Abstract
L-Isoleucine (13.1 g, 100 mmol) is suspended (and partially dissolved) in distilled water (50 ml) and completely dissolved by the addition of N NaOH (100 ml). p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (26.7 g, 140 mmol) is added to the vigorously stirred solution followed by N NaOH in small portions to maintain the alkalinity of the mixture at about pH 9. Some heat is evolved during the reaction and external cooling with cold water or ice-water is necessary to keep the temperature of the reaction mixture at about 20 °C. After no more alkali is used up [3] stirring is continued at room temperature one hour longer. Any unreacted acid chloride is removed by filtration and the solution acidified with 5 N HCl (about 20 ml) to Congo. The mixture is stored in the cold overnight; the crystals are collected on a filter, washed with water, dried in air and finally in vacuo over P2O5. The product, 25 g (88%) melts at 135–136 °C; [α] 21D -12° (c 2, 0.5 N KHCO3) [4, 5].
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References
Fischer, E., Livschitz, W.: Ber. dtsch. Chem. Ges. 48, 360 (1915)
Katsoyannis, P. G., du Vigneaud, V.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 3113 (1954)
For the m.p. of several other tosylamino acids cf. McChesney, E. W., Swan, W. K., Jr.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 59, 1116 (1937)
Nefkens, H. G. L., Tesser, G. I., Nivard, R. J. F.: Recueil 79, 688 (1960). The preparation of several additional phthalylamino acids is described. Phthalyl-L-tryptophan could not be obtained by this method.
Phthalyl amino acids obtained by the fusion of phthalic anhydride with amino acids (Billman, J. H., Harting, W. F.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70, 1473 (1948)) are not suitable for peptide synthesis because their chiral purity is lost in the process. Several alternative methods have been proposed for phthalylation of amino acids but none of these can compete in simplicity with the procedure of Nefkens et al. (ref. 1).
The reagent is commercially available. If necessary, it can be prepared from phthalimide (147 g, 1 mol) which is dissolved in dimethylformamide (½ liter) by the addition of triethylamine (101 g = 140 ml, 1 mol). The solution is cooled in an ice-water bath while slowly ethyl chlorocarbonate (113.5 g = 100 ml, 1.05 mol) is added with stirring. About an hour is required for the addition of the chlorocarbonate. Stirring is continued for about another hour while the mixture is allowed to warm up to room temperature. The solution is poured into water (3 liters) with vigorous stirring. The product is collected on a filter, thoroughly washed with water, dried in air and finally in vacuo over phosphorus pentoxide. The crude reagent (190 g, 86%) is purified by recrystallization from hot ethanol to reach the m.p. 80 °C. Two recrystallizations might be necessary (In the literature an m.p. of 87–89 °C is also reported: Heller, G., Jacobsohn, P.: Ber. dtsch. Chem. Ges. 54, 1107(1921).)
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Benzyl chlorocarbonate is commercially available, often under the name benzyl chloroformate or carbobenzoxy chloride. It can deteriorate on storage, probably due to disproportionation to dibenzyl carbonate and phosgene. It is advisable, therefore, to bubble nitrogen through the sample to be used, in a hood, for several hours. The benzyl chlorocarbonate content of the material can be determined in a small scale experiment, e.g. by the acylation of excess glycine. For the introduction of the benzyloxycarbonyl group into unusual amino acids or into valuable peptides, freshly prepared benzyl chlorocarbonate may be preferable to commercial materials. For its preparation cf. Farthing, A. C., J. Chem. Soc. 1950, 3213 or Organic Syntheses Vol. 23, p. 13. Benzyl chlorocarbonate can be distilled but only at moderate temperature in high vacuum.
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Originally (Bergmann, M., Zervas, L.: Ber. dtsch. Chem. Ges. 65, 1192 (1932)) a m.p. of 175° was reported.
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Sieber, P., Iselin, B.: Helv. Chim. Acta 51, 622 (1968)
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Fischer, E.: Ber. dtsch. Chem. Ges. 34, 433 (1901);
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Zervas, L., Winitz, M., Greenstein, J. P.: J. Org. Chem. 22, 1515 (1955)
Wang, S. S., Gisin, B. F., Winter, D. P., Makofske, R., Kulesha, I. D., Tzougraki, C., Meienhofer, J.: J. Org. Chem. 42, 1286 (1977). The same procedure can also be applied for the preparation of methyl, trityl, a-methylphenacyl and hydroxy-phthalimide esters.
Sachs, H., Brand, E.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 75, 4610 (1953)
Merrifield, R. B.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 85, 2149 (1963)
Bodanszky, M., Fagan, D. T.: Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 10, 375 (1977)
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Beyerman, H. C., in’t Veld, R. A.: Recueil 88, 1019 (1969)
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Stewart, F. H. C.: Austr. J. Chem. 21, 1639 (1968)
The resin swells in toluene (Khan, S. A., Sivanandaiah, K. M.: Chem. Commun. 1976, 614). In more polar solvents racemization might take place.
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Mazur, R. H., Schlatter, J. M.: J. Org. Chem. 28, 1025 (1963). The paper describes the preparation of 4-nitrobenzyl esters of several more amino acids.
4-Nitrobenzyl esters were prepared also via the benzyloxycarbonylamino acids (Schwarz, H., Arakawa, K.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 81, 5691 (1959))
Weygand, F., Hunger, K.: Chem. Ber. 95, 1 (1962);
cf. also McKay, F. C., Albertson, N. F.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 79, 4686 (1957)
Stewart, F. H. C: Austral. J. Chem. 21, 2543 (1968)
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When the same compound was obtained by condensing benzyloxycarbonyl-glycine and 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol with the aid of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (ref. 1) a melting point of 60 °C was observed. Esterification with the help of dimethylformamide dineopentyl acetal (Brechbühler, H., Büchi, H., Hatz, E., Schreiber, J., Eschenmoser, A.: Helv. Chim. Acta 48, 1746 (1965) gave a product melting at 61.5–62.2 °C.
Aboderin, A. A., Delpierre, G. R., Fruton, J. S.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87, 5469 (1965)
Benzhydryl esters were also prepared through the reaction of diphenylchloro-methane with silver or triethylammonium salts of N-acylamino acids (Stelakatos, G. C., Paganou, A., Zervas, L.: J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1966, 1191). Direct esterification with diphenylmethanol has also been described (Hiskey, R. G., Adams, J. B., Jr.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87, 3969 (1965)). Benzhydryl esters are cleaved by alkaline hydrolysis, by HCl in nitromethane or in ethyl acetate, HBr in nitromethane and also by hydrogenolysis.
Smith, L. I., Howard, K. L.: Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. Ill, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1955, p. 351
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Phenacyl esters are cleaved by sodium thiophenoxide (Sheehan, J. C., Daves, G. D., Jr.: J. Org. Chem. 29, 2006 (1964)) and also by hydrogenolysis (cf. ref. 1).
Sieber, P.: Helv. Chim. Acta 60, 2711 (1977)
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Gerlach, H.: Helv. Chim. Acta 60, 3039 (1977). The alcohol is commercially available.
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Wünsch, E., Fries, G., Zwick, A.: Chem. Ber. 91, 542 (1958)
Schallenberg, E. E., Calvin, M.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 77, 2779 (1955);
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Roeske, R., Stewart, F. H. C., Stedman, R. J., du Vigneaud, V.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 78, 5883 (1956);
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Decomposition of copper complexes is possible also without the use of H2S. To a suspension of the copper complex (10 mmol) in water (50 ml) thioacetamide (1.12 g, 15 mmol) is added, then 2 N NaOH to bring the pH of the suspension to 8. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for one day. The pH is lowered to 1.6 by the addition of 2 N HCl and the cupric sulfide removed by filtration. The filtrate is neutralized to precipitate the product. (Tavlor, U. F., Dyckes, D. F., Cox, J. R., Jr.: Internat. J. Peptide Protein Res. 19, 158 (1982)).
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Ramachandran, J., Li, C. H.: J. Org. Chem. 27, 4006 (1962)
Boissonnas, R. A., Guttmann, S., Huguenin, R. L., Jaquenoud, P. A., Sandrin, E.: Helv. Chim. Acta 41, 1867 (1958);
Zervas, L., Winitz, M., Greenstein, J. P.: J. Org. Chem. 26, 3348 (1962);
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Haas, W. L., Krumkalns, E. V., Gerzon, K.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 88, 1988 (1966). The preparation of the chlorocarbonate is described on page 243 of this volume.
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Fujii, T., Sakakibara, S.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 47, 3146 (1974)
Akabori, S., Okawa, K., Sakiyama, F.: Nature 181, 772 (1958);
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This intermediate is suitable for the preparation of N-blocked derivatives. It can be dissolved in aqueous NaHCO3 and treated e.g., with tert.butyl azidocarbonate. The Nim-tosyl group is resistant to moderately strong acids and requires HF for its removal. On the other hand the tosyl group is cleaved from the imidazole nucleus by nucleophiles. Thus it can migrate to free α-amino groups and is displaced by 1-hydroxybenzotriazole with the formation of 1-tosyloxybenzotriazole [2]. The related Nim-p-methoxysulfonyl group (Kitagawa, K., Kitade, K., Kiso, Y., Akita, T., Funakoshi, S., Fujii, N., Yajima, H.: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1979, 955) is cleaved by trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of dimethyl sulfide at room temperature in about an hour.
An important development in the masking of the imadazole nucleus in histidine is the benzyloxymethyl group selectively blocking the π-nitrogen atom of the ring (Jones, J. H., Ramage, W. I., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1978, 472; Fletcher, A. R., Jones, J. H., Ramage, W. I., Stachulski, A. V., J. Chem. Soc. Per-kin I 1979, 2261; Brown, T., Jones, J. H., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1981, 648; Brown, T., Jones, J. H., Richards, J. D., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin I 1982, 1553).
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Zervas, L., Hamalidis, C: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87, 99 (1965)
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Schwyzer, R., Kappeier, H.: Helv. Chim. Acta 44, 1991 (1961)
Aspartic acid β-tert.butylester (m.p. 189–190 °C, [α] 23D + 8.5° (c 1, 90% AcOH)) is prepared in an analogous manner (Schwyzer, R., Dietrich, H.: Helv. Chim. Acta 44, 2003 (1961))
König, W., Geiger, R.: Chem. Ber. 103, 2041 (1970)
The 4,4′-dimethoxybenzhydryl group is cleaved by trifluoroacetic acid, preferably in the presence of anisole [1]. Heating solutions of benzyloxycarbonyl-N-4,4′-dimethoxybenzhydryl-L-glutaminyl peptides in a 9:1 mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and anisole to reflux for one and a half hour results in the formation of pyroglutamyl peptides (cf. König, W., Geiger, R.: Chem. Ber. 105, 2872 (1972))
Wood, J. L., du Vigneaud, V.: J. Biol. Chem. 130, 109 (1939)
Guttmann, S.: Helv. Chim. Acta 49, 83 (1966)
Marbach, P., Rudinger, J.: Helv. Chim. Acta 57, 403 (1974)
Acetamide (10 g) is hydroxymethylated by adding it to a solution of K2CO3 (1 g) in formaldehyde (12.3 g of a 41% solution). The mixture is heated on a steam bath for about 3 minutes and then allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The solution is saturated with CO2 and evaporated in vacuo, the residue is treated with anhydrous Na2SO4 and extracted with acetone. The acetone extracts are further dried with Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The product, a colorless, oil, solidifies on standing to a crystalline mass (m.p. 50–52 °C) which is quite hygroscopic. (Einhorn, A.: J. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 343, 265 (1905)).
Veber, D. F., Milkowski, J. D., Varga, S. L., Denkewalter, R. G., Hirschmann, R. (J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94, 5456 (1972)) report a m.p. of 159–163 °C and [α]D -30.7°(c 1, H2O).
Hiskey, R. G., Adams, J. B., Jr.: J. Org. Chem. 30, 1340 (1965)
Slightly lower m.p. and specific rotation were recorded in a process in which triphenylchloromethane (trityl chloride) was used for the alkylation of the sulf-hydryl group. (Zervas, L., Photaki, L: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 84, 3887 (1962)).
Iselin, B.: Helv. Chim Acta 44, 61 (1961). The original process in which oxidation with hydrogen peroxide was carried out in acetic acid, was modified by the present authors.
Bodanszky, M., Bednarek, M. A.: Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 20, 408 (1982)
Scoffone, E., Rocchi, R., Vidali, G., Scatturin, V., Marchiori, I.: Gazz. Chim. Ital. 943 (1964); C. A. 61 13409b
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Bodanszky, M., Bodanszky, A. (1984). Protecting Groups. In: The Practice of Peptide Synthesis. Reactivity and Structure Concepts in Organic Chemistry, vol 21. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96835-8_2
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