lau, S.H., Patton, R.D., Steiner, C., Brekowitz, W.D.: A study of atrioventricular conduction in man using premature atrial stimulation and His bundle recording. Circulation 40, 61 (1969 b).
Delius, W, Wirtzfeld, A., Sebening, H., Blömer, H.: Bedeutung der Sinusknotenerholungszeit beim Sinusknotensyndrom. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 100, 2305 (1975).
Denes, P., Wu, D., Dhingra, R.C., Chuquimia, R., Rosen, K.M.: Demonstration of dual A-V nodal pathways in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation 48, 549 (1973).
Denes, P., Dhingra, R.C., Wu, D., Chuquimia, R., Amat-Y-Leon, F., Wyndham, C.R., Rosen, K.M.: H-V interval in patients with bifascicular block (right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock): Clinical electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic correlations. Amer. J. Cardiol. 35, 23 (1975 a).
Denes, P., Levy, L., Pick, A., Rosen, K.M.: The incidence of typical and atypical A-V Wenckebach periodicity. Amer. Heart J. 89, 26 (1975 b).
Denes, P., Dhingra, R.C., Wu, D., Wyndham, C.R., Amat-Y-Leon, F., Rosen, K.M.: Sudden death in patient with chronic bifascicular block. Arch, intern. Med. 137, 1005 (1977).
Dessertenne, F.: La tachycardie ventriculaire à deux foyers opposés variables. Arch. Mal. Coeur 59, 263 (1966).
Dhingra, R.C., Denes, P., Wu, D.: Chronic right bundle branch block and left posterior hemiblock: Clinical electrophysiologic and prognostic observations. Amer. J. Cardiol. 36, 867 (1975).
Dhingra, R.C., Denea, P., Wu, D., Wyndham, CH.R., Amat- Y-Leon, F., Towne, W.D., Rosen, K.M.: Prospective observations in patients with chronic bundle branch block and marked H-V prolongation. Circulation 53, (4), 600 (1976).
Dhingra, R.C., Cummings, J., Deedwania, P., Amat-Y-Leon, F., Rosen, K.M.: The clinical significance of left axis deviation in patients with left bundle branch block. Clin. Res. 25, 217 A (1977).
Dhingra, R.C., Amat-Y-Leon, F., Wyndham, CH., Sridhar, S., Wu, D., Denes, P., Rosen, K.M.: Significance of left axis deviation in patients with chronic left bundle branch block. Amer. J. Cardiol. 42, 551 (1978).
Dreifus, L.S., Naito, M., David, D., Michelson, E.L.: Atrial fibrillation: Symptoms and hemodynamics. In: Atrial fibrillation (H.E. Kulbertus, S.B. Olsson, M. Schlepper, Hrsg.), S. 122–132. Mölndal: Hässle 1982.
Easley R.M., Goldstein, S.: Differentiation of ventricular tachycardia from junctional tachycardia with aberrant conduction. The use of competitive atrial pacing. Circulation 37, 1015 (1968).
Easley, R.M., Goldstein, S.: Sino-atrial syncope. Amer. J. Med. 50, 166 (1971).
El-Sherif, N.: The ventricular premature complex: Mechanisms and significance — an update. In: Cardiac arrhythmias. Their mechanisms, diagnosis and management (Mandel, W.J., Hrsg.), S. 475. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. 1987.
Engelmann, T.W.: Beobachtungen und Versuche am suspendierten Herzen. II. Über die Leitung der Bewegungsreize im Herzen. Arch. ges. Physiol 56, 149 (1894).
Engelmann, T.W.: Beobachtungen und Versuche am suspendierten Herzen. III. Refractäre Phase und compensatorische Ruhe in ihrer Bedeutung für den Herzrhythmus. Arch. ges. Physiol. 59, 309 (1895).
Evans, W., Swann, P.: Lone auricular fibrillation. Brit. Heart J. 16, 189 (1954).
Farré J., Wellens, H.J. J.: The value of the electrocardiogram in diagnosing site of origin and mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia. In: What’s new in electrocardiography (H.J.J. Wellens, H. E. Kulbertus, Hrsg.), S. 131. The Hague-Boston-London: Martinus Nijhoff 1981.
Fenoglio Jr., J. J., Pham, T.D., Wit, A.L., Bassett, A.L., Wagner, B.M.: Canine mitral complex: ultrastructure and electromechanical properties. Circulât. Res. 31, 417 (1972).
Ferrer, M.I.: The sick sinus syndrome in atrial disease. J. Amer. med. Ass. 206, 645 (1968).
Ferrer, M.I.: The sick sinus syndrome. Circulation 47, 635 (1973).
Ferrier, G.R.: Digitalis arrhythmias: role of oscillotary after potentials. Progr. Cardiovasc. Dis. 19, 459 (1977).
Fisher, J.D., Cohen, H.L., Mehra, R.. Altschuler, H., Escher, D.J. W., Furman, S.: Cardiac pacing and pacemakers. II. Serial electrophysiologic-pharmacologic testing for control of recurrent tachyarrhythmias. Amer. Heart J. 93, 658 (1977).
Franchi, F., Morace, G., Fantini, F.: Wenckebach phenomenon in the bundle-branch system. Brit. Heart J. 35, 590 (1973).
Franke, H.: Über das Karotissinus-Syndrom und den sogenannten hyperaktiven Karotissinus-Reflex. Stuttgart: Schattauer 1963.
Franke, H.: Diagnose des Karotisainussyndroms. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 92, 1155 (1967).
Frankl, W.S., Soloss, L.A.: Left atrial rhythm: Analysis by intra-atrial electrocardiogram and the vectorcardiogram. Amer. J. Cardiol. 22, 645 (1968).
Friedberg, H.D.: Parasystole and extrasystole. Brit. J. Hosp. Med. 1, 147 (1971).
Friedberg, H.D., Schamroth, L.: The Wenckebach phenomenon in left bundle branch block. Amer J. Cardiol. 24, 591 (1960).
Gallagher, J. J., Kasell, J., Sealy, W.C., Pritchett, E.L.C., Wallace, A.G.: Epicardial mapping in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Circulation 57, 854 (1978 a).
Gallagher, J. J., Pritchett, E.L.C., Sealy, W.C., Kasell, J., Wallace, A.G.: The preexcitation syndromes. Prog. Cardiovsasc. Dis. 20, 285 (1978 b).
Gallagher, J.J., Benson, D.W., Casell, J.H.; Smith, W.M., Sterba, R., Grant, A.O.: Role of mahaim-fibers in cardiac arrhythmias in men. Circulation 64, 176 (1981).
Gallarvardin, L.: Extrasystolie ventriculaire à paroxysmes tachycardiques prolongés. Arch. Mal. Coeur 15, 298 (1922).
Gallavardin, L.: L’extrasystolie auriculaire. Paris: Doin 1946.
Gardner, P. I., Ursell, P.C., Pham, T.D., Fenoglio, J.J., Wit, A. L.: Experimental chronic ventricular tachycardia: anatomic and electrophysiologic substrates. In: Tachycardias: mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment (M.E. Josephson, H.J.J. Wellens, Hrsg.), S. 29–60. Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger 1984.
Garson, A., Gillette, P.C.: Junctional ectopic tachycardia in children: electrocardiography, electrophysiology and pharmacologic response. Amer. J. Cardiol. 44, 298 (1979).
Godtfredsen, J.: Atrial fibrillation: Course and prognosis. A follow-up study of 112 cases. In: Atrial fibrillation (H.E. Kulbertus, S.B. Olsson, M. Schlepper, Hrsg.), S. 134–145. Mölndal: Hässle 1982.
Gouaux J.L., Ashman, B.: Auricular fibrillation with aberration simulating ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia. Amer. Heart J. 34, 366 (1947).
Graybiel, A., McFarland, RA., Gates, D.C., Webster, F. A.: Analysis of the electrocardiograms obtained from 1000 young healthy aviators. Amer. Heart. J. 27, 524 (1944).
Greenberg, M.L., Kelly, T.A., Lerman, B.B., Dimarco, J.P.: Atrial pacing for conversion of atrial flutter. Amer. J. Cardiol. 58, 95 (1986).
Gupta, P.K., Lichstein, E., Badui, E.: Appraisal of sinus nodal recovery time in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Amer. J. Cardiol. 34, 265 (1974).
Gupta, P. K., Lichstein, E., Chadda, K. D.: Electrophysiological features of Mobitz type II A-V block occurring within the His bundle. Brit. Heart J. 34, 1232 (1972).
Hariman, R.J., Krongard, E., Boxer, R.A., Weiss, M.B., Steeg, C.N., Hoffman, B.F.: Methods for recording electrical activity of the sino-atrial node and automatic atrial foci during cardiac catheterization in human subjects. Amer. J. Cardiol. 45, 775 (1980).
Harrison, D.C., Morrow, A.G.: Electrocardiographic evidence of left-axis deviation in patients with defects of the atrial septum of the secundum type. New Engl. J. Med. 269, 743 (1963).
Hecht, H.H., Kossmann, C.E., Childers, R.W., Langendorf, R., Lev, M., Rosen, K.M., Pruitt, R.D., Truex, R.C., Uhley, H.N., Watt, T.B.: Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction: Revised nomenclature and concepts. Amer. J. Cardiol. 31, 232 (1973).
Hiss, R.G., Lamb, L.E.: Electrocardiographic findings in 122943 individuals. Circulation 6, 96 (I960).
Hiss, R.G., Averill, K.H., Lamb, L.E.: Electrocardiographic findings in 67375 asymptomatic subjects: III. Ventricular rhythms. Amer. J. Cardiol. 6, 96 (1960).
Hiss, R.G., Lamb, L.E.: Electrocardiographic findings in 122943 individuals. Circulation 25, 947 (1962).
Holzmann, M.: Klinische Elektrokardiographie. Stuttgart: Thieme 1965.
Hopp, H.W., Osterspey, A.: Langzeitelektrokardiographie. Grundlagen und praktische Bedeutung. Kardiologische Diagnostik. Mannheim: Boehringer 1984.
Horowitz, L. N., Josephson, M.E., Harken, A.H.: Epicardial and endocardial activation during sustained ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 61, 1227 (1980).
Horwitz, S., Lupi, E., Hayer, J., Frishman, W., Cardenas, M., Killip, T.: Electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of left anterior fascicular block. Left axis deviation and delayed intraventricular conduction. Chest 68, 3 (1975).
Jervell, A., Lange-Nielsen, F.: Congenital deaf-mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the QT interval and sudden death. Amer. Heart J. 54, 59 (1957).
Jordan. J. L., Mandel, W.J.: Disorders of sinus function. In: Cardiac arrhythmias. Their mechanisms, diagnosis and management (Mandel, W.J., Hrsg.), S. 143. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott 1987.
Jose, A. D., Collison, D.: The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in men. Cardiovasc. Res. 4, 160 (1970).
Josephson, M.E.: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: an electrophysiologic approach. Amer. J. Cardiol. 41, 1122 (1978).
Josefphson, M.E., Kastor, J. A.: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Is the artium a necessary link? Circulation 54, 430 (1976).
Josephson, M.E., Horowitz, L.N., Kastor, J. A.: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 57, 1 (1978 a).
Josephson, M.E., Horowitz, L.N., Farshidi, A., Kastor, J. A.: Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. I. Mechanism. Circulation 57, 431 (1978b).
Josephson, M. E., Horowitz, L. N., Farshidi, A., Spear, J. F., Kastor, J. A., Moore, E.N.: Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. II. Endocardial mapping. Circulation 57, 440 (1978 c).
Josephson, M.E., Marchlinski, F.E., Buxton, A.E., Waxman, H.L., Doherty, J.U., Kienzle, M.G., Falcone, R.: Electrophysiologic basis for sustained ventricular tachycardia — Role of reentry. In: Tachycardias: Mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment (Josephson, M.E., Wellens, H.J.J., Hrsg.), S. 305. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger 1984.
Josephson, M.E., Waxman, H.L., Marchliniski, F.E., Horowitz, L.N.; Spielman, S.R.: Relation between site of origin and QRS-configuration in ventricular rhythms. In: What’s new in electrocardiography (H.J. J. Wellens, H.E. Kulbertus, Hrsg.), S. 200–228. The Hague-Boston-London: Martinus Nijhoff 1981.
Kaplan, B.M., Langendorf, R., Lev, M., Pick, A.: Tachycar- diabradycardia syndrome (so-called “sick sinus syndrome”). Amer. J. Cardiol. 31, 497 (1973).
Kaplinsky, E., Aronson, R., Neufeld, H.N.: Isorhythmic dissociation, a “physiological” arrhythmia. J. Electrocardiol. 10 (2), 179 (1977).
Karhanen, P., Luomanmaki, K., Helkkila, J., Eisalo, A.: Syncope and Q-T prolongation without deafness: Romano-Ward syndrome. Amer. Heart J. 80, 820 (1970).
Katz, L. N., Pick, A.: Clinical electrocardiography. Part I: The arrhythmias. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1956.
Krikler, D. M., Curry, P. V. L.: Torsade de pointes, an atypical ventricular tachycardia. Brit. Heart J. 38, 117 (1976).
Krikler, D.M., Goodwin, J.F.: Cardiac arrhythmias, the modern electrophysiological approach. London: Saunders 1975.
Krikler, D.M., Perelman, M., Rowland, E.: Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. In: Cardiac arrhythmias (W.J. Mandel, Hrsg.), S. 517–539. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott 1987.
Kulbertus, H.E.: The magnitude of risk of developing complete heart block in patients with LAH-RBBB. Amer. Heart J. 86, 278 (1973).
Kulbertus, H.E.: Experience with permanent pacing in the sick sinus syndrome. In: Pacemaker therapy (L.S. Dreifus, Hrsg.), S. 189–194. Philadelphia: F. A. Davies 1983.
Kulbertus, H.E., DeLeval-Rutten, F., Albert, A., Dubois, M., Petit, J.M.: Electrocardiographic changes occurring with advancing age. In: What’s new in electrocardiography (H.J.J. Wellens, H.E. Kulbertus, Hrsg.), S. 300–314. The Hague-Boston-London: Martinus Nijhoff 1981.
Kunstadt, D., Punja, M., Cagin, N.: Bifascicular block: A clinical and electrophysiologic study. Amer. Heart J. 86, 173 (1973).
Langendorf, R., Mehiman, J.S.: Blocked (nonconducted) A-V nodal premature systoles imitating first and second degree A-V block. Amer. Heart J. 34, 500 (1947).
Langendorf, R., Pick, A.: Concealed conduction. Further evaluation of a fundamental aspect of propagation of the cardiac impulse. Circulation 13, 381 (1956).
Langendorf, R., Pick, A.: Atrioventricular block, type II (Mobitz): Its nature and clinical significance. Circulation 38, 819 (1968).
Langendorf, R., Pick, A., Winiernitz, M.: Mechanism of intermittent ventricular bigeminy. I. Appearance of ectopic beats dependent upon length of the ventricular cycle, the “rule of bigeminy”. Circulation 11, 422 (1955).
Lerman, B., Marchlinski, F.E., Kempf, F.C., Buxton, A.E., Waxman, H.L., Josephson, M.E.: Prognosis in patients with intra-Hisian conduction disturbances. Int. J. Cardiol. 5, 449 (1984).
Lewis, S., Kanakis, C., Rosen, K.M., Denes, P.: Significance of site of origin of premature ventricular contractions. Amer. Heart J. 97, 159 (1979).
Lichstein, E., Chadda, K.D., Gupta, P.K.: Complete right bundle branch block with left axis deviation: Significance of vectorcardiographic morphology. Amer. Heart J. 86, 14 (1973).
Lipman, B.S., Dunn, M., Massie, E.: Clinical electrocardiography. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers Inc. 1984.
Lown, B.: Electrical reversion of arrhythmias. Brit. Heart J. 29, 469 (1967).
Lown, B., Ganong, W.F., Levine, S.A.: The syndrome of short P-R interval, normal QRS complex and paroxysmal rapid heart action. Circulation 5, 693 (1952).
Lown, B., Wyatt, N.F.,-Crocker, A.T., Goodale, W.T., Levine, S. A.: Interrelationship of digitalis and potassium in auricular tachycardia with block. Amer. Heart J. 45, 589 (1953).
Lown, B., Marcus, F., Levine, A.D.: Digitalis and atrial tachycardia with block. A year’s experience. New Engl. J. Med. 260, 301 (1959).
Lüderitz, B.: Spezielle Syndrome. Ill: Karotis-Sinus-Syn drom. In: Herzschrittmacher. Therapie und Diagnostik kardialer Rhythmusstorungen (B. Luderitz), S. 404 - 406. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1986.
Mandel, O.S., Hayakawa, H., Danzig, R., Marcus, H.S.: Evaluation of sino-atrial node function in man by overdrive suppression. Circulation 44, 59 (1971).
Mandel, W.J., Hayakawa, H., Allen, H.N., Danzig, R., Kermaier, A.I.: Assessment of sinus node function in patients with the sick sinus syndrome. Circulation 46, 761 (1972).
Marcus, F.I., Fontaine, G.H., Guirandon, G., Frank, R., Laurenceau, J.L., Malergue, C., Grosgoeat, J.: Right ventricular dysplasia: A report of 24 adult cases. Circulation 65, 384 (1982).
Marriott, H. J.L., Menendez, M.M.: A-V dissociation revisited. Progr. cardiovasc. Dis. 8, 522 (1966).
Marriott, H.J.L., Myerburg, R.J.: Recognition of arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities. In: The Heart (J.W. Hurst, Hrsg.), S. 431–474. New York: Mc Graw Hill 1986.
Marriott, H.J.L., Schubart, L.F., Bradley, S.M.: A-V dissociation: A re-appraisal. Amer. J. Cardiol. 2, 586 (1958).
Marriott, H.J.L., Schwarz, N.L.: Bix, H.H.: Ventricular fusion beats: Circulation 26, 880 (1962).
Massumi, R. A., Tawakkol, A. A.: Direct study of left atrial P waves. Amer. J. Cardiol. 20, 331 (1967).
Mayer, A.G.: Rhythmical pulsation in scyphomedusae. Washington: Carnegie Institution Publication 47, 1906.
McAnulty, J.H., Rahimtoola, S.H., Murphy, E., DeMots, H., Ritzman, L., Kanrek, P.E., Kauffman, S.: Natural history of “high risk” bundle branch block. New Engl. J. Med. 307, 137 (1982).
Medrano, G.A., Brenes, C., DeMicheli, A., Sodi-Pallares, D.: Clinical, electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic diagnosis of left anterior subdivision block isolated or associated with RBBB. Amer. Heart J. 83, 447 (1972 a).
Medrano, G.A., Brenes, C., DeMicheli, A., Sodi-Pallares, D.: Clinical electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic diagnosis of left posterior subdivision block, isolated or associated with RBBB. Amer. Heart J. 84, 727 (1972b).
Mines, G.R.: On circulating excitations in heart muscle and their possible relations to tachycardia and fibrillation. Trans. R. Soc. Can. 8, 43 (1914).
Mobitz, W.: Über die unvollständige Störung der Erregungsüberleitung zwischen Vorhof und Kammer des menschlichen Herzens. Z. Ges. exp. Med. 41, 180 (1924).
Moleiro, F., Mendoza I. J., Medina-Ravel, V., Castellanos, A., Myerburg, R.J.: One to one atrioventricular conduction during atrial pacing at rates of 300/minute in absence of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Amer. J. Cardiol. 48, 789 (1981).
Morgagni, G.: “Letter the Ninth Which Treats Epilepsy”, S. 192. In: De Sedibus et Causis Morborum, 1761. B. Alexander (Trans): The Seats and Causes of Diseases. London: Millar and Cadell 1769.
Morganroth, J., Horowitz, L. N., Josephson, M. E., Kastor, J. A.: Relationship of atrial fibrillatory wave amplitude to left atrial size and etiology of heart disease. An old generalisation reexamined. Amer. Heart J. 97, 194 (1979).
Morley, C.A., Sutton, R.: Carotid sinus syncope. Intern. J. Cardiol. 6, 287 (1984).
Moss, A.J.: Brady-Tachy Syndrome. Progr. cardiovasc. Dis. 16, 439 (1974).
Myburgh, D.P., Lewis, B.S.: Ventricular parasystole in healthy hearts. Amer. Heart J. 82, 307 (1971).
Myerburg, R.J., Sung, R.J., Castellanos, A.: Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with short PR-intervals and narrow QRS-complexes. Pace 2, 568 (1979).
Narula, O.S.: Sinus node re-entry: A mechanism for supraventricular: tachycardia. Circulation 50, 1114 (1974).
Narula, O.S. (Hrsg.): Current concepts of atrioventricular block, His bundle electrocardiography and clinical electro- physiology, S. 139. Philadelphia: Davis 1975.
Narula, O.S., Samet, P.: Wenckebach and Mobtiz II A-V block within the His bundle and bundle branches. Circulation 41, 947 (1970).
Narula, O.S., Scherlag, B.J., Samet, P., Javier, R.P.: Atrioventricular block: Localization and classification by His bundle recordings. Amer. J. Med. 50,146 (1970 a).
Narula, O.S., Scherlag, B.J., Javier, R.P., Hildner, F.J., Samet, P.: Analysis of the A-V conduction defect in complete heart block utilizing His bundle electrograms. Circulation 41, 437 (1970b).
Narula, O.S., Runge, M., Samet, P.: Second degree Wenckebach type A-V-block due to block within the atrium. Brit. Heart J. 34, 1127 (1972a).
Narula, O.S., Samet, P., Javier, R.P.: Significance of sinus node recovery time. Circulation 45,140 (1972 b).
Neuss, H.: Differentialdiagnose der Herzrhythmusstörungen. Bradykarde Herzrhythmusstörungen. In: Herzrhythmusstörungen, Handbuch der Inneren Medizin, Bd. IX/1 (B. Lüderitz, Hrsg.), S. 549 - 616. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1983.
Neuss, H., Nowak, F., Schlepper, M.: Analyse der AV-Überleitung bei kurzer PQ-Zeit. His-Bündel-Elektrographie (L. Seipel, F. Logan, A. Both, Hrsg.). Stuttgart-New York: Schattauer 1975.
Öhnell, R. F.: Pre-excitation, a cardiac abnormality. Acta med. scand., Suppl. 152 (1944).
Ogawa, S., Dreifus, L.S., Osmick, M.J.: Induction of sinus node reentry: Its relation to inhomogeneous atrial conduction. J. Electrocardiol. 11, 109 (1978).
Parkinson, J., Papp, C.: Repetitive paroxysmal tachycardia. Brit. Heart J. 8, 241 (1947).
Paulay, K.L., Varghese, P.J., Damato, A.N.: Atrial rhythms in response to an early atrial premature depolarization in man. Amer. Heart J. 85, 323 (1973).
Pfisterer, M., Heierli, B., Burkart, F.: Hypertensiver Karotis-Sinus-Reflex bei älteren Patienten. Schweiz, med. Wschr. 107, 1565 (1977).
Pick, A.: The elctrophysiologic basis of parasystole and its variants. In: The conduction system of the heart, S. 143. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1976.
Pietras, R.J., Mautner, R., Denes, P., Wu, D., Dhingra, R., Towne, W., Rosen, K.M.: Chronic recurrent right and left ventricular tachycardia: A comparison of clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic findings. Amer. J. Cardiol. 40, 32 (1977).
Puech, P.: Atrioventricular block: The value of intracardiac recordings. In: Cardiac arrhythmias. (D. M. Krikler, J.F. Goodwin, Hrsg.), S. 81. London: Saunders 1975.
Puech, P., Grolleau, R., Guimond, C.: Incidence of different types of A-V block and their localization by His bundle recordings. In: The conduction system of the heart (H.J.J. Wellens, K.I. Lie, M.J. Janse, Hrsg.), S. 467. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1978.
Ranganathan, N., Dhurandhar, R., Phillips, J.H., Wigle, E. D.: His bundle electrograms in bundle branch block. Circulation 45, 282 (1972).
Rasmussen, K.: Chronic sinus node disease: Natural cause and indications for pacing. Europ. Heart J. 2, 455 (1981).
Reddy, C.P., Surawicz, B.: Terminology of tachycardias: Historical background and evolution. Pace 6, 1123 (1983).
Reddy, C.P., Surawicz, B.: Historical background and evolution of established and absolute terms used to characterize tachycardia. In: Tachycardias (B. Surawicz, C.P. Reddy, E.N. Prystowsky, Hrsg.), S. 103–124. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff 1984.
Reiter, M.J., Smith, W.M., Gallgher, J.J.: Clinical spectrum of ventricular tachycardia with left bundle branch morphology. Amer. J. Cardiol. 51, 113 (1983).
Rodriguez, M.I., Sodi-Pallares, D.: The mechanism of complete and incomplete bundle branch block. Amer. Heart J. 44, 715 (1952).
Rosen, K.M., Rahimtoola, S.H., Gunnar, R.M.: Pseudo A-V block secondary to premature nonpropagated His bundle depolarizations. Circulation 42, 367 (1970).
Rosen, K.M., Loeb, H.S., Sinno, M.Z., Rahimtoola, S.H., Gunnar, R.M.: Cardiac conduction in patients with symptomatic sinus node disease. Circulation 42, 836 (1971).
Rosen, K.M., Dhingra, R.C., Loeb, H.S., Rahimtoola, S.H.: Chronic heart block in adults. Arch, intern. Med. 131, 663 (1973).
Rosenbaum, F.E, Hecht, H.H., Wilson, F.N., Johnston, F. D.: Potential variations of the thorax and the esophagus in anomalous atrio-ventricular excitation (WPW). Amer. Heart J. 29, 281 (1945).
Rosenbaum, M.B.: Types of right bundle branch block and their clinical significance. J. Electrocardiol. 1, 221 (1968).
Rosenbaum, M.B., Elizari, M.U., Lazzar, J.O.: The mechanism of bidirectional tachycardia. Amer. Heart J. 78, 4 (1969).
Rosenbaum, M.B., Halpern, M.S., Nau, G.J., Elizari, M.V., Lazzari, J. O.: The mechanism of narrow ventricular ectopic beats. In: Symposium on cardiac arrhythmias, S. 223. Södertälje/Schweden: A. B. Astra 1970a.
Rosenbaum, M.B., Elizari, M.V., Lazzari, J.O.: The hemi-blocks: New concepts of intraventricular conduction based on human anatomical, physiological and clinical studies. Tampa Tracings/Fla.: Oldsmar 1970 b.
Rosenbaum, M.B., Elizari, M.V., Lazzari, T.O., Halpern, M.S., Ryba, D.: QRS patterns heralding the development of complete heart block, with particular emphasis on right bundle branch block with left posterior hemiblock. In: Symposium on cardiac arrhythmias, S.249. Elsinore/Dänemark 1970 c.
Rosenbaum, M.B., Elizari, M.V., Lazzari, J.O., Halpern, M.S., Nau, G.J., Levi, R.J.: The mechanism of intermittent bundle branch block. Relationship to prolonged recovery, hypopolarisation and spontaneous diastolic depolarisation. Chest 63, 666 (1973).
Rosenqvist, M., Brandt, J., Schüller, H.: Atrial versus ventricular pacing in sinus node disease: A treatment comparison study. Amer. Heart J. 11, 292 (1987).
Rothberger, C.J., Scherf, D.: Zur Kenntnis der Erregungsausbreitung vom Sinusknoten auf den Vorhof. Z. ges. exp. Med. 53, 581 (1927).
Rowland, E., McKenna, W.J., Sugrue, D., Barclay, R., Foale, R.A., Krikler, D.M.: Ventricular tachycardia of left bundle branch block configuration in patients with isolated right ventricular dilatation. Clinical and electrophysiological features. Brit. Heart J. 51, 15 (1984).
Rubenstein, J.J., Schulman, C.L., Yurchak, P.M., DeSanctis, R.W.: Clinical spectrum of the sich sinus syndrome. Circulation 46, 5 (1972).
Ruder, M. A., Davies, J.C., Eldar, M., Abbott, J. A., Griffin, J.C., Seger, J. J., Scheiman, M.M.: Clinical and electrophysiologic characterization of automatic junctional tachycardia in adults. Circulation 73, 930 (1986).
Samet, R: Hemodynamic sequelae of cardiac arrhythmias. Circulation 47, 399 (1973).
Sandler, I.A., Marriott, H.J.L.: The differential morphology of anomalous ventricular complexes of RBBB-type in lead V 1: Ventricular ectopy aberration. Circulation 31, 551 (1965).
Sandoe, E., Sigurd, B.: Arrhythmia. Diagnosis and management. St. Gallen: Fachmed. AG 1984.
Schamroth, L.: The electrocardiology of coronary artery disease. Oxford-London-Edinburgh — Melbourne: Blackwell Scientific 1984.
Schamroth, L., Dove, E.: The Wenckebach phenomenon in sinoatrial block. Brit. Heart J. 28, 350 (1966).
Schaub, F.: Grundriß der klinischen Electrocardiographic. Basel: Ciba Geigy 1965.
Scherf, D.: Remarks on the nomenclature of cardiac arrhythmias. Progr. cardiovasc. Dis. 13, 1 (1970).
Scherf, D., Schott, A.: Extrasystoles and allied arrhythmias. London: Heinemann Medical Books 1953.
Scherlag, B.J., Lazzara, R., Helfant, R.H.: Differentiation of “A-V junctional rhythms”. Circulation 48, 304 (1973).
Schlepper, M.: Differentialdiagnose der Herzrhythmusstörungen. Spezielle Syndrome. In: Herzrhythmusstörungen, Handbuch der Inneren Medizin, Bd. IX/1 (B. Lüderitz, Hrsg.), S. 643–696. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1983.
Schwartz, S.P., Schwartz, L.S.: The mechanisms of Adams-Stokes seizures. In: Mechanisms and therapy of cardiac arrhythmias (14th Hahnemann symposium) ( L. S. Dreifus, W. Likoff, J.H.Moser, Hrsg.). New York-London: Grune & Stratton 1966.
Seipel, L., Breithardt, A., Both, A., Loogen, F.: Messung der sinuatrialen Leitungszeit mittels vorzeitiger Vorhof- Stimulation beim Menschen. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 99, 1895 (1974).
Shaw, D.B., Holman, R.R., Gowers, J.I.: Survival in sinuatrial disorder (sick sinus syndrome). Brit. Med. J. 280, 139 (1980).
Singer, D.H., Cohen, H.C.: Aberrancy: Electrophysiologic mechanisms and electrocardiographic correlats. In: Cardiac arrhythmias (W.J. Mandel, Hrsg.), S. 368–412. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott 1987.
Singer, D.H., Parameswaran, R., Drake, F.T., Meyers, S.N., DeBoer, A.A., Krisaberg, A.: Ventricular parasystole and re-entry: Clinical electrophysiological correlations. Amer. Heart J. 88, 79 (1974).
Snyder, J.W., Basta, L.L., Woolson, R.F.: The relative risk of spontaneous complete atrioventricular block in elderly patients with impaired intra-ventricular conduction. J. Electrocardiol. 8, 95 (1975).
Sodi-Pallares, D., Rodriguez, M.I., Chait, L.O., Zuckermann, R.: The activation of ventricular septum. Amer. Heart J. 41, 569 (1951).
Sodi-Pallares, D., Bisteni, A., Medrano, G.H. et al.: Activation of the free left ventricular wall in the dog’s heart. Anormal conditions and in left bundle bulge block. Amer. Heart J. 49, 587 (1955).
Spang, K.: Die Rhythmusstörungen des Herzens. Stuttgart: Thieme 1957.
Steinbeck, G.: Differentialdiagnose der Herzrhythmusstörungen. Invasive Verfahren. In: Herzrhythmusstörungen, Handbuch der Inneren Medizin, Bd. IX/1 (B. Lüderitz, Hrsg.), S.,485–48. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1983a.
Steinbeck, G.: Differentialdiagnose der Herzrhythmusstörungen. Tachykarde Rhythmusstörungen. In: Herzrhythmusstörungen, Handbuch der Inneren Medizin, Bd. IX/1 (B. Lüderitz, Hrsg.), S. 617–642. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1983b.
Steinbeck, G.: Diagnostische Elektrostimulation. Bradykarde Rhythmusstörungen. 1.1 Sinusknotenfunktionsprüfung. In: Herzschrittmacher. Therapie und Diagnostik kardialer Rhythmusstörungen (B. Lüderitz, Hrsg.), S. 51–90. Berlin- Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1986.
Steinbeck, G., Manz, M., Lüderitz, B.: Möglichkeiten und Risiken der programmierten Ventrikelstimulation bei Patienten mit chronisch rezidivierenden Kammertachykardien. KJin. Wochenschr. 59, 111 (1981).
Stock, J.P.P., Williams, D.O.: Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrythmias. London, Toronto, Sydney: Butterworth Co. 1974.
Stokes, W.: Observation on some cases of permanently slow pulse. Quart. J. Med. 2, 73 (1946).
Storstein, O., Rasmussen, K.: Digitalis and atrial tachycardia with block. Brit. Heart J. 36, 171 (1974).
Strauss, H.C., Saroff, A.L., Bigger, J.T., Giardina, E.G.V.: Premature atrial stimulation as a key to the understanding of sinoatrial conduction in man. Circulation 47, 86 (1973).
Strauss, H.C., Bigger, J.T., Saroff, A.L., Giardina, E.G.: Electrophysiologic evaluation of sinus node function in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Circulation 53, 763 (1976).
Surawicz, B., Mac Donald, M.G.: Ventricular ectopic beats with fixed variable coupling: Incidence, clinical significance and factors influencing the coupling interval. Amer. J. Cardiol. 13, 198 (1964).
Surawicz, B., Uhley, H., Brown, R., Laks, M., Crevasse, L., Rosen, K., Nelson, W., Mandel, W., Lawrence, P., Jackson, L., Flowers, N., Clifton, J., Greenfield, F., Robles de Medina, E.O.: Task force 1: Standardization of terminology and interpretation. Amer. J. Cardiol. 41, 130 (1978).
Thiene, G., Nava, A., Corrado, D., Rossi, L., Pennelli, N.: Right ventricular cardiomyopathy and sudden death in young people. N. Engl. J. Med. 318, 129 (1988).
Thomas, J.E.: Disease of the carotid sinus-syncope: In: Handbook of clinical neurology (P.J. Vinken, G. W. Bruyn, Hrsg.), Bd.II, Kap. 19, S. 532. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1972.
Thormann, J., Schlepper, M.: Hämodynamische Auswirkungen kardialer Arrhythmien. In: Herzrhythmusstörungen, Handbuch der Inneren Medizin, Bd. IX/1 (B. Lüderitz, Hrsg.), S. 355 - 424. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1983.
Tonkin, A.M., Wagner, G.S., Gallagher, J.J., Wallace, A.G.: Forces of depolarisation in the Wolff-Parkinson- White-syndrome. Circulation 52, 1020 (1975).
Touboul, P.: Torsades des pointes. In: What’s new in electrocardiography (H.J.J. Wellens, H.E. Kulbertus, Hrsg.), S. 229–235. The Hague-Boston-London: Martinus Nijhoff 1981.
Touboul, P., Ibrahim, M.: Atrioventricular conduction defects in patients presenting with syncope and normal P-R interval. Brit. Heart J. 34, 1005 (1972).
Trautwein, W.: Mechanisms of tachyarrhythmias and extra- systoles. In: Symposium on cardiac arrhythmias (E. Sandoe, E. Flensted-Jensen, K.H. Olesen, Hrsg.), S. 53. Södertälje/ Sweden: A. B. Astra 1970.
Vanagt, E.J., Wellens, H.J.: The electrocardiogram in digitalis intoxication. In: What’s new in electrocardiography (H.J.J. Wellens, H.E. Kulbertus, Hrsg.), S. 315–143. The Hague-Boston-London: Martinus Nijhoff 1981.
Vera, Z., Mason, D.T., Fletcher, R.D., Awan, N.A., Masumi, R.A.: Prolonged His-Q interval in chronic bifascicular block: Relation to impending complete heart block. Circulation 53, 46 (1978).
Waldo, A.L., Henthorn, R.W., Plumb, V.J.: Atrial flutter — recent observations in men. In: Tachycardias: mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment (M.E. Josephson, H.J.J. Wellens, Hrsg.), S. 133 - 135. Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger 1984.
Watanabe, Y.: Terminology and electrophysiologic concepts in cardiac arrhythmias, II. Concealed conduction. Pace 1, 345 (1978).
Watanabe, Y., Dreifus, L. S.: Sites of impulse formation within the atrioventricular junction of the rabbit. Circulat. Res. 22, 717 (1968).
Waxman, H.L., Buxton, A.E., Marchlinski, F.E., Josephson, M.E.: Pharmacologic therapy of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. In: Tachycardias: mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment (M.E. Josephson, H.J. J. Wellens, Hrsg.), S. 399–412. Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger 1984.
Weisfogel, G. M., Batsford, W. P., Pauley, K. L., Josephson, M.E., Ogunkelu, J.B., Akhtar, M., Seides, S.F., Damato, A.N.: Sinus node re-entrant tachycardia in man. Amer. Heart J. 90, 295 (1975).
Wellens, H.J.J.: Electrical stimulation of the heart in the study and treatment of tachycardias. Leiden: Stanfort Kroese 1971.
Wellens, H.J. J.: Value and limitations of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in the study and treatment of tachycardias. Circulation 57, 845 (1978).
Wellens, H.J.J.: The electrocardiogram 80 years after Einthoven. J. Amer. Coll. Cardiol. 7, 484 (1986).
Wellens, H.J.J., Durrer, D.: Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation: Relation between refactory period of accessory pathway and ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation. Amer. J. Cardiol. 34, 111 (1974).
Wellens, H.J.J., Lie, K.I., Durrer, D.: Further observations on ventricular tachycardia as studied by electrical stimulation of the heart: chronic recuirent ventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia during acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 49, 647 (1974).
Wellens, H.J.J., Lie, K.I., Janse, M.J.: The conduction system of the heart. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1978a.
Wellens, H.J.J, Bär, F.W.H.M, Lie, K.I.: The value of the electrocardiogram in the differential diagnosis of a tachycardia with a widened QRS-complex. Amer. J. Med. 64, 27 (1978 b).
Wellens, H.J.J, Farre, J, Bär, F.W.: Wolff-Parkinson-White-syndrome: Value and limitations of programmed electrical stimulation. In: Cardiac arrhythmias. Electrophysiology, diagnosis and management (O.S. Narula, Hrsg.), S. 589–617. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1979.
Wellens, H.J.J, Bär, F.W, Gorgels, A.P., Vanagt, E.J.: Use of ajmaline in identifying patients with short refractory period of their accessory pathway in Wolff-Parkinson-White-syndrome. Amer. J. Cardiol. 45, 130 (1980).
Wellens, H.J.J, Farre J, Bär, F.W.H.M.: Wolff-Parkinson- White-syndrome. In: Cardiac arrhythmias (W.J. Mandel, Hrsg.), S. 274–296. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott 1987.
Wells, J.L, McLean, B.A.H, James, T.N, Waldo, A.L.: Characterisation of atrial flutter. Studies in men after open heart surgery using fixed atrial electrodes. Circulation 50, 565 (1979).
Wenckebach, K. F.: Die Arrhythmie als Ausdruck bestimmter Funktionsstörungen des Herzens. Leipzig: Engelmann 1903.
Wenckebach, K.F, Winterberg, K.F.: Die unregelmäßige Herztätigkeit. Leipzig: Engelmann 1927.
Wiener, I.: Syndromes of Lown-Ganong-Levine and enhanced atrioventricular nodal conduction. Amer. J. Cardiol. 52, 637 (1983).
Willems, J.L, Robles De Medina, E.O, et al.: Criteria for intraventricular conduction disturbances and pre-excitation. J. Amer. Coll. Cardiol. 5, 1261 (1985).
Willerrson, J.T, Yurchak, P.M., DeSanctis, R.W.: Ventricular tachycardia. In: Arrhythmias, Bd.2/2, Cardiovascular clinics (A. N. L. Brest, S. Dreifus, Hrsg.), S. 69. Philadelphia: Davis 1970.
Wirtzfeld, A, Sebening, H.: Das Sinusknotensyndrom. Dtsch, Med. Wschr. 98, 1 (1973).
Wit, A.L, Rosen, M. R.: Cellular electrophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias. In: Tachycardias: mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment (M.E. Josephson, H.J.J. Wellens, Hrsg.), S. 1–27. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1984.
Wit, A.L, Rosen, M.R, Hoffman, B.F.: Electrophysiology and pharmacology of cardiac arrhythmias. III. Relationship of normal and abnormal electrical activity of cardiac fibers to the genesis of arrhythmias B. Re-entry, Section I. Amer. Heart J. 88, 664 (1974 a).
Wit, A.L, Rosen, M.R, Hoffman, B.F.: Electrophysiology and pharmacology of cardiac arrhythmias. II. Relationship of normal and abnormal electrical activity of cardiac fibers to the genesis of arrhythmias B. Re-entry, Section II. Amer. Heart J. 88, 798 (1974b).
Wolff, L, Parkinson, J, White, P.D.: Bundle-branch block with short P-R interval in healthy young people prone to paroxysmal tachycardia. Amer. Heart J. 5, 685 (1930).
Wu, D, Denes, P, Dhingra, R.C, Rosen, K.M.: Bundle branch block. Demonstration of the incomplete nature of some “complete” bundle branch and fascicular blocks by the extrastimulus technique. Amer. J. Cardiol. 33, 583 (1974).
Wu, D, Am at-Y-Leon, F, Denes, P, Dhingra, R.C, Pietras, R.J, Rosen, K.M.: Demonstration of sustained sinus and atrial re-entry as a mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation 51, 234 (1975).
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kalusche, D., Csapo, G. (1989). Erregungsbildungs- und Erregungsleitungsstörungen. In: Herzkrankheiten. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97060-3_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97060-3_27
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-97061-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-97060-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive