Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Information Sciences ((SSINF,volume 15))

  • 104 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter we deal with data compression using methods beyond the optimized sampling and quantization techniques discussed in Chap. 4. After a brief introduction to statistical methods orginally due to Shannon, the special but important case of graphical (two-level) images is presented in some detail, culminating with a treatment of the international standard CCITT system. Continuous-tone coding methods, with emphasis on still monochrome images, are then presented. Emphasis is placed on the importance of using perceptual ideas in the design and analysis of these methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. P.A. Wintz: “Transform Picture Coding,” Proc. IEEE 60, No. 7, 809–820 (July 1972); see also A.G. Tescher’s article on transform coding in W.K. Pratt (Ed.): Image Transmission Techniques (McGraw Hill, New York 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  2. J.O. Limb et al.: “Digital Coding of Color Video Signals-A Review,” IEEE Trans, on Comm., COM-25, 1349–1385 (Nov. 1977); R.R. Buckley: “Digital Color Image Coding and the Geometry of Color Space,” Ph.D. Thesis, MIT EECS Dept., 1982

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. A.N. Netravali, J.D. Robbins: “Motion-Compensated TV Coding”, Bell System Tech. J., 631–670 (March 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  4. W.F. Schreiber: “Color Reproduction System,” USP 4,500,919

    Google Scholar 

  5. W-H Chen, W.K. Pratt: “Scene Adaptive Coder,” IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-32, 225–232 (March 1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. C.E. Shannon, W. Weaver: The Mathematical Theory of Communication (University of Illinois Press, Urbana 1949) Everyone interested in statistical coding should read Shannon’s landmark paper

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. D.A. Huffman: “A Method for the Construction of Minimum Redundancy Codes,” Proc. IRE 40, No. 9, 1098–1101 (September 1952)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. W.F. Schreiber: “The Measurement of Third Order Probability Distribution of TV Signals,” IRE Trans. Information Theory, IT-2, 94–105 (September 1956)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Ericsson, E. Dubois: “Digital Coding of High Quality TV,” Paper 3.5, High Definition Television Colloquium, Ottawa (May 13–16, 1985)

    Google Scholar 

  10. D. Bodson et al.: “Measurement of Data Compression in Advanced Group IV Facsimile Systems,” Proc. IEEE 73, No. 4, 731–739 (April 1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. W.F. Schreiber: “Reproduction of Graphical Data by Facsimile,” Quarterly Progress Report, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, No. 84, 1967; R.B. Arps et al.: “Character Legibility Versus Resolution in Image Processing of Printed Matter,” IEEE Trans. on Man-Machine Systems, MMS-10, No. 3, 66–71 (September 1969)

    Google Scholar 

  12. R.N. Ascher, G. Nagy: “A Means for Achieving a High Degree of Compaction on Scan Digitized Printed Text,” IEEE Trans. Computers, C-23, No. 11, 1174–1179 (November 1974); W.K. Pratt et al.: “Combined Symbol Matching Facsimile Data Compression System,” Proc. IEEE, 68, No. 7, 786-795 (July 1980)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. D.R. Knudson: USP 4, 281, 312 (July 28, 1981)

    Google Scholar 

  14. S.W. Golomb, “Run Length Encodings,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, pp. 399–400 (July 1969); J. Capon: “A Probabilistic Model for Run-Length Coding of Pictures,” Institute of Radio Engineers, Trans. Information Theory, pp. 157-163, (Dec. 1959); C.G. Beaudette: “An Efficient Facsimile System for Weather Graphics,” Proceedings of Symposium on Picture Bandwidth Compression, M.I.T., pp. 217-229 (April 1969); H.G. Mussman, D. Preuss: “Comparison of Redundancy Reducing Codes for Facsimile Transmission of Documents,” IEEE Trans. on Communications, COM-25, No. 11, 1425-1433 (1977); T.S. Huang, Hussain: “Facsimile Coding by Skipping White,” IEEE Trans. on Communications, COM-23, No. 12, 1452-1460 (Dec. 1975); T.S. Huang: “Bounds on the Bit Rate of Linear Run-Length Codes,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, pp. 707-708 (Nov. 1975); R.B. Arps: “An Introduction and Digital Facsimile Review,” Proceedings of ICC, San Francisco, 1, pp. 7-ff. A number of other interesting papers are included in this issue; Kalle Infotec U.K. Ltd.: “Redundancy Reduction Technique for Fast Black and White Facsimile Apparatus,” CCITT Study Group XIV, Temp. Document No. 15, April 1975; R.B. Arps: “Bibliography of Digital Graphic Image Compression and Quality,” IEEE Trans Information Theory, pp. 120-122 (Jan. 1974)

    Google Scholar 

  15. M.W. Baldwin: “The Subjective Sharpness of Simulated TV Pictures,” Proc. IRE 28, 458–468 (Oct. 1940)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. T.S. Huang: “Run Length Coding and its Extensions,” Proceedings of Symposium on Picture Bandwidth Compression, M.I.T., pp. 231–264 (April 1969)

    Google Scholar 

  17. F. De Coulon, M. Kunt: “An Alternative to Run Length Coding for Black and White Facsimile,” Proceedings of IEEE International Zurich Seminar on Digital Communications, 1974, Paper C-4; F. DeCoulon, O. Johnsen: “Adaptive Block Scheme for Source Coding of Black and White Facsimile,” Electronics Letters U.K. 12, No. 3 (Febr. 5, 1976)

    Google Scholar 

  18. R.M. Gray: “Vector Quantization,” IEEE Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Magazine, pp. 4–29 (April 1984)

    Google Scholar 

  19. W.F. Schreiber, T.S. Huang, O.J. Tretiak: “Contour Coding of Images,” Wescon Technical Papers, paper 8/3, IEEE, 1968, also in Picture Bandwidth Compression (Gordon & Breach, New York 1972), and in N.S. Jayant (Ed.): Waveform Quantization and Coding, IEEE, New York; D. Gabor, P.C.J. Hill: “Television Band Compression by Contour Interpolation,” Proc. IEE (England) 108, Part B, 303–315 (May 1961); T.H. Morrin: “Recursive Contour Coding of Nested Objects in Black/White Images, ” Proc. ICC 1, 7-17 (San Francisco, 1975)

    Google Scholar 

  20. P.M.J. Coueignoux: “Compression of Type Faces by Contour Coding,” M.S. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  21. D.N. Graham, “Image Transmission by Two-Dimensional Contour Coding,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering Department, 1966; also in Proc. IEEE 55, No. 3, 336–346 (March 1967)

    Google Scholar 

  22. J.W. Pan, “Reduction of Information Redundancy,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering Department, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  23. H.S. Hou, H.C. Andrews: “Cubic Splines for Image Interpolation and Digital Filtering,” IEEE Trans, on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing ASSP-26, No. 4, 508 ff (Dec. 1978)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. R. Hunter, A.H. Robinson: “International Digital Facsimile Coding Standards,” Proc.IEEE 68, No. 7, 854–867 (July 1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. J.R. Ellis: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, 1977; D. Spencer: M.S. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  26. H. Freeman: “On the Encoding of Arbitrary Geometrical Figures,” IRE Trans. Electr. Comp EC-10, 260–268 (1961); I.T. Young: “TV Bandwidth Compression Using Area Properties,” SM Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering Department, 1966

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  27. P. Elias: “Predictive Coding,” IRE Trans. Information Theory IT-1, 16–32 (March 1955); R.E. Graham: “Predictive Quantization of TV Sign als; Wescon Conv. Record 2, No. 4, 147-157, IRE (1958); W. Zschunke: “DPCM Picture Coding with Adaptive Prediction,” IEEE Trans. Comm. COM-25, No. 11, 1295-1302 (Nov. 1977); C.M. Harrison: “Experiments with Linear Prediction in TV,” Bell System Tech J. 31, 764-783 (July 1952)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. L.D. Davisson: “Data Compression Using Straight-Line Interpolation,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory IT-14, No. 3, 390–394 (May 1968), A.N. Netravali: “Interpolative Picture Coding Using a Subjective Criterion,” IEEE Trans. Communication COM-25, No. 5, 503-508 (May 1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. C.C. Cutler: U.S. Patent 2,605,361 (July 1952); J.B. O’Neal: “Predictive Quantizing System (DPCM) for the TVansmission of TV Signals,” Bell System Tech J., 45, 689–721 (May-June 1966)

    Google Scholar 

  30. J. de Jaeger: “Deltamodulation, a Method of PCM Transmission Using a 1-bit Code,” Philips Research Reports 7, No. 6, 442–466 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  31. J. Max: “Quantizing for Minimum Distortion,” IRE Trans. Information Theory IT-6, 7–12 (March 1960); A.N. Netravali: “On Quantizers for DPCM Coding of TV Signals,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory IT-23, No. 3, 360-370 (May 1977); T. Berger: “Optimum Quantizers and Permutation Codes,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory IT-18, 759-76 (November 1972)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  32. H.G. Mussman: “Predictive Coding of TV Signals,” in image Transmission Techniques, ed. by W. Pratt (Academic, New York 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  33. D.K. Sharma, A.N. Netravali: “Design of Quantizers for DPCM Coding of Picture Signals,” IEEE Trans. Comm. COM-25, No. 11, 1267–1274 (November 1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. B. Prasada: Private communication

    Google Scholar 

  35. A. Habibi: “Comparison of nth Order DPCM Encoder with Linear Transformations and Block Quantization Techniques,” IEEE Trans. Comm. COM-19, No. 6, 948–956 (December 1971); D.J. Connor, et al.: “TV Coding Using Two-Dimensional Spatial Prediction,” Bell System Tech. J., 50, 1049-1061 (March 1971)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. P.A. Ratliff: “Digital Coding of the Composite PAL Colour Television System for Transmission at 34 Mbits/sec,” BBC Engineering, No. 115, pp. 24–35 (September 1980)

    Google Scholar 

  37. A. Habibi: “Survey of Adaptive Image Coding Techniques,” IEEE Trans. Communications COM-25, 1257–1284 (November 1977); B. Prasada, A. Netravali: “Adaptive Companding of Picture Signals in a Predictive Coder,” IEEE Trans. Communications COM-26, No. 1, 161-164, (Jan. 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  38. N.S. Jayant: “Adaptive Quantization with a One-Word Memory,” Bell System Tech. J. 52, 1119–1143 (Sept. 1973)

    Google Scholar 

  39. A.P. Zarembowitch: “Forward Estimation Adaptive DPCM for Image Data Compression, ” M.S. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department (May 1981)

    Google Scholar 

  40. C.C. Cutler: “Delayed Encoding: Stabilizer for Adaptive Coders,” IEEE Trans. Comm. Tech. COM-19, No. 6, 898–907 (Dec. 1971)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. A.N. Netravali, B. Prasada: “Adaptive Quantization of Picture Signals Using Spatial Masking,” Proc. IEEE 65, No. 4, 536–548 (April 1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. S.K. Goyal, J.B. O’Neal: “Entropy Coded DPCM Systems for TV,” IEEE Trans. Comm. COM-23, 660–666 (June 1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. E.G. Kimme, F.F. Kuo: “Synthesis of Optimum Fiters for a Feedback Quantization Scheme,” IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory CT-10, 405–413 (Sept. 1963)

    Google Scholar 

  44. W.F. Schreiber, D.E. Troxel: U.S. Patent 4,268,861 (May 1981)

    Google Scholar 

  45. D.E. Troxel: “Application of Pseudorandom Noise to DPCM,” IEEE Trans. on Communications COM-29, No. 12, 1763–1767 (Dec. 1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. E.R. Kretzmer: “Reduced Alphabet Representation of Television Signals,” IRE National Convention Record 4, Pt. 4, 140–153 (1956)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. W.F. Schreiber, CF. Knapp, N.D. Kay: “Synthetic Highs, An Experimental TV Bandwidth Reduction System,” J. Soc. Motion Picture and Television Engineers 68, 525–537 (Aug. 1959); the IEEE 55, 336-346 (March 1967)

    Google Scholar 

  48. D.E. Troxel et al.: “Image Enhancement/Coding Systems Using Pseudorandom Noise Processing,” Proc. IEEE 67, No.6, 972–973 (June 1979); also “Bandwidth Compression of High Quality Images,” International Conference on Communications, 31.9.1-5, Seattle (June 1980); also “A Two-Channel Picture Coding System: I-Real-Time Implementation,” IEEE Trans, on Comm. COM-29, No. 12, 1841-1848 (Dec. 1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. W.F. Schreiber, R.R. Buckley: “A Two-Channel Picture Coding System: II-Adaptive Companding and Color Coding,” IEEE Trans. on Comm. COM-29, No. 12, 1849–1858 (Dec. 1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. R.B. Sharpe: “Statistical Coding of the Highs Channel of a Two-Channel Facsimile System,” M.S. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Elec. Eng. and Computer Science, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  51. M. Kocher, M. Kunt: “A Contour-Texture Approach to Picture Coding,” Proceedings ICASSP-2, Paris, pp. 436–440 (May 1982)

    Google Scholar 

  52. P.J. Burt, E.H. Adelson: “The Laplacian Pyramid as a Compact Image Code,” IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-31, No. 4, 532–540 (April 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  53. J. Alnatt: Transmitted-picture Assessment (Wiley, New York 1983)

    Google Scholar 

Bibliography

  • Huang, T.S., Tretiak, O.J.: Picture Bandwidth Compression (Gordon and Breach, New York 1972). Proceedings of a conference held at MIT in April 1969. A good collection of papers on the then state of the art Pratt, W.K.: Digital Image Processing (Wiley, New York 1978). Extensive references. The best general book on the subject, in my opinion

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, T.S. et al: “Image Processing,” Proc. IEEE, 59, No. 11, 1586 ff (Nov. 1971), extensive references.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, W.F.: “Picture Coding,” Proc. IEEE 55, No. 3, 320 ff (March 1967) Special Issues

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Special Issue on Redundancy Reduction, Proc. IEEE 55, No. 3 (March 1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Special Issue on Digital Communications, IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-19, No. 6, Part I (Dec. 1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Special Issue on Digital Picture Processing, Proc. IEEE, 60, No. 7 (July 1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Special Issue on Two-Dimensional Signal Processing, IEEE Trans. Computers C-21, No. 7 (July 1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Special Issue on Digital Image Processing, IEEE Computer 7, No. 5 (May 1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Special Issue on Digital Signal Processing, Proc. IEEE 63, No. 4 (April 1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Special Issue on Image Bandwidth Compression, IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-25, (Nov. 1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Special Issue on Digital Encoding of Graphics, Proc. IEEE, 68, No. 7 (July 1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Special Issue on Picture Communication Systems, IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-29, No. 12 (Dec. 1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Special Issue on Visual Communication Systems, Proc. IEEE, 73, No. 4 (April 1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, W.K. (Ed.): Image Transmission Techniques (Academic, New York 1979). This book contains a very perceptive article on transform coding by A.G. Tescher Jayant, N.S. (Ed.): Waveform Quantization and Coding (IEEE, New York)

    Google Scholar 

  • International Conference on Communication, “ICC-79,” 1, 2, Boston, IEEE, N.Y., June 1979. This is a yearly conference, and subsequent issues contain many useful articles on image coding

    Google Scholar 

  • Netravali, A.N., Limb, J.O. TPicture Coding, a Review,” Proc. IEEE 68, No. 3, 366–406 (March 1980). This paper contains an excellent bibliography

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoffel, J.C. (Ed.): Graphical and Binary Image Processing and Applications (Artech House, 1982). A good collection of articles

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou, H.S.: Digital Document Processing (Wiley, New York 1983)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schreiber, W.F. (1986). Compression. In: Fundamentals of Electronic Imaging Systems. Springer Series in Information Sciences, vol 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96961-4_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96961-4_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-96963-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-96961-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics