Abstract
Ever since the classical studies of Walter B. Cannon, the catecholamines have been identified with the generalized adaptive states which are characterized as emotions. His vision, which recognized the important metabolic, endocrine and vegetative changes required in anticipation of our response to serious environmental threats attributed important roles for these amines as neurotransmitters or humoral agents in mediating these adjustments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Euler, U.S. von: Noradrenaline. Springfield: Charles C Thomas 1956.
Goodall, McC., Kirshner, N.: Biosynthesis of epinephrine and norepinephrine by sympathetic nerves and ganglia. Circulation 17, 366–371 (1958).
Stjärne, L., Lishajko, F.: Localization of different steps in noradrenaline synthesis to different fractions of a bovine splenic nerve homogenate. Biochem. Pharmacol. 16, 1719–1728 (1967).
Geffen, L.B., Rush, R.A.: Transport of noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves and the effect of nerve impulses on its contribution to transmitter stores. J. Neurochem. 15, 925–932 (1968).
Axelrod, J.: Metabolism of epinephrine and other sympathominetric amines. Physiol. Rev. 39, 751–776 (1959).
Iversen, L.L. (ed.): The Uptake and Storage of Noradrenaline in Sympathetic Nerves. London: Cambridge University Press 1967.
Alousi, A., Weiner, N.: The regulation of norepinephrine synthesis in sympathetic nerves: Effect of nerve stimulation, cocaine, and catecholamine-releasing agents. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 56, 1491–1496 (1966).
Roth, R.H., Stjärne, L., Euler, U.S. von: Acceleration of noradrenaline biosynthesis by nerve stimulation. Live Sci. 5, 1071–1076 (1966).
Sedvall, G.C., Weise, V.K., Kopin, I.J.: The rate of norepinephrine synthesis measured in vivo during short intervals; influence of adrenergic nerve impulse activity. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 159, 274–282 (1968).
Nagatsu, T., Levitt, M., Udenfriend, S.: Tyrosine hydroxylase: The initial step in norepinephrine biosynthesis. J. biol. Chem. 239, 2910–2917 (1964).
Levitt, M. Spector, S., Sjoerdsma, A., Udenfriend, S.: Elucidation of the rate-limiting step in norepinephrine biosynthesis in the perfused guinea-pig heart. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 148, 1–8 (1965).
Udenfriend, S., Zaltzman-Nirenberg, P., Nagatsu, T.: Inhibitors of purified beef adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 14, 837–845 (1965).
Weiner, N., Rabadjija, M.: The regulation of norepinephrine synthesis, effect of puro-mycin on the accelerated synthesis of norepinephrine associated with nerve stimulation. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 164, 103–114 (1968a).
Bondareff, W., Gordon, B.: Submicroscopic localization of norepinephrine in sympathetic nerves of rat pineal. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 153, 42–47 (1966).
Hokfelt, T.: In vitro studies on central and peripheral monoamine neurons at the ultra-structural level. Z. Zellforsch. 91, 1–74 (1968).
Eränkö, O.: The histochemical demonstration of noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla of rats and mice. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 4, 11 (1955).
Hillarp, N.A., Fuxe, K., Dahlström, A.: Demonstration and mapping of the central neurons containing dopamine, noradrenaline, and 5-hydroxytryptamine and their reactions to psychopharmaca. Pharmacol. Rev. 18, 727–741 (1961).
Fuxe, K.: Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. IV. The distribution of monoamine nerve terminals in the central nervous system. Acta physiol. scand. 64, Suppl. 247, 39–85 (1965).
Dahlström, A., Fuxe, K.: Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. II. Experimentally induced changes in the intraneuronal smine levels of bulbospinal neuron systems. Acta physiol. scand. 64, Suppl. 247, 1–36 (1965).
Barchas, J.D., Freedman, D.: Response to physiological stress. Biochem. Pharmacol. 12, 1232–1235 (1963).
Maynert, E.W., Levi, R.: Stress induced release of brain norepinephrine and its inhibition by drugs. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 143, 90–95 (1964).
Reis, D.J., Gunne, L.: Brain catecholamines: relation to the defense reaction evoked by amygdaloid stimulation in cat. Science 149, 450–451 (1965).
Fuxe, K.: Brain norepinephrine: evidence that neuronal release is essential for sham rage Behavior following brainstem transection in cat. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 64, 108–112 (1969).
Weil-Malherbe, H., Whitby, L.G., Axelrod, J.: The blood-brain barrier for catecholamines in different regions of the brain. In: Regional Neurochemistry. Eds.: S.S. Kety and J. Elkes. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1961, pp. 284–292.
Glowinski, J., Axelrod, J.: Effects of drugs on the disposition of H3-norepinephrine in the rat brain. Pharmacol. Rev. 18, 775–785 (1966).
Schanberg, S.M., Schildkraut, J.J., Kopin, I.J.: The effects of psychoactive drugs on norepinephrine-H3 metabolism in brain. Biochem. Pharmacol. 16, 393–399 (1967).
Descarries, L., Droz, B.: Intraneuronal distribution of exogenous norepinephrine in the central nervous system of the rat. J. Cell. Biol. 44 (in press).
Thierry, A.-M., Javoy, F., Glowinski, J., Kety, S.S.: Effects of stress on the metabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the central nervous system of the rat. I. Modifications of norepinephrine turnover. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 163, 163–171 (1968).
Costa, E., Neff, N.H.: Isotopic and nonisotopic measurements of catecholamine biosynthesis. In: Biochemistry and Pharmacology of the Basal Ganglia. Eds.: E. Costa, L. Cote, and M.D. Yahr. New York: Raven Press 1966.
Kety, S.S., Javoy, F., Thierry, A.-M., Julou, L., Glowinski, J.: A sustained effect of electroconvulsive shock on the turnover of norepinephrine in the central nervous system of the rat. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 58, 1249–1254 (1967).
Musacchio, J.M., Julou, L., Kety, S.S., Glowinski, J.: Increase in rat brain tyrosine hydroxylase activity produced by electroconvulsive shock. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 63, 1117–1119 (1969).
Kety, S.S.: The central physiological and pharmacological effects of the biogenic amines and their correlations with behavior. In: The Neurosciences, a Study Program. Eds.: G.C. Quarton, T. Melnechuk and F.O. Schmitt. New York: Rockefeller University Press 1967, pp. 441–451.
Stein, L.: Self-stimulation of the brain and the central stimulant action of amphetamine. Fed. Proc. 23, 836–850 (1964).
Olds, J., Milner, P.: Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of the rat brain. J. comp. physiol. Psychol. 47, 419–427 (1954).
Crow, T.J.: Mode of enhancement of self stimulation in rats by methamphetamina. Nature 224, 709–710 (1969).
Rech, R.H., Borys, H.K., Moore, K.E.: Alterations in Behavior and brain catechol-amine levels in rats treated with α-methyltyrosine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 153, 412–419 (1966).
Sheard, M.H., Appel, J.B., Freedman, D.X.: The effect of central nervous system lesions on brain monoamines and Behavior. J. psychiat. Res. 5, 237–242 (1967).
Tenen, S.S.: The effects of p-chlorophenylalanine, a serotonin depletor, on avoidance acquisition, pain sensitivity and related Behavior in the rat. Psychopharmacologia 10, 204–219 (1967).
Baldessarini, R.J., Kopin, I.J.: The effect of drugs on the release of norepinephrine-H3 from central nervous system tissues by electrical stimulation in vitro. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 156, 31–38 (1967).
Katz, R.I., Chase, T.N., Kopin, I.J.: Evoked release of norepinephrine and serotonin from brain slices: inhibition by lithium. Science 162, 466–467 (1968).
Stein, L., Wise, G.D.: Release of hypothalamic norepinephrine by rewarding electrical stimulation or amphetamine in the unanesthetized rat. Fed. Proc. 26, 651 (1967).
— Chemistry of reward and punishment. In: Psychopharmacology — A Review of Progress. Ed.: Dolt Efron. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gout. Printing Office, PHS Publ. No. 836, pp. 105-124.
Chase, T.N., Kopin, I.J.: Stimulus-induced release of substances from olfactory bulb using the push-pull cannula. Nature 217, 466–467 (1968).
Carr, L.A., Moore, K.E.: Norepinephrine: release from brain by d-amphetamine in vivo. Science 164, 322–323 (1969).
Mandell, A.J., Spooner, C.E.: Psychochemical research studies in man. Science 162, 1442–1453 (1968).
Salmoiraghi, G.C., Bloom, F.E.: Pharmacology of individual neurons. Science 144, 493–499 (1964).
Karczmar, A.G.: Is the central cholinergic system overexploited? In: Symposium on Central Cholinergic Transmission and its Behavioral Aspects. Ed.: A.G. Karczmar. Fed. Proc. 28, 141–157 (1969).
Wise, C.D., Stein, L.: Facilitation of brain self-stimulation by central administration of norepinephrine. Science 163, 299–301 (1969).
Slangen, J.L., Miller, N.E.: Pharmacological tests for the function of hypothalamic norepinephrine in eating Behavior. Physiol. and Behav. 4, 543–552 (1969).
Segal, D.S., Mandell, A.J.: Behavioral activation of rats during intraventricular infusion of norepinephrine. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) (1970).
Seiden, L.S., Peterson, D.D.: Reversal of the reserpine-induced suppression of the conditional avoidance response by 1-DOPA. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 159, 422–428 (1968).
Creveling, C.R., Daly, J., Tokuyama, T., Witkop, B.: The combined use of — methyl-tyrosine and threo-dihydroxyphenyl-serine — selective reduction of dopamine levels in the central nervous system. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17, 65–70 (1968).
Jouvet, M.: Biogenic amines and the states of sleep. Science 163, 32–41 (1969).
Young, J.Z.: Some essentials of neural memory systems. Paired centres that regulate and address the signals of the results of action. Nature 198, 626–630 (1963).
Roberts, E.: Models for correlative thinking about brain, Behavior, and biochemistry. Brain Res. 2, 109–144 (1966).
Scheibel, M.E., Scheibel, A.B.: Structural organization of non-specific thalamic nuclei and their projection toward cortex. Brain Res. 6, 60–94 (1967).
Fuxe, K., Hamberger, B., Hökfelt, T.: Distribution of noradrenaline nerve terminals in cortical areas of the rat. Brain Res. 8, 125–131 (1968).
Anden, N.-E., Fuxe, K., Ungerstedt, U.: Monoamine pathways to the cerebellar and cerebral cortex. Experientia (Basel) 23, 838–839 (1967).
Blackstad, T., Fuxe, K., Hökfelt, T.: Noradrenaline nerve terminals in the hippo-campal region of the rat and the guinea pig. Z. Zeilforsch. 76, 463–473 (1967).
Siggins, G.R., Hoffer, B.J., Bloom, F.E.: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate: possible mediator for norepinephrine effects of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Science 165, 1018–1020 (1969).
Marr, D.: A theory of cerebellar cortex. J. Physiol. 202, 437–470 (1969).
Collier, B., Mitchell, J.F.: The central release of acetylcholine during consciousness and after brain lesions. J. Physiol. 188, 83–98 (1967).
Ramwell, P.W., Shaw, J.E.: Spontaneous and evoked release of prostaglandins from cerebral cortex of anesthetized cats. Amer. J. Physiol. 211, 125–134 (1966).
Levine, S.: Hormones and conditioning. In: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Ed.: W. Arnold. University of Nebraska Press 1969.
Azmitia, E.C., Jr., McEwen, B.S.: Corticosterone regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase in midbrain of the rat. Science 166, 1274–1276 (1969).
Glassman, E.: The biochemistry of learning: an evaluation of the rate of RNA and protein. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 38, 605–646 (1969).
Berry, R.W.: Ribonucleic acid metabolism of a single neuron: correlation with electrical activity. Science 166, 1021–1023 (1969).
Altman, J., Das, G.D.: Behavioral manipulations and protein metabolism of the brain: effects of motor exercise on the utilization of leucine-H3. Physiol. and Behav. 1, 105–108 (1966).
Roberts, R.B., Flexner, L.B.: The biochemical basis of long-term memory. Quart. Rev. Biophys. 2, 135–173 (1969).
Bignami, G., Robustelli, F., Jank, I., Bovet, D.: Psychopharmacologie. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 260, 4273–4278 (1965).
Oliverio, A.: Neurohumoral systems and learning. In: Psychopharmacology; a Review of Progress, 1957-1967. USPHS Pub. No. 1836, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1968, pp. 867-878.
Barondes, S.H., Cohen, H.D.: Arousal and the conversion of “short-term” to “long-term” memory. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 61, 923–929 (1968).
Miyamoto, E., Kuo, J.F., Greengard, P.: Adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase from brain. Science 165, 63–65 (1969).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1972 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kety, S.S. (1972). Norepinephrine in the Central Nervous System and its Correlations with Behavior. In: Karczmar, A.G., Eccles, J.C. (eds) Brain and Human Behavior. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95201-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95201-2_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-95203-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-95201-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive