Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Endpoints for Clinical Studies: Conventional and Innovative Variables

  • Chapter
Principles and Practice of Research

Abstract

Two well-dressed gentlemen who on their way home from a party where they had obviously dined and wined too well. One was on his knees systematically examining the sidewalk beneath a streetlight. His friend volunteered helpfully: “I’m sure I heard your keys drop back here where it’s dark!” The searcher replied: “I know, but what’s the use of looking back there where I can’t see when it’s so much easier here in the light?”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Spitzer WO, Feinstein AR, Sackett DL. What is a health care trial? J Am Med Assoc 1975; 233: 161–163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. White KE. Improved medical care statistics and health services system. Pub Health Reports 1967; 82: 847–854.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Graham C, Bond S, Gerkovich M, Cook M. Use of McGill Pain Questionnaire in assessment of cancer pain replicability and consistency. Pain 1980; 8: 377–387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Melzack R, O’Fiesh JG, Mount BM. The Bromptom Mixture: effects on pain in cancer patients. Can Med Ass J 1976; 115: 125–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. World Health Organization. International classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association. Diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1964: 112–113.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Karnofsky DA, Burchenal JH. Clinical evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. In Macleod CM, editor. Evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents. New York: Columbia University Press, 1949; 191–205.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Visick AH. A study of the failures after gastrectomy. Edinburgh: Ann Royal Coll Surg, 1948; 3: 266–284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fries JF. Toward an understanding of patient outcome measurement. Arthrit Rheum 1983; 26: 697–704.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gough R, Furnival CM, Shilder L, Grove W. Assessment of the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1983; 19: 1161–1165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sugarbaker PH, Barofsky I, Rosenberg SA, Gianola FJ. Quality of life assessment of patients in extremity sarcoma clinical trials. Surgery 1982; 91: 17–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Troidl H, Kusche J. Lebensqualität nach gas-trektomie: ergebnisse einer randomisierten Studie zum vergleich oesophago-jujunostomie nach Schlatter mit dem Hunt-Laurence-Rodino Pouch. In Rohde H, Troidl H. Das magenkar-zinom. Methodik klinischer Studien and therapeutischer ansatze. New York: Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  13. LaMendola WF, Pellegrini RV. Quality of life and coronary artery bypass surgery patients. Soc Sei Med 1979; 13A: 457–461.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Williams NS, Johnston D. The quality of life after rectal excision for low rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1983; 70: 460–462.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lebow JL. Consumer assessment of the quality of medical care. Med Care 1974; 12: 328–337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hulka BS, Zyzanski SJ, Cassel JC, Thompson SJ. Scale for the measurement of attitudes toward physicians and primary medical care. Med. Care 1970; 5: 429–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Mangelsdorff AD. Patient satisfaction questionnaire. Med care 1979; 17: 86–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Taylor PW, Nelson-Wernick E, Currey HS, Woodbury ME, Conley LE. Development and use of a method of assessing patient perception of care. Hosp Health Serv Admin 1981; 26: 89–103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Light HK, Solheim JS, Hunter GW. Satisfaction with medical care during pregnancy and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 122: 827–831.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Pineault R, Contandriopoulos A-P, Valois M, Bastian M-L, Lance J-M. Randomized clinical trial of one-day surgery: patient satisfaction, clinical outcomes, and costs. Med Care 1985; 23: 171–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Feinstein AR. An additional basic science for clinical medicine: IV. The development of cli-nimetrics. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99: 843–848.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW. Clinical research in general medical journals. A 30-year perspective. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 180–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW, Wagner EH. Clinical epidemiology - the essentials. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Feinstein AR. An additional basic science for clinical medicine: II. The limitations of randomized trials. Ann Intern Med 1983a; 99: 544–550.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Feinstein AR. Clinical biostatistics XLI. Hard science, soft data, and the challenges of choosing clinical variables in research. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977; 22: 485–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Feinstein AR. Clinical biostatistics XLV. The purposes and functions of criteria. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24: 479–492.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Feinstein AR. Clinical biostatistics XLVI. What are the criteria for criteria? Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979; 25: 108–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University. Clinical disagreement: II. How to avoid it and how to learn from ones mistakes. Can Med Assoc J 1980; 123: 613–617.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Sackett DL, Haynes RE, Tugwell P. Clinical epidemiology. A basic science for clinical medicine. Toronto: Little Brown and Company, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Riddell RH, Goldman H, Ransohoff DF, Ap-pelman HD, Fenoglio CM, Haggett R, Ahren C, Correa P, Hamilton SR, Morson BC, Sammers SC, Yardky JH. Dysplasia in inflamatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications. Human Path 1983; 14: 931–968.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Smythe HA, Helewa A, Goldsmith CH. Selection and combination of outcome measures. J Rheumatol 1982; 9: 770–774.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Abramson JH. Survey methods in community medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pocock SJ. Current issues in the design and interpretation of clinical trials. Br Med J 1985; 290: 39–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bombardier C, Tugwell P. A methodological framework to develope and select indices for clinical trials: statistical and judgmental approaches. J. Rheumatol 1982; 9: 753–757.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Jette AM. Concepts of health and methodological issues in functional assessment. In Granger CV, Gresham GA, editors. Functional assessment in rehabilitation medicine. Baltimore: Williams and Williams, 1984: 46–64.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Sackett DL, Chambers LW, MacPherson AS, Goldsmith CH, Maculey RG. The development and application of indices of health: general methods and a summary of results. Am J Public Health 1977; 67: 423–428.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ware JE, Brook RH, Davies AR, Lohr KN. Choosing measures of health status for individuals in general populations. Am J Public Health 1981; 71: 620–625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Bios-tatistics, McMaster University. Clinical disagreement: I. How often it occurs and why. Can Med Assoc J 1980; 123: 499–504.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Koran LM. The reliability of clinical methods, data and judgment. N Engl J Med 1975;293: 642–646, 695–701.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Tugwell P. Problems in the handling of clinical and research evidence by medical practitioners. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143: 1971–1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Graham NG, de Dombal FT, Goligher JC. Reliability of physical signs in patients with severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Br Med J 1971; 2: 746–748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hall R, Horrocks JC, Clamp SE, de Dombal FT. Observer variation in results of surgery for peptic ulceration. Br Med J 1976; 1: 814–816.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Makrides L, Richman J, Prince B. Research methodology and applied statistics. Part 3: measurement procedures in research. Physiotherapy Canada 1980; 32: 253–257.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Whitehead TP. Quality control techniques in laboratory services. Br Med Bull 1974; 30: 237–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Melzack R, The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1975; 1: 277–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Deyo RA, Inui TS. Toward clinical applications of health status measures: sensitivity of scales to clinically important changes. Health Serv Res 1984; 19: 275–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Donaldson SW, Wagner CC, Gresham CE. A unified ADL form. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1973; 54: 175–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Spitzer WO, Dobson AJ, Hall J, Chesterman E, Levi J, Shepherd R, Battista RN, Catchlove BR. Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients. A concise QL-Index for use by physicians. J Chron Dis 1981; 34: 585–597.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Stewart AL, Ware JE, Brook RH. Construction and Scoring of Aggregate Functional Status Measures: Vol. I. Rand Health Insurance Experiment Series. R-225 1–1-HHS. Santa Monica: Rand, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 1965; 150: 971–979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Melzack R, Casey KL. Sensory, motivational, and central control determinants of pain: a new conceptual model. In Kenshalo D, editor. The skin senses. Springfield: Springfield, 1968: 423–439.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Melzack R, Torgerson WS. On the language of pain. Anesthesiology 1971; 34: 50–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous stimulation: a comparison of treatment of low back pain. Pain 1980; 209–217.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Melzack R, Taenzer P, Feldman P, Kinch RA. Labour is still painful after prepared childbirth training. Can Med Assoc J 1981; 125: 357–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Melzack R, Vetere P, Finch L. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for low back pain. Phys Ther 1983; 63: 489–493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Prieto EJ, Hopson L, Bradley LA, Bryne M, Geisinger KF, Midax D, Marchisello PJ. The language of low back pain: factor structure of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain 1980; 8: 11–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Taenzer P. Postoperative pain: relationships among measures of pain, mood and narcotic requirements. In Melzack R, editor. Pain measurement and assessment. New York: Raven Press, 1983: 111–118.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Reading AE. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: an appraisal. In Melzack R, ed. Pain measurement and assessment. New York: Raven Press, 1983; 55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Finch L, Melzack R. Objective pain measurement: a case for in creased clinical usage. Physiotherapy Canada 1982; 34: 343–346.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Morrow GR. The assessment of nausea and vomiting. Past problems, current issues and suggestions for future research. Cancer 1984; 84 (suppl): 2267–2280.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Melzack R, Rosberger Z, Hillingsworth ML, Thirlwell M. Measurement of nausea: three valid indices. Can Med Assoc J 1985; 133: 755–759.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Goligher JC, Pulvertaft CN, de Dombal FT, Conyers JH, Duthie HL, Feather DB, Latch-more AJC, Shoesmith JH, Smiddy FG, Willson- Pepper J. Five-to-eight-year results of Leeds/ York controlled trial of elective surgery for duodenal ulcer. Br Med J 1968; 2: 781–787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Emas S, Fernstrom M. Prospective, randomized trial of selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty and selective proximal vagotomy with and without pyloroplasty in the treatment of duodenal, pyloric and prepyloric ulcers. Am J Surg 1985; 149: 236–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Troidl H, Menge K-H, Lorenz W, Vestweber K-H, Barth H, Hamelmann H. Quality of life and stomach replacement. In Herfarth CH, Schlag P, editors. Gastric cancer. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1979: 312–317.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  65. Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffe MW, Cleveland MA. Studies of illness in the aged. The Index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. J Am Med Assoc 1963; 185: 914–919.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Katz S, Downs TD, Cash HR, Grotz RC. Progress in the development of the Index of ADL. The Gerontologist 1970; 10: 20–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Sherwood SJ, Morris J, Mor V, Gutkin C. Compendium of measures for describing and assessing long term care populations. Boston; Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for the Aged. In Kane RA, Kane RL. Assessing the elderly. A practical guide to measurement. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, D.C. Heath & Co. 1981; 45.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md St Med J 1965; 14: 61–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Schoening HA, Iversen IA. Numerical scoring of self care status: a study of the Kenny self care evaluation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1968; 49: 221–229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Harris WH. Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetubular fractures: treatment by mold arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg 1969;51- A:737–755.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Larson CB. Rating scale for hip disabilities. Clin Orthop Rel Research 1963; 31: 85–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Neer CS, Watson KC, Stanton FJ. Recent experience in total shoulder replacement. J Bone and Joint Surg 1982;64-A:319–337.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Kettlekamp DB, Thompson C. Development of a knee scoring scale. Clin Orthop Related Research 1975; 107: 93–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Hejgaard N, Sandberg H, Hide A, Jacobsen K. Prospective stress radiography in 38 old injuries of the ligaments of the knee joint. Acta Ortho Scand 1983; 54: 119–125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Murray DG, Webster DA. The variable axis knee prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1981;63-A:687–694.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Short WH, Hootnick DR, Murray DG. Ipsilateral supracondylar femur fractures following knee arthroplasty. Clin Ortho Related Research 1981; 158: 111–116.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Karnofsky DA, Burchenal JH. The clinical evaluation of chemotherapeutic agenst in cancer. In Evaluation of chemotherapeutic agensts. Macleod CM, editor. N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1949; 191–205.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Yates JW, Chalmer B, McKegney FP. Evaluation of patients with advanced cancer using the Karnofsky Performance Status. Cancer 1980; 45: 2220–2224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hutchinson TA, Boyd NF, Feinstein AR. Scientific problems in clinical scales as demonstrated in the Karnofsky Index of Performance Status. J Chron Dis 1979; 32: 661–666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. World Health Organization: Constitution of the World Health Organization. In Basic Documents. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1948: 2.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Boyle MH, Torrance GW. Developing multiat-tribüte health indexes. Med Care 1984; 22: 1045–1057.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Brook RH, Ware JE, Davies-Avery A, Stewart AL, Donald CA, Rogers WH, Williams KN, Johnston SA. Overview of adult health status measures fielded in Rand’s Health Insurance Study. Med Care 1979; 17 (suppl 7): 1–131.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Gilson BS, Gilson JS, Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Kressel S, Pollard WE, Vesselago M. The sickness impact profile. Development of an outcome measure of health care. Am J Public Health 1975; 65: 1304–1310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Grogono AW, Woodgate DJ. Index for measuring health. Lancet 1971; 2: 1024–1026.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kaplan RM, Atkins CJ, Timms R. Validity of a quality of well-being scale as an outcome measure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Chron Dis 1984; 37: 85–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Patrick DL, Bush JW, Chen MM. Toward an operational definition of health. J Health Soc Behav 1973; 14: 6–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Carter WB, Gilson, BS. The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revision of a health status measure. Med Care 1981; 19: 787–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Carter WB, Bobbitt RH, Bergner M, Gilson BS. Validation of an interval scaling: the Sickness Impact Profile. Health Serv Res 1976; 11: 516–528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Gilson BS, Erickson D, Chavez CT, Bobbitt RA, Bergner M, Carter WB. A Chicano version of the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). Cult Med Psychiatry 1980; 4: 137–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Deyo RA, Diehl AK. Measuring physical and psychosocial function in patients with low-back pain. Spine 1983a; 8: 635–642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Deyo RA, Inui TS, Leininger J, Overman S. Physical and psychosocial function in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Intern Med 1982; 142: 879–882.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Deyo RA, Inui TS, Leininger JD, Overman SS. Measuring functional outcomes in chronic disease: a comparison of traditional scales and a self-administered health status questionnaire in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Med Care 1983; 21: 180–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Pollard WE, Martin DP, Gilson BS. The Sickness Impact Profile: validation of a health status measrue. Med Care 1976; 14: 57–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Pollard WE, Bobbitt RA, Bergner M, Martin DP, Gilson BS. The Sickness Impact Profile: reliability of a health status measure. Med Care 1976; 14: 146–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Schipper H. Why measure quality of life? Can Med Assoc J 1983; 128: 1367–1370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Newton M. Quality of life for the gynecologic oncology patient. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 124: 866–869.

    Google Scholar 

  97. McLeod RS, Fazio UW. Quality of life with continent ileostomy. World J Surg 1984; 8: 90–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Bennett RC. Long term follow up of surgical adrenalectomy for breast cancer. Aust NZ J Surg, 1983; 53: 415–519.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Meyers S. Assessing quality of life. Mt. Sinai J Med 1983; 50: 190–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Drettner B, Ahlbom A. Quality of life and state of health for patients with cancer of the head and neck. Acta Otolaryngol 1983; 96: 307–314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Trudel L, Fabia J, Bouchard J-P. Quality of life of 50 carotid endarterectomy survivors: a long term follow-up study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984; 65: 310–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Scharschmidt BF. Human liver transplantation: analyses of data on 540 patients from four centres. Hepathology 1984; 4 (suppl I): 958–1019.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Westaby S, Sapsford RN, Bentall HH. Return to work and quality of life after surgery for coronary artery disease. Br Med J 1979; 2: 1028–1031.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Schipper H, Levitt M. Measuring quality of life: risks and benefits. Cancer Treatment Reports 1985; 69: 1115–1125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Priestman TJ, Baum M. Evaluation of quality of life in patients receiving treatment for advanced breast cancer. Lancet 1976; 2: 899–901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Coates A, Dillenbeck CF, McNeil DR, Kaye SB, Sims K, Fox RM, Woods RL, Milton GW, Solomon J, Tattersall MHN. On the receiving end— II. Linear Analogue Self Assessment (LASA) in evaluation of aspects of the quality of life of cancer patients receiving therapy. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1983; 19: 1633–1637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Selby PJ, Chapman J-A-W, Etazadi-Amoli J, Dalley D, Boyd NF. The development of a method for assessing the quality of life of cancer patients. Br J Cancer 1984; 50: 13–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Morris JN, Suissa S, Sherwood SW, Wright SM, Greer D. Last Days: a study of the quality of life of terminally ill cancer patients. J Chron Dis 1986; 39: 47–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Schipper H, Clinch J, McMurray A, Levitt M. Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients: the functional living index—cancer: development and validation. J Clin Oncol 1984; 2: 472–483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. S. Wood-Dauphinee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. Troidl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, University of Cologne Surgical Clinic Merheim, D-5000, Cologne 91, Federal Republic of Germany

    Hans Troidl

  2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, H3A 1A2, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Walter O. Spitzer

  3. Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard University Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Bucknam McPeek

  4. Department of Surgery, McGill University Montreal General Hospital, H3G 1A4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    David S. Mulder

  5. Division of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Albany Medical College of Union University, 12208, Albany, New York, USA

    Martin F. McKneally

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wood-Dauphinee, S., Troidl, H. (1986). Endpoints for Clinical Studies: Conventional and Innovative Variables. In: Troidl, H., Spitzer, W.O., McPeek, B., Mulder, D.S., McKneally, M.F. (eds) Principles and Practice of Research. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96942-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96942-3_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-96944-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-96942-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation