Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Die radiologische Erfassung des Mineralgehaltes des Knochens

  • Chapter
Skeletanatomie (Röntgendiagnostik) Teil 1 / Anatomy of the Skeletal System (Roentgen Diagnosis) Part 1

Part of the book series: Handbuch der Medizinischen Radiologie / Encyclopedia of Medical Radiology ((1516,volume 4 / 1))

Zusammenfassung

Das Skelet dient dem Organismus nicht nur als Stützapparat, sondern auch als wichtige Mineralreserve. Die Erkennung von Veränderungen des Mineralgehaltes in einem Knochen war bisher nur durch die Röntgenuntersuchung oder die histologische Analyse einer Gewebeprobe leicht zugänglicher Skeletbezirke möglich. Zwar erlaubt die histologische Untersuchung eines Knochenpunktates, die Struktur des gewonnenen Gewebes zu beurteilen, doch ist hierzu stets ein Eingriff erforderlich, der für Kontrolluntersuchungen nach Behandlung einer Knochenerkrankung nicht beliebig oft wiederholt werden kann.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • Adachi, T., and T. Okuyama: A study of the quantitative analysis on the mineral contents of the bone by X-rays. Bull. Tokyo med. dent. Univ. 13, 349–367 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, P. H., G. T. Davies, J. Kilpatrick, and P. Sweetman: Barnett-Nordin-index: Observer error study. Symposium Ossium, London 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Albright, F., and E. C. Keifenstein: The parathyroid glands and metabolic bone diseases. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. B., J. Shimmins, and D. A. Smith: A new technique for the measurement of metacarpal density. Brit. J. Radiol. 39, 443–450 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, W. D. A.: Renal lesion in hyperparathyroidism. Endocrinology 24, 272–378 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardran, G. M.: Bone destruction non demonstrable by radiography. Brit. J. Radiol. 24, 107–109 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, J. S.: External and trabecular morphologic changes in lumbar vertebrae in aging. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and M. H. Bartley: Rates of involution of vertebrae and femur in aging. In: Progress in development of methods in bone densitometry. Conference in Washington D.C. 1965, p. 149. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, P. J., J. A. Weatherell, and S. M. Weidmann: Changes in density of the human femoral cortex with age. J. Bone Jt Surg. B 44, 496–502 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baastrup, C. I.: The acute bone atrophy and its roentgen picture. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 364 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Babaiantz, L.: Les ostèoporoses. Radiol. clin. (Basel) 16, 291–322 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babcock, S. W., and J. Montilla: Quantitation of bone mineral measurement in the domestic hen. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry. Washington D.C. 1965, p. 95–102. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, P. T., J. L. Angel, M. A. Little, and R. B. Mazess: Studies on bone density: Age, sex, race, altitude and nutritional factors. Department of Sociology and Anthroprology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. Privately printed 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and H. Schraer: The estimation of dry skeletal weight by photometry of roentgenograms. Hum. Biol. 30, 171–184 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, S. L., E. C. Butterworth, and F. A. Langley: The calcium- and nitrogen-content of human bone tissue. Cleaned by Microdissection. Biochem. J. 40, 391–396 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balz, G.: Beurteilung des Mineralgehaltes im Knochen ohne photometrische Messung. Symposium Ossium, London 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, u. R. Birkner: Die Bestimmung des Aluminiumschwächungsgleichwertes von Knochengewebe am Lebenden. Strahlentherapie 99, 221–227 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — — u. J. M. Schmitt-Rohde: Über die calcipenischen Osteopathien und ihre Diagnostik mit Hilfe eines besonderen Röntgenverfahrens. Ärztl. Wschr. 12, 209–213 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — — u. J. M. Schmitt-Rohde: Über die calcipenischen Osteopathien und ihre Diagnostik mit Hilfe eines besonderen Röntgenverfahrens. Ärztl. Wschr. 12, 233–237 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — — u. F. Wachsmann: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Absorption von Röntgenstrahlen in verschiedenen Geweben. Strahlen-therapie 97, 382–388 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkla, C. G., and G. H. Martyn: The photographie effects of X-rays and X-ray-spectra. Phil. Mag. 25, 296–300 (1913).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, E., and B. E. C. Nordin: The radiological diagnosis of osteoporosis: A new approach. Clin. Radiol. 11, 166–174 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — — Radiological assessment of bone density. Brit. J. Radiol. 34, 683–692 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelheimer, H.: Formen und Entstehungsbedingungen der Entkalkungsosteopathien. Ärztl. Wschr. 6, 606–614 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Mineralhaushalt und Knochen, Klinik. Fort-schr. Röntgenstr. 86, Beih. 39, 59–66 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baud, Ch.-A.: Radiographies et microradiographies osseuses quantitatives. Rev. suisse Méd. 46, 329–331 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu, M., H. Brasseur, M. J. DAllemagne et J. Melon: Critique des méthodes de mineralisation de l’os. Arch. int. Physiol. 57, 411–418 (1949/50).

    Google Scholar 

  • Béhar, M., Ch. Rohmann, D. Wilson, F. Viteri, and St. M. Garn: Osseous development in children with kwashiorkor. Fed. Proc. 24, 338 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, J., et M. Laval-Jeantet: L’épaisseur relative de la corticale du tibia, application à l’évaluation des ostéoporoses et des ostéoscleroses. Presse méd. 68, 889–892 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bismuth, V.: La densimétrie de l’os par les rayons x. Presse méd. 67, 1933–1936 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Björk, L.: Radiographic determination of the bone mineral content in osteoporosis. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 3, 218–224 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and R. Lemperg: Radiographic determination of the bone mineral content in amputation stumps. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 6, 575–578 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Björn, H., C.-O. Henrikson u. K.-A. Omnell: Registrering av Röntgentäthen hod det periapikala Benet. Svensk tandlak.-T. 2, 115–118 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Breitling, G., u. K.-H. Vogel: Dosisverteilung bei der Bestrahlung inhomogener Medien mit schnellen Elektronen. Strahlentherapie 122, 321–340 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. N.: Bone density computing machine. Proc. Electronics Conf. 5, 64 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and W. B. Birtley: A densitometer which records directly in units of emulsion exposure. Rev. Sci. Instr. 22, 67–72 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunsen, R., and H. E. Roscoe: Photo-chemical researches. V. On the direct measurement of the chemical action of sunlight. Phil. Trans. B 153, 139–160 (1863).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bugyi, B.: Über Altersabhängigkeit des kortikalen Index des 2. Metakarpalknochens. Anat. Anz. 116, 378–383 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bywaters, E. G. L.: The measurement of bone opacity. Clin. Sci. 6, 281–287 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, R. A., and D. H. Collins: Assessment of vertebral osteoporosis by radiographic and chemical methods post-mortem. J. Bone Jt Surg. B 43, 346–361 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, J., and J. A. Sorenson: Measurement of bone mineral by the direct photon absorption method: Principles and instrumentation. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, J. R., R. Grant, and R. MacGregor: An improved technic for the measurement of bone mineral content in vivo. Radiology 78, 117 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, R. B. Mazess, and J. A. Sorenson: Precision and accuracy of bone mineral determination by direct photon absorptiometry. Invest. Radiol. 3, 141–150 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and J. A. Sorenson: Bone mineral measurement by improved photon absorption technique. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry, Washington D.C. 1965, p. 87–92. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaumont, P., M. Laval-Jeantet, J. Lefebvre et N. Balmain: A propos des causes d’erreur en densitometrie osseuse. Symposium Ossium, London 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cignolini, P.: Nuova tecnica per la radiodensimetria dello scheletro. Radiol. pract. 10, 3–8 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, S.: Zit. nach Virtama 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. J., and A. J. Gilson: Precision methods using soft penetration radiation for bone densitometry. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry, Washington D.C. 1965, p. 103–112. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colbert, Ch.: Bone mineral measurement from X-ray images. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, A. M.: Osteoporosis. Lancet 1955 I, 877, 929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coryn, G.: Introduction. A l’étude des affections endocriniennes du squelette. Presse méd. 1937, 90, 93, 103, 611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. E., N. M. Strandjord, and L. H. Lanzl: Estrogens and the aging process. J. Amer. med. Ass. 196, 219–224 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deák, P., R. Tarjan u. E. Sándi: Über die röntgenphotometrische Registrierung von Veränderungen der Knochenstruktur. Magy. Radiol. 5, 97–101 (1953).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deitrick, J. E., G. D. Whedon, and E. Shorr: The effects of immobilization upon various metabolic and physiologic functions of normal man. Amer. J. Med. 4, 3–36 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis: Zit. nach Mack, zit. nach Vose. 1897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Does, J. J. de, E. Gorter u. W. A. Seeder: Een objektieve methode om in vivo het kalk-gehalte van het beenstelsel te bepalen in het bijzonder bij rachitis. Ned. T. Geneesk. 77, 25–31 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, F. H.: Ulnar mineral concentration in metabolic bone diseases. Brit. J. Radiol. 34, 698–712 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — The measurement of the mineral content of living bones. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 58, 165–166 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Quantitative bone changes in hyperparathyroidism. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 184, 61–64 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Radiological findings in hyperparathyroidism. Some quantitative observations. In: Progress in radiology. XI. Int. Congr. Radiol. 1965, vol. I, p. 492–497 Amsterdam, Excerpta Med., Int. Congr. Ser. No 105, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Some quantitative radiological observations in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Brit. J. Radiol. 39, 161–167 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Radiological assessment of endocrine effects on bone. Radiol. Clin. N. Amer. 5, 289–302 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Age-related bone changes in women. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurement, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubouloz, P., J. Legré, R. Merjanian et G. Serratrice: Étude radiologique et valeur statistique des corps vertébraux lombaires à tendance cunéiforme. J. Radiol. Électrol. 42, 629–641 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, H. G.: Bringt die Kontrastverstärkung von Röntgenfilmen praktischen Nutzen? Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 87, 530–536 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edholm, P., and B. Jacobson: Quantitative determination of iodine in vivo. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 52, 337–346 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endtz, A. W.: Een Methode om in vivo het kalkgehalte van het Beenstelsel te Bepalen. Leiden, Holland: N. V. Boek — en Steen-drukkerij Eduard Ijdo 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engström, A.: Quantitative micro- and histological elementary analysis by roentgen absorption spectrography. Acta radiol. (Stockh.), Suppl. 63, (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, L. Wegstedt, and S. Welin: A simple portable densitometer. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 30, 440–442 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and S. Welin: A method for the quantitative roentgenological determination of the amount of calcium salts in bone tissue. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 31, 483–502 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, F. G., C. C. Coolbaugh, and M. Lebow: An apparatus for determining bone density by means of S90. Science 114, 182–185 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evens, R. G., Ch. Y. C. Pak, F. C. Bartter, and W. Ashburn: Clinical application of in vivo measurement of bone mineral content by a photon absorption method. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezop, J. J., and T. G. Stinchcomb: Design and applications of β-excited X-ray sources. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry. Washington D.C. 1965, p. 127 – 136. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanucci, A., e A. Loasses: Le alterazoini fonda-mentali dello scheletro nella moderna radiologia clinica. Nunt. radiol. (Roma) 24, 753 – 800 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • — — Método per l’obiettivazione radiological dell’osteoporosi. Nunt. radiol. (Firenze) 28, 439–449 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, E., u. D. Hausser: Die Kompaktadicke der Rippe und des Schlüsselbeines bei Erwachsenen und der Einfluß deminerali-sierender Erkrankungen (1969, im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Forni, I.: Presentazione di un fotometro a cellula fotoelettrica per diafanometria radiografica. Atti 35. Congr. S.I.O.T. 1951, p. 278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourman, P.: Calcium metabolism and bone. Oxford: Blackwell 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, J. F.: Absorbed dose near bone: A conductivity method of measurement. Brit. J. Radiol. 30, 361–366 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser R., The problem of osteoporosis. Critical review. J. Bone Jt Surg. B 44, 485–495 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frercks, J.: Vergleichende chemisch-analytische Untersuchungen des spongiösen und kompakten Knochens aus fünf verschiedenen Skelet-bezirken. Diss. Kiel 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frercks, J., u. F. Heuck: (In Vorbereitung.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, K. W.: Untersuchungen über das Verhalten von Röntgenfilmen in mehreren handelsüblichen Röntgenentwicklern. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 87, 378–383 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freyburg, G.: Die radiologische Bestimmung der Knochendichte bei Frakturen und Distorsionen des Unterarmgebietes zwecks frühzeitiger Erfassung von Knochenatrophien. Diss. Freie Universität Berlin 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frommhold, W.: Verstärkerfolie und Bildgüte. Untersuchungen an deutschen Folienfabrikaten. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 84, 719–740 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, u. G. Schoknecht: Untersuchungen über die Absorption und Feinstruktur von Knochen mittels monochromatischer Röntgenstrahlung. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 93, 358–366 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fusi, G.: Tentativi di fotometria delia densita radiografica scheletrica. Radiol. med. (Torino) 38, 261–272 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Saggio sperimentale sulle prime manifestazioni radiologiche di osteoporosi. Radiol. clin. (Basel) 22, 123–129 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel, S.: Chemische Untersuchungen über die Mineralstoffe der Knochen und Zähne. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 18, 257–303 (1894).

    Google Scholar 

  • Garn, St. M.: An annotated bibliography on bone densitometry. Amer. J. clin. Nutr. 10, 59–67 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Dynamics of change at the enosteal surface of tubular bones. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1958 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Ch. Rohmann, and P. Nolan Jr.: Studies on the development of compact bone in normal individuals and in endocrine and nutritional abnormalities. Department of Growth and Genetics, Fels Research Institute, Yellow Springs, Ohio. Privately printed 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, M. Béhar, Ch. Rohmann, F. Viteri, and D. Wilson: Catch-up bone development during treatment of kwashiorkor. Fed. Proc. 24, 1424 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, E. Feutz, C. Colbert, and B. Wagner: Comparison of cortical thickness and radiographic microdensitometry in the measurement of bone loss. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry. Washington D.C. 1965, p. 65–75. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, E. N. Pao, and M. E. Rihl: Compact bone in Chinese and Japanese. Science 143, 1439 – 1440 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and Ch. Rohmann: Interaction of nutrition and genetics in the timing of growth and development. Pediat. Clin. N. Amer. 13, 353–379 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • — —, M. Béhar, F. Viteri, and M. A. Guzman: Compact bone deficiency in protein-calorie malnutrition. Science 145, 1444–1445 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garn, St. M., Ch. Rohmann, and M. A. Guzman: Malnutrition and skeletal development in the pre-school child. Pre-school child malnutrition. National Academy of Sciences Washington D.C. 1968, p. 43–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • — —, and P. Nolan: The development nature of bone changes during aging. In: Relations of development and aging (ed. James E. Birken), p. 41–61. Springfield (Ill.): Ch. C. Thomas 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • — —, E. M. Pao, and E. I. Hull: Normal “osteoporotic” bone loss. In: Progress in development of methods in bone densitometry. Conference in Washington D. C. 1965, p. 187. NASA, Sci. Tech. Inf. Div. Washington D. C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • — —, and B. Wagner: Bone loss as a general phenomenon in man. Fed. Proc. 26, 1729 – 1736 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — — —, and W. Ascoli: Continuing bone growth throughout life: A general phenomenon. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop. 26, 313–317 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gershon-Cohen, J., N. H. Cherry, and M. Boehnke: Bone density studies with a gamma gage. Radiat. Res. 8, 509–515 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and J. F. McClendon: Roentgenographic studies of osteoporosis. I. Replacement of common salt by a balanced salt diet of rats. Radiology 61, 261–265 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, A. M. Rechtman, H. Schraer, and N. Blumberg: Asymptomatic fractures in osteoporotic spines of the aged. J. Amer. med. Ass. 153, 625–627 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, H. Schraer, and N. Blumberg: Bone density measurements of osteoporosis in the aged. Radiology 65, 416–419 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glocker, R., u. E. Macherauch: Röntgen- und Kernphysik für Mediziner und Biophysiker. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goll, K. H., u. W. Döpke: Über den Kalziumgehalt des Knochens. Z. ges. inn. Med. 16, 1019–1023 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, L. S., and B. Levin: In vivo measurement of the mineral content of a section of the radius. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, D. M.: Generalized decreased bone density. Amer. J. med. Sci. 223, 569–580 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guzman, M. A., Ch. Rohmann, M. Flores, St. M. Garn, and N. S. Shrimshaw: Osseous growth of Guatemalan children fed a protein-calorie supplement. Fed. Proc. 24, 338 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Györgyi, G., u. L. Bozóky: Der lineare Schwächungskoeffizient als ein Maßstab des Mineralgehaltes der Knochen. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 94, 667–672 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, H. G.: Die Abklärung von Knochenkrankheiten. Internist (Berl.) 7, 558–564 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haasner, E., E. Krokowski u. K. Rach: Normalwerte des Hydroxylapatitgehaltes im Skelet in Abhängigkeit von Lokalisation, Lebensalter und Geschlecht. Klin. Wschr. 45, 575–578 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M. C.: The trabecular pattern of the neck of the femur with particular reference to changes in osteoporosis. Canad. med. Ass. J. 85, 1141–1144 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and M. Rosser: The structure of the upper end of the humerus with reference to osteoporotic changes in senescence leading to fractures. Canad. med. Ass. J. 88, 290–294 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, H. G.: Zur Anwendung anabol wirksamer Steroide bei Kindern. Mschr. Kinderheilk. 110, 236–240 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Zur Wirkung anaboler Steroide auf das Skelet-system mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Mineralisation. Kolloquium „Wirkung und Anwendung anaboler Steroide“, Schering AG Berlin 1963. Berlin: Medicus-Verlag 1964, S. 277–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, u. R. v. Patay: Persönliche Mitteilung 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hausser, D.: Die Kompaktadicke der Rippe und des Schlüsselbeines als Index für den Mineralgehalt des Skelets (röntgenologische Untersuchungen am Lebenden). Diss. Tübingen 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helelä, T., and P. Virtama: Cortical thickness of long bones as an estimate of mineral content. Symposium Ossium, London 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • — — Bone density of the ulna. Invest. Radiol. 3, 103–107 (1968).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henny, G. C.: An instrument for measuring the density of roentgen films. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 31, 550–554 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Roentgenographic estimation of the mineral content of bone. Radiology 54, 202–210 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heuck, F.: Der röntgenologische Nachweis generalisierter Osteopathien. Internist (Berl.) 3, 252–267 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Röntgenologische, historadiographische und chemisch — analytische Untersuchungen der Konzentration und Verteilung der Kalksalze im gesunden und kranken Knochen. Radiol. Austr. 14, 29–56 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Beurteilung des Kalksalzgehaltes der Knochen bei Osteopathien, Schering-Koll. Berlin 1963. Berlin: Medicus-Verlag 1964, S. 113 – 119.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Ergebnisse chemisch-analytischer und historadiographischer Untersuchungen der Knochenkalksalze bei Osteopathien. Verh. Dtsch. Path. 47. Tgg 1963. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer 1963, S. 182–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Die Messung des Kalksalzgehaltes im Knochen bei Osteopathien. Med. Klin. 60, 954 – 959 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Radiologische Aspekte der Osteoporose. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 92, 2272–2277 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Der Knochen bei gastrointestinalen Erkrankungen. In: Bartelheimer u. Heisig, Aktuelle Gastroenterologie, S. 174–190. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Quantitative measurement of bone mineral content with densitometric methods. 2. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurement Febr. 1968 in Bethesda, Maryland USA (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuck, F.: Results of quantitative measurements of bone mineral in general osteopathies. Symposium Ossium London 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, u. Ch. Lauritzen: Veränderungen von Mineralgehalt und Struktur des Femur nach gynäkologischer Strahlentherapie. Strahlen-therapie 66, 87–92 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, u. E. Schmidt: Eöntgenologische und chemisch-analytische Untersuchungen des pathologisch veränderten Knochens. Fortschr. Rönt-genstr. 81, Verhandl.-Bd. 37, 27(1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • — — Zur Osteoporose bei Diabetes mellitus. Verh. dtsch. Ges. inn. Med. 62, 464–467 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • — — Mikroradiographische und chemische Untersuchungen des Knochens bei chronischen Lebererkrankungen. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 90, Verhandl.-Bd. 41, 87 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • — — Neue Erkenntnisse über die Zusammensetzung der Knochensalze und ihre direkte Bestimmung in der Volumeneinheit Knochengewebe. IX. Int. Congr. Radiol. 1959 München, Vortrag 306.

    Google Scholar 

  • — — Die quantitative Bestimmung des Mineralgehaltes der Knochen aus dem Röntgenbild. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 93, 523–554 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — — Die praktische Anwendung einer Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Kalksalzgehaltes gesunder und kranker Knochen. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 93, 761–783 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiness, R.: Untersuchungen zur Mineralgehalts-bestimmung von Knochen. Diss. Tübingen 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hioco, D.: Physiopathologie und Therapie der Osteoporose. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 91, 1079 – 1083 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, H. C., W. F. Bale, S. L. Warren, and G. van Huysen: Factors influencing the quantitative measurement of the roentgenray absorption of tooth slabs. IV. Absorption coefficient factors. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 34, 817–838 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, G. van Huysen, and S. L. Warren: Factors influencing the quantitative measurement of the roentgenray absorption of tooth slabs. I. Radiation factors. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 34, 523–528 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • — — — Factors influencing the quantitative measurement of the roentgenray absorption of tooth slabs. II. Filter factors. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 34, 529–538 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • — — — Factors influencing the quantitative measurement of the roentgenray absorption of tooth slabs. X. Tissue factors. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 40, 269–282 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and S. L. Warren: Factors influencing the quantitative measurement of the roentgenray absorption of tooth slabs. V. Theory of the step tablet. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 36, 391–407 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, R. B. Wilsey, G. van Huysen, and S. L. Warren: Factors influencing the quantitative measurement of the roentgenray absorption of tooth slabs. VII. Densitometric factors. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 37, 385–403 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodkinson, H. M., A. N. Exton-Smith, and M. F. Crowley: Diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis. Postgrad. med. J. 39, 433–437 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holscher, W.: Die radiologische Bestimmung der Knochendichte zwecks Kontrolle therapeutischer Maßnahmen bei internistischen Erkrankungen des Knochensystems. Diss. Freie Universität Berlin 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, G.: Alters- und physiologische Schwankungen des Mineralgehaltes im Knochen. Berl. Med. 13, 366–367 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Deutung der Kalziumverteilung im Skelet aus Statik und Abstammung. Z. ärztl. Fortbild. 56 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, u. G. Fabian: Der Mineralgehalt des Skelets beim Menschen und bei der Katze, eine vergleichende röntgenologische Betrachtung. Forsch. Praxis, Fortbild. (Berl.) 17, 351–353 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopsu, V. K., P. Kajanoja, A. Telkkä, and P. Virtama: The density of some small bones of human extremities with special reference to the reliability of volume measurement methods. Anat. Anz. 109, 247–254 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurter, F., and V.C. Driffield: J. Soc. chem. Ind. 9, 455 (1890).

    Google Scholar 

  • Imig, H.: Vereinfachung der quantitativen Absorptionsmessung zur Calciumbestimmung im menschlichen Skeletsystem. Diss. Freie Universität Berlin 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingalls, N. W.: Observations on bone weights. Amer. J. Anat. 48, 45–98 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, H.: Problems in the measurement of bone density. Brit. J. Radiol. 24, 613–616 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, B.: An image transforming scanning photometer for displaying small density gradients. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 48, 376–384 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — X-ray spectrophotometry in vivo. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 91, 202–210 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and B. Lindberg: X-ray spectrophotometer for simultaneous analysis of several elements. Rev. Sci. Instr. 35, 1316–1319 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaeger, R. G.: Dosimetrie und Strahlenschutz, physikalische und technische Daten. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johns, H. E.: The physics of radiation therapy. Canada 1953 (zit. nach Krokowski).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, C. C.: Measurement of bone mass in the radius. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jows EY, J.: Mineral density in normal and osteoporotic bone. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyet, G., C. Trümpy-Eggenberger u. W. Mauderli: Das Brown-Boveri-Betatron 1953, S. 36. Zit. nach Krokowski 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Julkunen, H.: Rheumatoid spondylitis. Acta rheum. scand., Suppl. 4, (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurist, J. M.: Ulnar vibrating properties. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kállai, L., u. E. Tarjan: Zusammenhang der Knochenfestigkeit mit dem in vivo gemessenen röntgendensitometrischen Äquivalent. Kisérl. Orvostud. 15, 25–28 (1963).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • — — The in vivo determination of bone apatite and bone density by X-ray densitometry. Acta vet. Acad. Sci. hung. 13, 311–322 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Keane, B. E., G. Spiegler, and R. Davis: Quantitative evaluation of bone mineral by a radiographic method. Brit. J. Eadiol. 32, 162–167 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kellgren, J. H., and F. Bier: Radiological signs of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. rheum. Dis. 15, 55–60 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kesson, C. M., N. Morris, and N. McCutcheon: Generalized osteoporosis in old age. Ann. rheum. Dis. 6, 146–161 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieffer, J., and R. M. Seideman: Photographic measurement of radiation quality and quantity. Science 104, 596–600 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kivilaakso, E., and E. Palolampi: On the density of the ulna and on the relationship between density and cortical thickness. Acta anat. (Basel) 60, 325–331 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klapper, E. A., and P. B. Mack: Regression curves for representative urinary calcium and bone mass values. In: Progress in development of methods in bone densitometry. Conf. in Washington D.C. 1965, p. 179. NASA, Sci. Tech. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klement, R.: Die Zusammensetzung der Knochenstützsubstanz. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 184, 131–142 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Die anorganische Skeletsubstanz. Ihre Zusammensetzung, natürliche und künstliche Bildung. Naturwissenschaften 26, 145–152 (1938).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knese, K.-H.: Knochenstruktur als Verbundbau. In: Zwanglose Abhandlungen auf dem Gebiet der normalen und pathologischen Anatomie, H. 4. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Eine Erörterung neuerer Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung der Spongiosaarchitektur. Homo, Suppl. 2, 172–178 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Die Ultrastruktur des Knochengewebes. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 84, 1640–1644 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Neuere Untersuchungen über die Knochenbildung und ihre Beeinflussungsmöglichkeiten. Dtsch. zahnärztl. Z. 14, 925–932 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, I. Ritschl u. D. Voges: Quantitative Untersuchungen der Osteonverteilung im Extremitätenskelet eines 43jährigen Mannes. Z. Zellforsch. 40, 519–570 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knutsson, F.: A qualitative comparison between the standard type of examination and tomography for certain intraosseous structural changes. Brit. J. Radiol. 26, 113–121 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krokowski, E.: Die Absorption von Röntgenstrahlen im Knochen. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 91, 76–84 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krokowski, E.: Die typische Radiusfraktur. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 92, 1120–1122 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Die Substanzanalyse in der Röntgendiagnostik. Röntgenhinweise 9, 16–19 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Zur quantitativen Beurteilung von osteoporotischen und traumatischen Wirbelfrakturen. Z. ärztl. Fortbild. 52, 413–415 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Quantitative Verlaufsbeobachtung der Kalziumveränderung im Knochen mittels röntgenologischer Substanzanalyse. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 100, 359–366 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Osteoporoseschmerz und Röntgenbefund. Dtsch. med. J. 16, 393–395 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Quantitative röntgenologische Bestimmung des Skelet-Calciumgehaltes. Verh. dtsch. Ges. inn. Med. 71, 607–613 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Röntgenologische Analysetechnik zur Bestimmung des Calciumgehaltes im Knochen. Medizinalmarkt 9, 424–429 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Die quantitative Bewertung der Osteoporose. Z. Orthop. 101, 269–273 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Möglichkeiten zur Bestimmung des Skelet-Calciumgehaltes in der Klinik. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 91, 60–66 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Kritische Bemerkungen zum Begriff der postmenopausischen Osteoporose. Geburtsh. u. Frauenheilk. 26, 968–972 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Physiopathologie und Therapie der Osteoporose. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 91, 2230–2231 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Die röntgenologische Bestimmung des Knochencalciums und Mikroradiographie. Med. Mitt. Melsungen 40, 69–78 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Definition und Bestimmung der Osteoporose. Münch. med. Wschr. 108, 1288–1290 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Moderne Fragen der röntgenologischen Skeletdiagnostik. Röntgenstrahlen 15, 46–49(1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Frühdiagnose und Verlauf der Osteoporose. Münch. med. Wschr. 109, 1981–1984 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, u. E. Haasner: Die Osteoporose in heutiger Sicht. Kurz und Gut 1, 2–4 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • — — Aktuelle Bedeutung der quantitativen Bestimmung des Skelet-Calciumgehaltes. Wehrmed. Mschr. 12, 229–232 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • — — Analyse und Auswertung der Osteoporosetherapie. Med. Klin. 63, 1097–1101 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, P. Schaefer, I. Falck u. P. Koeppe: Quantitative Untersuchungen zur Calciumtherapie der Osteoporose. Med. Klin. 36, 1394–1396 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, u. W. Schlungbaum: Die Objektivierung der röntgenologischen Diagnose „Osteoporose“. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 91, 740–746 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, u. D. Steiner: Röntgenologische Bestimmung des Kalziumgehaltes im menschlichen Skelet. Med. Klin. 56, 2073–2076 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, u. E. Stresemann: Röntgenologische Bestimmung des Mineralisationsgrades der Wirbelsäule von Kranken mit chronischem Bronchialasthma. Klin. Wschr. 45, 370–373 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlencordt, F., H.-P. Kruse, C. Lozano-Tonkin, H. Wieners u. H. Bartelheimer: Vergleichende röntgenologische und morpho-metrische Untersuchungen bei der Osteoporose. Klin. Wschr. 45, 1020–1023 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachman, E.: Osteoporosis: The potentialities and limitations of its roentgenologic diagnosis. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 74, 712–715 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and M. Whelan: The roentgen diagnosis of osteoporosis and its limitations. Radiology 25, 165 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laitinen, H., M. Virkkunen, and P. Virtama: Demineralization of the finger bones in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta rheum. scand. 4, 266–275 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landoff, G. A.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Knochenatrophie infolge einer Immobilisation und einer akuten Arthritis. Acta chir. scand., Suppl. 71 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanzl, L. H., and N. Strandjord: Radioisotopic device for measuring bone mineral. Proceedings of Symposium on Low-Energy-X- and Gamma-Sources and Applications held at Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute Chicago (Ill.) 1964, p. 257–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laughlin, J. S.: X-ray energy measurements. Atomics 3, 54 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, J., V. Bismuth et P. Chaumont: La densitométrie de l’os chez l’enfant. J. Radiol. Électrol. 45, 11–16 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lobodziec, W., and B. Lubas: Influence of transverse dimensions of bone on roentgen dose distribution for different qualities of primary radiation. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 4, 471–480 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maass, K.: Untersuchungen zur röntgenologischen Diagnose der osteogenen Systemerkrankungen und Beschreibung einer Methode zur feineren Beurteilung des Kalkgehaltes der Knochen im Röntgenbild. Diss. Kiel 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mack, P. B.: Results from study of bone density in appraisal of calcium status. Milbank Memorial Fund 1950, p. 30–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Electronic densitometer as a means of assessing bone density. Yearbook Physiol. Anthrop. 8, 315 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Radiographic bone densitometry. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry, Washington D.C. 1965, p. 31 – 46. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Calcium loss studies during human bed rest: A preliminary report. Progress in development of methods in bone densitometry. Conference in Washington D.C. 1965, p. 169. NASA Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, W. N. Brown, and H. D. Trapp: The quantitative evaluation of bone density. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 61, 808–825 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, P. A. La Chance, G. P. Vose, and F. B. Vogt: Bone demineralization of foot and hand of gemini-titan IV, V and VII astronauts during orbital flight. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 100, 503–511 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, A. T. O’Brien, J. M. Smith, and A. W. Bauman: A method for estimating the degree of mineralization of bones from tracings of roentgenograms. Science 89, 467 (1939).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mack, P. B., and F. B. Vogt: Assessment of bone mass by roentgenographic density techniques. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurement Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, G. P. Vose, and J. D. Nelson: New development in equipment for the roentgenographic measurement of bone density. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 82, 303–310 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mäntylä, M., A. Telkkä, C. Wegelius, and P. Virtama: Teeth as indicators of bone density. Acta odont. scand. 22, 365–371 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mainland, D.: Elementary medical statics. The principles of quantitative medicine. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co. 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Measurement of bone density. Ann. rheu. Dis. 15, 115–118 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — A study of age differences in the X-ray density of the adult human calcaneus. J. Geront. 12, 53–61 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — A study of age differences in the X-ray density of five bones in the adult human wrist and hand. J. Geront. 12, 284–291 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and L. Herrera: Clinical surveys. In: J. M. Steele (ed.), Methods in medical research, vol. 6, p. 159–171. Chicago: Year Book Publ. 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchal, M.: Le microdensigramme osseux chez l’homme et l’évaluation pondérale du calcium osseux par les rayons x. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 226, 526–528 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marotta, U: Metodo roentgenografico per il dosaggio del calcio nell’osso. R. C. Ist. sup. Sanità 18, 463–487 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, R. L., and C. Ruthven: Bone density measurements in vivo: Improvement of X-ray densitometry. Science 150, 221–222 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattsson, O.: Practical photographic problems in radiography. Acta radiol. (Stockh.), Suppl., 120 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, E. H., H. G. Trostle, E. Ackerman, H. Schraer, and O. D. Sittler: A scintillation technique for the X-ray determination of bone mineral content. Radiat. Res. 13, 156–167 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, K. M.: Quantitative measurement of bone mineral content in normal adult bone. Brit. J. Radiol. 34, 693–698 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazess, R., J. R. Cameron, R. O’Connor, and D. Knutzen: Accuracy of bone mineral measurement. Science 145, 388–389 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazess, R. B., J. Cameron, and J. A. Sorenson: A comparison of radiologic methods for determining bone mineral content. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazza, A., e M. Vaccheri: Determinazioni fotometriche della demineralizzazione dei monconi di frattura delle ossa lunghe. Radiother. Radiobiol. Fis. med. 12, 463–468 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClendon, J. F., and J. Gershon-Cohen: Experimental “senile” osteoporosis. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 82, 300–306 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland, W.: Evaluation of bone density from roentgenograms. Science 119, 810–811 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meema, H. E.: The occurence of cortical bone atrophy in old age and osteoporosis. J. Canad. Ass. Radiol.. 13, 27–32 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Cortical bone atrophy and osteoporosis as a manifestation of aging. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 89, 1287–1295 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, C. K. Harris, and R. E. Porrett: A method for determination of bone-salt content of cortical bone. Radiology 82, 986–997 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and S. Meema: Measurable roentgenologic changes in some peripheral bones in senile osteoporosis. J. Amer. Geriat. Soc. 11, 1170 – 1182 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — — The interrelationships between cortical bone thickness, mineral mass and mineral density in human radius: A roentgenologic-densitometric study. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mees, C. E. K.: The theory of the photographic process. New York: MacMillan Co. 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergler, H.: Über die Beeinflussung der Schwärzung medizinischer Röntgenfilme durch Verarbeitungsbedingungen. Röntgen-Bl. 10, 170–173 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Merz, A. L., M. Trotter, and R. R. Peterson: Estimation of skeletal weight in the living. Amer. J. phys. Anthrop. 14, 589–610 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Misasi, N., A. Savoia e L. Sorrentino: L’utilizzazione di un metodo roentgen-fotometrico per il dosaggio del calcio nello ossa, nella pratica ortopedica. Clin. ortop. 9, 113–117 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, A. F., H. L. Gilum, E. D. Gifford, and E. B. Wilcox: Bone density of an aging population. Amer. J. clin. Nutr. 10, 337–346 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, R. H.: An analysis of the physical factors controlling the diagnostic quality of roentgen images. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 55, 67–89 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and W. W. van Allen: The densitometry of roentgenographic films and screens. Radiology 52, 832–845 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mouvet, W.: Dosage non destructif de la composante minérale du tissu osseux par densitomètrie radiographique. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 259, 2309–2311 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, W. J., R. Schraer, and H. Schraer: Calcium metabolism and skeletal dynamics of laying pullets. J. Nutr. 84, 20–26 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, P. D. F.: The physiology of supporting tissue. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 9, 103–118 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachlass, I. W., and E. A. Parke: Zit. nach Stein 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neef, Th.: Beiträge zur Metalluntersuchung mittels Röntgenstrahlen. Z. techn. Physik 6, 208–215 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, J. D., P. B. Mack, and G. P. Vose: New design of a linearizing recording densitometer. Rev. Sci. Instr. 29, 316 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Netter, H.: Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen der Lebensvorgänge. Theoretische Biochemie. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, B.: Clinical studies with measurement of bone mineral content with a single photon beam. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordin, B. E. C.: The pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Lancet 1961 I, 1011–1015.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Calcium balance and calcium requirement in spinal osteoporosis. Amer. J. clin. Nutr. 10, 384–390 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — The application of basic science to osteoporosis. In: Bone Biodynamics by H. M. Frost. Boston (Mass.): Little, Brown & Co. 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Bone density patterns in osteoporosis. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, J. MacGregor, and J. Nisbet: Lumbar spine densitometry. Brit. med. J. 1962 I, 1793–1796.

    Google Scholar 

  • — —, D. A. Smith, and J. Anderson: Measurement of cortical bone volume and lumbar spine density. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry. Washington D.C. 1965, p. 21–30. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, J. McGregor, and D. A. Smith: The incidence of osteoporosis in normal women: its relation to age and the menopause. Quart. J. Med., N. S. 35, 25–38 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and D. A. Smith: Die Behandlung der Osteoporose. Triangel 6, 273–277 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • — —, J. MacGregor, and J. Anderson: The application of measurements of bone volume and spinal density. Progress in Development of Methods in Bone Densitometry. Conference in Washington D.C. 1965, p. 155. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odland, L. M., K. P. Warrick, and N. C. Esselbaugh: Cooperative nutritional status studies in the western region. II. Bone Density, Montana Agr. Expt. Station Bull. No 534, Jan. 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oeser, H., u. E. Krokowski: Röntgenstrahlen zur visuellen Knochenbiopsie zwecks Bestimmung des Mineralgehaltes. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 86, 2431–2434 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — — Quantitative analysis of inorganic substances in the body. Brit. J. Radiol. 36, 274 – 279 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okuyama, T.: A study of quantitative analysis on the mineral contents of the bone by X-rays. Nippon Acta radiologica 25, 775–790 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omnell, K.-A.: Quantitative roentgenologic studies on changes in mineral content in vivo. Acta radiol. (Stockh.), Suppl. 148 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, B. Lindström, F. C. Hoh, and E. Hammerlund-Essler: Method for non-destructive determination of inorganic and organic material in mineralized tissues. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 54, 209–219 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, M.: Measurement of the variations in calcification in normal rabbit bone. J. Bone Jt Surg. B 38, 762–768 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pais, C., e I. Forni: Kapporto fra demineralizzazione sperimentale dell’osso a la sua valuttazione diafanometrica. Atti 35. Congr. S. I. O.T. 1951, p. 281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, H. E., W. B. Nelp, K. Murano, C. Rich, and K. G. Pailthorp: In vivo neutron activation analysis of total body bone mass. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Papworth, M. P.: Quantitative assessment of the mineral content of bone: Preliminary investigation. J. Coll. Eadiol. Aust. 8, 78–83 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parish, J. G.: Radiographic measurements of the skeletal structure of the normal hand. Brit. J. Radiol. 39, 52–62 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, A. S.: The chemical and physical nature of bone mineral. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurement, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Priboth, W., D. Börnert u. H. Fritzsche: Zur Methode der röntgenologisch-photometri-schen Bestimmung des Aschegehaltes im Knochen beim Rind. Zbl. Vet.-Med. A 13, 628–644 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price: Zit. nach Mack, zit. nach Vose. 1901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quintar, H.: Quantitative Bestimmung des Kalksalzgehaltes am Radius. Diss. Kiel 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakovskaja, M., and M. Kossakovskaja: Investigations of the mineralization degree of rat’s bones in densimetric evaluation of roentgenograms. Vop. Pitan. 18, 42–47 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakowska, M., and M. Kossakowska: Bone density as a measure of calcium availability in rats. Rocz. Pánstwowego Zakladu Higieny 9, 345–357 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich, St. B., J. Levitin, and L. R. Felton: A roentgen method of evaluating density of bone. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 79, 705–708 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, A. F., and A. H. Halff: Direct determination of density of solids. Science 135, 319–320 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rethmeier, B. J.: Densitometrie. De bepaling van het calciumgehalte der beenderen. J. belge Radiol. 38, 487–500 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, C., E. Klink, R. Smith, B. Graham, and P. Ivanovich: Sonic measurement of bone mass. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry. Washington D.C. 1965, p. 137–144. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, C., E. J. Klink, G. L. Mullins, and C. B. Graham: Sonic measurement of bone mass. J. clin. Invest. 42, 970 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, A. G.: Measuring the radiopacity of the lip and mandible. J. dent. Res. 32, 193 – 201 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieder, W.: Die akute Knochenatrophie. Dtsch. Z. Chir. 248, 269–331 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rockoff, S. D.: A new versatile microdensitometric system for quantitative radiographic analysis. Radiology 85, 731–735 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Theoretical aspects of radiographic densitometry. In: Progress in development of methods in bone densitometry. Washington D.C. 1965, p. 7–10. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Radiographic trabecular quantitation of human lumbar vertebrae in situ: method and relation to bone mass, strength, and calcium, phosphorus and magnesium content. Symposium Ossium, London 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and R. Selzer: Radiographic trabecular quantitation of human lumbar vertebrae in situ: Theory, relation to bone composition and strength, and progress in digital computer analysis. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Röckert, H.: A quantitative X-ray microscopical study of calcium in the cementum of teeth. Acta odont. scand. 16, Suppl., 25 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Röhler, R.: Untersuchungen zur Detailerkennung im Röntgenbild. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 86, 376–378 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohmann, Ch., St. M. Garn, H. A. Guzman, M. Flores, M. Béhar, and E. Pao: Osseous development of Guatemalan children on low protein diets. Fed. Proc. 24, 338 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rump, W.: Elektromedizin und Strahlenkunde. München u. Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, A. P.: Diss. Pennsylvania State College 1937. Zit. nach Mack, Brown und Trapp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarabrin, I. G.: Trudy Sovescanija po biologiceskim, Moskva 1952, p. 164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saville, P. D.: Predictability of bone ash in the beagle. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlungbaum, W., u. E. Krokowski: Absorptionsmessungen zur Objektivierung der radiologischen Diagnose Osteoporose. IX. Int. Congr. Radiol. München 1959, Vortrag 298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, J.: Photometrische Bestimmung der Knochendichte. Z. Rheumaforsch. 19, 186 – 197 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Kalktherapie bei Osteoporose. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 93, 1815–1820 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schraer, H.: Variation in the roentgenographic density of the os caleis and phalanx with sex and age. J. Pediat. 52, 416–423 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Quantitative radiography of the skeleton in living systems. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry. Washington D.C. 1965, p. 11–20. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and M. T. Newman: Quantitative roentgenography of skeletal mineralization in malnourished Quechua Indian boys. Science 128, 476 – 477 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and R. Schraer: Quantitative measurements of bone density changes in rats fed with diets of different calcium content. Fed. Proc. 15, 571–572 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schraer, H., and E. Schraer: Quantitative measurement of bone mineral content from roentgenograms. (Abstr.) National Biophysics Conferences, Columbus, Ohio 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • — — Bone mass changes in hens observed in vivo during the egg laying cycle. Experientia (Basel) 17, 255–256 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — —, H. G. Trostle, and A. D’Alfonso: The validity of measuring bone density from roentgenograms by means of bone density computing apperatus. Arch. Biochem. Bio-phys. 83, 486–500 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and W. J. Siar: Bone density and calcium ingestion. Fed. Proc. 19, 370 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • — —, and R. Schraer: Changes in bone mass and density in living rats during the manipulation of calcium intake. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 100, 393–398 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sedlin, E. D.: The ratio of cortical area to total cross-section area in rib diaphysis: A quantitative index of osteoporosis. Clin. Orthop. 36, 161–168 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seemann, H. E., and B. Roth: New stepped wedges for radiography. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 53, 215–256 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackman, R., and C. V. Harrison: Occult bone metastases. Brit. J. Surg. 35, 385–389 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimmins, J., F. C. Gillespie, M. D. Hamilton, and D. A. Smith: The measurement of bone mineral in vivo by photon absorption. Calc. Tissue Res. 2, Suppl., 40 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and D. A. Smith: Estimation of bone mineral transfer rate by the measurement of longterm retension of SR85. Metabolism 15, 436–443 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. A., J. B. Anderson, J. Shimmins, J. F. Spiers, and E. Barnett: Mineral and density changes in bone with age in normal and pathological states. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. W., Jr.: Osteoporotic changes in bone mass with age. 92nd Annual Meeting Amer. Publ. Health Ass. Inc. New York 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Comments on cortical thickness measurements. In: Progress in development of methods in bone densitometry. Conference in Washington D.C. 1965, p. 195. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and R. R. Walker: Femoral expansion in aging women: Implications for osteoporosis and fractures. Science 145, 156–157 (1964).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson, J. A., and J. R. Cameron: Body composition determination by differential absorption of monochromatic X-rays. Symposium of Low-Energy X- and Gamma Source, Chicago, Ill. 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • — —, and R. B. Mazess: Measurement of bone mineral by the direct photon absorption method: Experimental results. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, R. P., and M. J. Coulombe: Quantitation of the radiographically determined age dependence of bone thickness. Invest. Radiol. 1, 144–147 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, St. M. Garn, and M. J. Coulombe: Age-dependent changes in metacarpal cortical thickness in two populations. Invest. Radiol. 1, 394–397 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, S. S. Sagel, and St. M. Garn: Age changes in five parameters of metacarpal growth. Invest. Radiol. 3, 27–34 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spiegler, G.: Quantitative Bedeutung des Röntgenschattens. Z. angew. Physik 11, 65–68 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, u. B. E. Keane: Hart- und Weichsubstanz im Knochen und die Absorption in beiden. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 94, 662–666 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiers, F. W.: Effective atomic number and energy absorption in tissues. Brit. J. Radiol. 19, 52–63 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, I.: The evaluation of bone density in the roentgenogram by the use of ivory wedges. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 37, 678–682 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steven, G. D.: X-ray appearences in chronic rheumatism. Ann. rheum. Dis. 6, 1–14 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • — “Standard bone”. A description of radiographic technique. Ann. rheum. Dis. 6, 184–185 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, J., P. A. Freeman, B. E. C. Nordin, and E. Barnett: The incidence of osteoporosis in patients with femoral neck fracture. J. Bone Jt Surg., B 44, 520–527 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Strandjord, N. M., M. Forland, L. Lanzl, and A. Cox: Bone densitometry: Clinical applications. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and L. H. Lanzl: Iodine-125 bone densitometry. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry. Washington D.C. 1965, p. 115–124. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • — — Estrogens and postmenopausal osteoporosis. In: Progress in development of methods in bone densitometry. Conference in Washinton D.C. 1965, p. 163. NASA Scient. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stresemann, E., u. E. Krokowski: Der Mineralisationsgrad der Wirbelsäule nach langfristiger Corticosteroidbehandlung des chronischen Bronchialasthmas. Klin. Wschr. 45, 564–569 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strug, P.: Röntgenologische und chemischanalytische Bestimmung des Mineral- und Calciumgehaltes im Knochen. Diss. Freie Universität Berlin 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stühler, R.: Über den Feinbau des Knochens. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 57, 231–264 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudeck, P.: Kollaterale Entzündungszustände „sog. akute Knochenatrophie“und Dystrophie der Gliedmaßen in der Unfallheilkunde. Berlin 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarjan, R.: Einfluß der Ernährung auf das Knochensystem. IV. Die Rolle des Nahrungseiweißes in der Ossifikation. Acta physiol. Acad. Sci. hung. 8, 127 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarjan, R.: Diet and bones. Nutr. et Dieta (Basel) 3, 32–51 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, u. P. Deák: Versuche zur in-vivo-Bestimmung des Mineralstoffgehaltes im Knochensystem. Acta physiol. hung. 5, Suppl. 38 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, u. K. Szóke: Veränderungen der organischen und anorganischen Knochensubstanz sowie der Knochenfestigkeit bei Ratten mit zunehmendem Alter. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 308, 1–4 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Telkkä, A., H. Kauppinen, and P. Virtama: Correlation of dry weight of human carpal, metacarpal and finger bones to their actual mineral contents. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop. 20, 17–19 (1962).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tettoni, E., E. Comino e S. Perazzo: Intorno alla valutazione radiologica de osteoporosi. Minerva radiol. 9, 169–175 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trotter, M., G. E. Broman, and R. R. Peterson: Densities of bones of white and negro skeletons. J. Bone Jt Surg. A 42, 50–58 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trotter, N.: A preliminary study of estimation of weight of the skeleton. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop. 12, 537–552 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turano, L.: Studio radiologico dello scheletro senile. Relaz. Congr. Soc. It. Gerontol. Geriatr., Milano 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Osservazioni radiologiche sul metabolismo dell’osso senile. G. Geront. 1, 1–11 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Urist, M. R.: The problem of osteoporosis. Clin. Res. 6, 377–385 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • — The etiology of osteoporosis. J. Amer. med. Ass. 169, 710–712 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, P. S. Zaccalini, N. S. MacDonald, and W. A. Skoog: New approaches to the problem of osteoporosis. J. Bone Jt Surg. B 44, 464 – 484 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanselow, K., F. Heuck u. U. Piepgras: Theoretische Grundlagen einer Methode zur Messung der Gewebsdurchblutung am nicht narkotisierten Menschen. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 108, 529–536 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanselow, K., u. F. Heuck: (In Vorbereitung.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vetterlein, K.-Th.: Über die Ionisation von Röntgenstrahlungen in verschiedenen Geweben. Diss. Erlangen 1949/50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vignon, G., et V. Calvel: Une technique de densimétrie osseuse. Rev. lyonn. Méd. 8, 979–982 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Virtama, P.: Determination of the mineral content of human finger bones by silver analysis of roentgenograms. Acta anat. (Basel) 31, Suppl. 29 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Quantitative determination of bone minerals from roentgenograms. Experientia (Basel) 13, 236–237 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Assessment of the mineral content of bones from roentgenograms. IX. Int. Congr. Radiol. 1959 München, Vortrag 313.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Uneven distribution of bone minerals and covering effect of non-mineralized tissue as reasons for impaired detectability of bone density from roentgenograms. Ann. Med. intern. Fenn. 49, 57–65 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virtama, P.: Variations in the ash contents of bones of the extremities. Ann. Med. exp. Fenn. 38, 127–132 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Radiological determination of bone density. Duodecim (Helsinki) 81, 816–824 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, G. Gästrin, and A. Telkkä: Biconcavity of the vertebrae as an estimate of their bone density. Clin. Radiol. 13, 128–131 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, P. Kajanoja, V. K. Hopsu, and A. Telkkä: Density of human carpal, metacarpal, and digital bones. Ann. Med. exp. Fenn. 38, 467 – 471 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — —, and A. Telkkä: Cortical ratio as an estimate of the mineral content of the human femur. Ann. Med. exp. Fenn. 41, 3–6 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and E. Kallio: Bone pattern in experimental osteoporosis of the rat. Ann. Med. exp. Fenn. 39, 154–164 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and H. Mähönen: Thickness of the cortical layer as an estimate of mineral content of human finger bones. Brit. J. Radiol. 33, 60 – 62 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and A. Telkkä: Trabecular pattern of the cancellous bone as an estimate of mineral content of human finger bones. Acta anat. (Basel) 46, 47–52 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — — Cortical thickness as an estimate of mineral content of human humerus and femur. Brit. J. Radiol. 35, 632–633 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — —, and T. Helelä: Relative density of the vertebral end-plates as an estimate of osteoporosis. Brit. J. Radiol. 38, 360–364 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, F. B., L. S. Meharg, and P. B. Mack: Use of a digital computer in the measurement of roentgenographic bone density. Persönliche Mitteilung 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vose, G. P.: Determination of the organic-inorganic ratio in osseous tissue by X-ray absorption. Analyt. Chem. 30, 1819–1821 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — X-ray transmission factor in estimating bone density. Radiology 71, 96–101 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Quantitative determination of osseous and soft fractions of bone by X-ray absorption. Lab. Invest. 8, 1540–1546 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Factors affecting the precision of radiographic densitometry of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry. Washington D.C. 1965, p. 47–63. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • — X-ray bone densitometry in short and long duration studies. Conference on Progress in Methods of Bone Mineral Measurement, Bethesda, Maryland 1968 (im Druck).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and A. L. Kubala: Bone strength — its relationship to X-ray-determined ash content. Human. Biol. 31, 261–270 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and P. B. Mack: Roentgenologic assessment of femoral neck density as related to fracturing. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 89, 1296–1301 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — —, S. O. Brown, and A. B. Medlen: Radiographic determination of the rate of bone healing. Radiology 76, 770–776 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vose, G. P., and R. E. Pyke: Compositional factors affecting vertebral X-ray absorption. Invest. Radiol. 1, 371–378 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wachsmann, F.: Vorschläge zur Standardisierung der Bestrahlungsbedingungen in der Röntgentherapie. Strahlentherapie 83, 41–50 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, H. Tiefel u. E. Berger: Messung der Quantität und Qualität gestreuter Röntgenstrahlen. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 101, 308–317 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, A., u. J. Schaaf: Vergleichende Untersuchungen mit und ohne photometrisches Meßverfahren über den Grad osteoporotischer Veränderungen im Röntgenbild. Dtsch. Arch. Klin. Med. 207, 364–385 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webber, H. E.: A practical roentgenographic densitometer. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 46, 104 – 108 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weech, A. A., and M. S. Smith: The anatomic base for interpreting roentgenograms in rickets. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 26, 117–131 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, K.: Über das Röntgenbild der Knochenatrophie. Radiol. Austr. 9, 227–237 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Whedon, G. D., J. E. Deitrick, and E. Shorr: Modification of the effects of immobilization upon metabolic and physiologic functions of normal man by the use of an oscillating bed. Amer. J. Med. 6, 684–711 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and E. Shorr: Metabolic studies in paralytic acute anterior poliomyelitis II. Alterations in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. J. clin. Invest. 36, 966–1033 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widenmann, L.: Untersuchungen über die Abhängigkeit der Filmschwärzung mit handelsüblichen Verstärkerfolien von der Strahlen-qualität. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 87, 386–397 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. E., and R. L. Mason: Bone density measurement in vivo. Science 138, 39–40 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, B. B. McDonald, E. Morrell, F. A. Schofield, and F. L. MacLeod: Influence of mineral intake on bone density in humans and in rats. J. Nutr. 61, 489–505 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and A. Samson: Bone density of East Indian and American students. J. Amer. diet. Ass. 36, 462–466 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilsey, R. B.: The photographic photometry of roentgen rays. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 32, 789 – 804 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolanski, N., and J. Eagen: The interrelationship between bone density and cortical thickness in the second metacarpal as a function of age. In: Progress in development of methods on bone densitometry, Washington D.C. 1965, p. 79–84. NASA, Sci. Techn. Inf. Div. Washington D.C. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, Chao-Ying: A development of an improved calibration wedge material for the quantitative evaluation of bone density. Masters Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zieler, E.: Bildgüte in der Radiologic. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer 1966.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. F. Heuck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Mainz, Deutschland

    L. Diethelm

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1970 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Heuck, F. (1970). Die radiologische Erfassung des Mineralgehaltes des Knochens. In: Diethelm, L. (eds) Skeletanatomie (Röntgendiagnostik) Teil 1 / Anatomy of the Skeletal System (Roentgen Diagnosis) Part 1. Handbuch der Medizinischen Radiologie / Encyclopedia of Medical Radiology, vol 4 / 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95147-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95147-3_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-95148-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-95147-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation