Abstract
This chapter provides an overview, illustrated by a great number of examples, of the syntactic (linguistic) pattern recognition. Languages are used to describe patterns, and syntax analysis procedures are employed as recognition procedures. Methods for the selection of pattern primitives are presented. Both one-dimensional (string) and high-dimensional grammars are discussed and their applications to one-dimensional and high-dimensional patterns demonstrated. Problems for further research are suggested.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
K.S. Fu: Sequential Methods in Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Academic Press, New York 1968)
G.S. Sebestyen: Decision Processes in Pattern Recognition (Macmillan, New York 1962)
N. J. Nilsson: Learning Machines-Foundations of Trainable Pattern-Classifying System (McGraw-Hill, New York 1965)
J.M. Mendel, K.S. Fu: Adaptive, Learning and Pattern Recognition Systems: Theory and Applications (Academic Press, New York 1970)
W. Meisel: Computer-Oriented Approaches to Pattern Recognition (Academic Press, New York 1972)
K. Fukunaga: Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition (Academic Press, New York 1972)
E.A. Patrick: Fundamentals of Pattern Recognition (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1972)
H.C. Andrews: Introduction to Mathematical Techniques in Pattern Recognition (Wiley, New York 1972)
R.O. Duda, P.E. Hart: Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis (Wiley, New York 1973)
C. H. Chen: Statistical Pattern Recognition (Hayden Book Company, Washington, D.C. 1973)
T.Y. Young, T.W. Calvert: Classification, Estimation, and Pattern Recognition (American Elsevier, New York 1973)
K.S. Fu: Syntactic Methods in Pattern Recognition (Academic Press, New York 1974)
W.F. Miller, A.C. Shaw: Proc. AFIPS Fall Joint Computer Conf. (1968)
R. Narasimhan: Report 121 (Digital Computer Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 1962)
Special Issues of Pattern Recognition on Syntactic Pattern Recognition, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1971 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 1972
N. V. Zavalishin, I.B. Muchnik: Automatika i Telemekhanika 1969, 86
Ya. Z. Tsypkin: Foundations of the Theory of Learning System (Nauka, Moscow 1970)
M.A. Aiserman, E. M. Braverman, L.I. Rozonoer: Potential Function Method in Theory of Learning Machines (Nauka, Moscow 1970)
K.S. Fu: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Plenum Press, New York 1971)
A.G. Arkadev, E.M. Braverman: Learning in Pattern Classification Machines (Nauka, Moscow 1971)
R. Narasimhan: On the description, generation, and recognition of classes of pictures. In Automatic Interpretation and Classification of Images; ed. by A. Grasselli (Academic Press, New York 1969)
W. Stallings: Computer Graphics and Image Processing 1, 47 (1972)
T. Sakai, M. Nagao, H. Terai: Inform. Processing 10, 10 (1970)
S. K. Chang: IEEE Trans. Systems, Man and Cybernetics SMC-3, 257 (1973)
R.H. Anderson: Syntax-Directed Recognition of Hand-Printed Two-Dimensional Mathemathics, Ph.D. Thesis. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. (Jan. 1968)
S. K. Chang: Inform. Sciences 2, 253 (1970)
A. C. Shaw: Rept. SLAC-84, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, California (March 1968)
B. K. Bhargava, K. S. Fu: “Application of Tree System Approach to Classification of Bubble Chamber Photographs”; Techn. Rept. TR-EE 72–30, School of Electr. Eng., Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana (Nov. 1972)
R.S. Ledley, L.S. Rotolo, T.J. Golab, J.D. Jacobson, M.D. Ginsburg, J.B. Wilson: In Optical and Electro-Optical Information Processing, ed. by J.T. Tippett, D. Beckowitz, L. Clapp, C. Koester and A. Vanderburgh Jr. (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1965) p.591
B. Moayer, K. S. Fu: “A Syntactic Approach to Fingerprint Pattern Recognition”; Proc. First International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, Oct. 30-Nov. 1, 1973, Washington, D.C. A more complete version of the paper was published in: Pattern Recognition 7, No. 1 (1975)
B. Moayer, K.S. Fu: “Syntactic Pattern Recognition of Fingerprints”; Tech. Report TREE 74–36, School of Elec. Engr., Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana (Dec. 1974)
W. J. Hankley, J.T. Tou: Automatic Fingerprint Interpretation and Classification via Contextual Analysis and Topological Coding
R. DeMori: IEEE Trans. Audio and Electroacoustics AU-21, 89 (1973)
A. Kurematsu, M. Takeda, S. Inoue: A Method of Pattern Recognition Using Rewriting Rules, 2nd Intern. Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, London (September 1971) pp.248–257
R.H. Anderson: “Syntax-Directed Recognition of Hand-Printed Two-Dimensional Mathematics”, in Interactive Systems for Experimental Applied Mathematics, ed. by M. Klerer and J. Reinfelds (Academic Press, New York 1968)
T. Vamos, Z. Vassy: “Industrial Pattern Recognition Experiment—A Syntax Aided Approach”; Proc. First Intern. Joint Conf. on Pattern Recognition, Washington, D.C. (October 30-November 1, 1973)
A.W. Laffan, R.C. Scott: “A New Tool for Automatic Pattern Recognition: A Context-Free Grammar for Plane Projective Geometry”; Proc. 2nd Intern. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Lyngby-Copenhagen, Denmark (August 13–15, 1974)
R.L. Grimsdale, F.H. Summer, C.J. Tunis, T. Kilburn: Proc. IEE 106 B, 210 (1959); reprinted in Pattern Recognition (Wiley, New York 1966) pp.317–338
M. Eden, M. Halle: Proc 4th London Symp. Information Theory (Butterworth, London 1961) pp.287–299
L.D. Earnest: In Information Processing, ed. by C. M. Poplewell (North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam 1963) pp.462–466
P. Mermelstein, M. Eden: Inform. and Control 7, 255 (1964)
M. Eden, P. Mermelstein: Proc. 16th Annual Conf Engineering in Medicine and Biology (1963) pp.12–13
H. Freeman: IEEE Trans. Elec. Comp. EC-10, 260 (1961)
H. Freeman: Proc. National Electr. Conf. 18, 312 (1962)
P. J. Knoke, R. G. Wiley: Proc. IEEE Comp. Conf. 1967, p.142
J. Feder: Inform. and Control 13, 230 (1968)
H. Freeman, S. P. Morse: J. Franklin Inst. 284, 1 (1967)
J. Feder, H. Freeman: IEEE Intern. Conv. Record, Part 3, 1966, pp.69–85
C. T. Zahn: SLAC Rpt. 72 (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, Calif. 1966)
H. Freeman, J. Garder: IEEE Trans. Elec. Comp. EC-13, 118 (1964)
R. Narasimhan: Comm. ACM 9, 166 (1966)
R. J. Spinrad: Inform. and Control 8, 124 (1965)
J.F. O’Callaghan: “Problems in On-Line Character Recognition” in Picture Language Machines, ed. by S. Kaneff (Academic Press, New York 1970)
M. Nir: “Recognition of General Line Patterns with Application to Bubble-Chamber Photographs and Handprinted Characters”, Ph. D. Thesis, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Penn (Dec. 1967)
R. Narsimhan: Inform. and Control 7, 151 (1964)
J. W. Butler, M. K. Butler, A. Stroud: “Automatic Classification of Chromosomes”; Proc. Conf. Data Acquisition and Processing in Biology and Medicine, New York 1963)
H.C. Lee, K.S. Fu: “A Syntactic Pattern Recognition System with Learning Capability”, Proc. COINS-72 (Dec. 1972)
A. Grasselli: “On the Automatic Classification of Fingerprints”; in Methodologies of Pattern Recognition, ed. by S. Watanabe (Academic Press, New York 1969)
G. Levi, F. Sirovich: Inform. Sci. 4, 327 (1972)
M. Nagao: “Picture Recognition and Data Structure”; in Graphic Languages, ed. by F. Nake and A. Rosenfeld (North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, London 1972)
M.D. Kelley: “Visual Identification of People by Computer”; Ph.D. Thesis Dept. of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (June 1970)
L.G. Roberts: In Optical and Electro-Optical Information Processing, ed. by J.T. Tippett, D. Beckowitz, L. Clapp, C. Koester and A. Vanderburgh Jr. (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1965) p.159
R.O. Duda, P.E. Hart: “Experiments in Scene Analysis”; Proc. First National Symposium on Industrial Robots, Chicago (April 1970)
J.A. Feldman et al.: “The Stanford Hand-Eye Project”; Proc. First Intern. Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D.C. (May 1969)
T. Pavlidis: Pattern Recognition 1, 165 (1968)
A. Rosenfeld, J.P. Strong: “A Grammar for Maps”, in Software Engineering, Vol. 2, ed. by J.T. Tou (Academic Press, New York 1971)
T. Pavlidis: Pattern Recognition 4, 5 (1972)
T. Pavlidis: Structural pattern recognition: Primitives and juxtaposition, in Frontiers of Pattern Recognition, ed. by S. Watanabe (Academic Press, New York 1972)
M. L. Minsky, S. Papert: Project MAC Progress, Rpt. IV (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1967)
A. Guzman: Proc. AFIPS FJCC 33, Pt. 1, 291 (1968)
C. R. Brice, C. L. Fennema: Artificial Intelligence 1, 205 (1970)
K.S. Fu, T.L. Booth: IEEE Trans. SMC-5, (Jan. and July 1975)
J. Feder: Inform. Sci. 3 (1971)
M.C. Clowes: Transformational grammars and the organization of pictures, in Automatic Interpretation and Classification of Images, ed. by A. Grasselli (Academic Press, New York 1969)
Laveen Kanal, B. Chandrasekaran: On linguistic, statistical and mixed models for pattern recognition, in Frontiers of Pattern Recognition, ed. by S. Watanabe (Academic Press, New York 1972)
R. Narsimhan: Picture languages, in Picture Language Machines, ed. by S. Kaneff (Academic Press, New York 1970)
W.E. Underwood, L.N. Kanal: “Structural Description, Transformational Rules and Pattern Analysis”; Proc. First Intern. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Washington, D.C. (October 30-November 1, 1973)
T. G. Evans: “A Formalism for the Description of Complex Objects and Its Implementation”, Proc. Fifth Intern. Congress on Cybernetics, Namur, Belgium (Sept. 1967)
M.L. Minsky: Proc. IRE 49, 8 (1961)
M. B. Clowes: Pictorial relationships — A syntactic approach, in Machine Intelligence IV, ed. by B. Meltzer and D. Michie (American Elsevier, New York 1969)
T.G. Evans: Descriptive pattern analysis techniques, in Automatic Interpretation and Classification of Images, ed. by A. Grasselli (Academic Press, New York 1969)
H. G. Barrow, J. R. Popplestone: In Machine Intelligence 6, ed. by B. Meltzer and D. Michie (Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1971) pp.377–396
R.A. Kirsch: IEEE Trans. Elec. Comp. EC-13, 363 (1964)
M. F. Dacey: Pattern Recognition 2, 11 (1970)
D.M. Milgram, A. Rosenfeld: IFIP Congress 71 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, August 1971, Booklet TA-2) pp.166–173
A. C. Shaw: Inform. and Control 14, 9 (1969)
A. C. Shaw: J. ACM 17, 453 (1970)
J. L. Pfaltz, A. Rosenfeld: Proc. First Intern. Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D.C. (May 1969) pp.609–619
A.C. Shaw: Picture graphs, grammars, and parsing; in Frontiers of Pattern Recognition, ed. by S. Watanabe (Academic Press, New York 1972)
J.L. Pfaltz: “Web Grammars and Picture Description”; Technical Report 70–138, Computer Science Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (1970)
J.M. Brayer, K.S. Fu: “Web Grammars and Their Application to Pattern Recognition”; Technical Report 75-1, School of Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Ind. 47907 (1975)
T. Pavlidis: J. ACM 19, 11 (1972)
A. Rosenfeld: “Picture Automata and Grammars: An Annotated Bibliography”, Proc. Symp. Computer Image Processing and Recognition, Vol. 2, Columbia, Mo. (Aug. 24–26, 1972)
T. Pavlidis: Graph theoretic analysis of pictures, in Graphic Languages, ed. by F. Nake and A. Rosenfeld (North-Holland, Amsterdam) 1972
W. S. Brainerd: Information and Control 14, 217 (1969)
J.E. Donar: J. Computer System Sci. 4 (1970)
K.S. Fu, B.K. Bhargava: IEEE Trans. C-22, 1087 (1973)
B.K. Bhargava, K.S. Fu: “Transformation and Inference of Tree Grammars for Syntactic Pattern Recognition”, Proc. IEEE Intern. Conf. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Dallas, Texas (Oct. 2–4, 1974)
J.M. Foster: Automatic Syntactic Analysis (American Elsevier, New York 1970)
A.V. Aho, J.D. Ullman: The Theory of Parsing, Translation, and Compiling, Vol. 1, Parsing (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1972)
F.W. Blackwell: “Combining Mathematical and Structural Pattern Recognition”; Proc. Second Intern. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Copenhagen, Denmark (Aug. 13–15, 1974)
V. Grenander: “Syntax-Controlled Probabilities”; Tech. Rept., Division of Applied Math., Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (1967)
K. S. Fu: Syntactic pattern recognition and stochastic languages, in Frontiers of Pattern Recognition, ed. by S. Watanabe (Academic Press, New York 1972)
V. A. Kovalevsky: “Sequential Optimization in Pattern Recognition and Pattern Description”; Proc. IFIP Congress, Amsterdam, Holland (1968)
K. S. Fu: “Stochastic Languages for Picture Analysis”; U.S. -Japan Seminar on Picture and Scene Analysis, Kyoto, Japan (July 23–27, 1973)
L.W. Fung, K.S. Fu: “Stochastic Syntactic Classification of Noisy Patterns”; Proc. Second Intern. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Copenhagen, Denmark (Aug. 13–15, 1974)
V. Dimitrov: “Multilayered Stochastic Languages for Pattern Recognition”; Proc. First Intern. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Washington, D.C. (October 30-November 1, 1973)
H.C. Lee, K.S. Fu: IEEE Trans. C-21, 660 (1972)
T. Huang, K. S. Fu: Computer Graphics and Image Processing 1, 257 (1972)
A.V. Aho, T.G. Peterson: SIAM J. Comp. 1, 305 (1972)
L.W. Fung, K.S. Fu: IEEE Trans. C-24, 662 (1975)
M. G. Thomason, R. C. Gonzalez: “Classification of Imperfect Syntactic Pattern Structures”; Proc. Second Intern. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Copenhagen, Denmark (Aug. 13–15, 1974)
R. Bajcsy, L. I. Lieberman: “Computer Description of Real Outdoor Scenes”; Proc. Second Intern. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Copenhagen, Denmark (Aug. 13–15, 1974)
K. Hanakata: “Feature Selection for Compact Pattern Description”; Proc. First Intern. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Washington, D.C. (October 30-November 1, 1973)
S.L. Horowitz, T. Pavlidis: “Picture Segmentation by a Directed Split-and-Merge Procedure”; Proc. Second Intern. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Copenhagen, Denmark (Aug. 13–15, 1974)
T. Pavlidis: Structural pattern recognition: Primitives and juxtaposition relations, in Frontiers of Pattern Recognition, ed. by S. Watanabe (Academic Press, New York 1972)
S. Kaneff (ed.): Picture Language Machines (Academic Press, New York 1970)
A. Rosenfeld: Isotonic grammars, parallel grammars, and picture grammars, in Machine Intelligence VI, (Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1971)
K. Tanaka, J. Toyoda, N. Abe: “Some Studies on Web Grammars”; Proc. First Intern. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Washington, D.C. (October 30-November 1, 1973)
F. Nake, A. Rosenfeld (eds.): Graphic Languages (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1973)
Y.E. Cho: “The Generating Properties of Context-Free Picture Grammars”; Proc. Second Intern. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Copenhagen, Denmark (Aug. 13–15, 1974)
R.S. Ledley: Programming and Utilizing Digital Computers (McGraw-Hill, New York 1972)
J. Albus: “Electrocardiogram Interpretation Using a Stochastic Finite-State Model”; Proc. Conf. Computer Graphics, Pattern Recognition and Data Structure, Los Angeles, California (May 14–16, 1975)
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fu, K.S. (1976). Syntactic (Linguistic) Pattern Recognition. In: Fu, K.S. (eds) Digital Pattern Recognition. Communication and Cybernetics, vol 10. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96303-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96303-2_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-96305-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-96303-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive