Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Physikalische Grundlagen und Technik Teil 1 / Physical Principles and Techniques Part 1 pp 469–531Cite as

Interaction of ionizing radiation with matter in radiation shielding

  • Chapter

  • 27 Accesses

Part of the book series: Handbuch der Medizinischen Radiologie / Encyclopedia of Medical Radiology ((1514,volume 1 / 1))

Abstract

A desired reduction of the level of ionizing radiation in the region surrounding a radiation source can be achieved (1) by having a sufficiently large distance between the source and the object to be protected, (2) by placing protective barriers between the source and the object and (3) by a suitable combination of (1) and (2). In case (2) interaction processes between matter and ionizing radiation produce various kinds of secondary radiation. When designing an efficient low-cost structural shielding and other protective arrangements which do not significantly interfere with the operation of the source, a knowledge of the elementary absorption and scattering processes is of such importance that these processes will be treated in some detail in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, F. J., and A. T. Futterer: Neutron transmission data. Nucleonics 21, No. 8, 120–121 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amaldi, E.: The production and slowing down of neutrons. Handbuch der Physik, Bd. 38/2, S. 1–659. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, R., J. Certaine, and H. Goldstein: Penetration of neutrons from point isotropic monoenergetic sources in water. USAEC Report NYO-6269, Nuclear Development Associates, Inc., Dec. 15, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • — —, and S. Preiser: Penetration of neutrons from a point isotropic fission source in water. USAEC Report NYO-6267, Nuclear Development Associates, Inc., Sept. 22, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and C. N. Klahr: Neutron attenuation. In: Blizard and Abbot: Reactor handbook, vol. 3, part B, Shielding, second ed., p. 63–101. New York and London: Intersci. Publ. 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, M. J.: Reflection and transmission of gamma radiation by barriers: Monte Carlo calculation by a collision-density method. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards 55, 343–350 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and J. Doggett: Reflection and transmission of gamma radiation by barriers: Semianalytic Monte Carlo calculation. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards 56, 89–98 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • — J. H. Hubbel, and I. H. Reingold: Contribution of annihilation radiation to the gamma ray flux in lead. Phys. Rev. 113, 857–862 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and D. J. Raso: Monte Carlo calculations of gamma-ray backscattering. Radiat. Res. 12, 20–37 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, R. T.: The X- or gamma-ray energy absorption or transfer coefficient: Tabulations and discussion. Radiat. Res. 15, 1–29 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bethe, H. A., and J. Ashkin: Passage of radiations through matter. In: E. Segré, Experimental nuclear physics, vol. 1, p. 166–357. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkhoff, R. D.: The passage of fast electrons through matter. Handbuch der Physik, Bd. 34, S. 53–138. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjärngard, B., and G. Hettinger: Spectra of scattered radiation behind slabs of water irradiated by X-rays. Ark. Fys. (Stockh.) 20, 517–526 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleuler, E., u. W. Zünti: Zur Absorptionsmethode der Bestimmung von β- und γ-Energien. Helv. phys. Acta 19, 375–398 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blizard, E. P.: Nuclear radiation shielding. Ann. Rev. nuclear Sci. 5, 73–98 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Calculational methods for reactor shielding. Conference on shielding high-energy accelerators. TID-7545 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bothe, W.: Zur Rückdiffusion schneller Elektronen. Z. Naturforsch. 4a, 542–545 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, W.: Energy loss and range of charged particles in compounds. (Du Pont Co. Rept., 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, W. R., and H. E. Johns: The spectra of x-rays scattered in low atomic number materials. Brit. J. Radiol., Suppl. No 9, (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brynjólfsson, A., and G. Thaarup: Determination of beam parameters and measurements of dose distribution in materials irradiated by electrons in the range of 6 MeV to 14 MeV. Risö Report No 53, April 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson, C.: Determination of integral absorbed dose from exposure measurements. Acta radiol. therapy, physics, biology 1, 433–458 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cashwell, E. D., and C. J. Everett: A practical manual on the Monte Carlo method for random walk problems. London-New York-Paris: Pergamon Press 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Citron, A., L. Hoffmann, and C. Passow: Investigation of the nuclear cascade in shielding materials. Nucl. Instr. Meth. 14, 97–100 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloutier, R. J.: Fast neutron generators: Radiation levels and shielding requirements. Amer. industr. Hyg. Ass. J. 24, 497–501 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Angio, G. J., and J. H. Lawrence: Medical research with high-energy heavy particles. Nucleonics 21, No. 11, 56–61 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. V., and D. T. Hauser: Thermal-neutron data for the elements. Nucleonics 16, No. 3, 87–89 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, R. D.: Compton effect. In: Handbuch der Physik, Bd. 34, S. 218–298. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fano, U.: Degradation and range straggling of high-energy radiation. Phys. Rev. 92, 328–349 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Penetration of protons, alpha particles, and mesons. Ann. Rev. nuclear Sci. 13, 1–66 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — L. V. Spencer, and M. J. Berger: Penetration and diffusion of x-rays. In: Handbuch der Physik, Bd. 38/2, S. 660–817. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feld, B. T.: The neutron. In: E. Segré, Experimental nuclear physics, vol. 2, p. 208–586. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, S., and C. F. Hendee: X-ray critical-absorption and emission energies in keV. Nucleonics 13, No 3, 36–37 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, P. H., and D. H. Perkins: The possibility of therapeutic applications of beams of negative π-mesons. Nature (Lond.) 189, 524–528 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freestone, R. M.: See Reactor handbook 3 B, Shielding p. 94–95. New York and London: Interscience Publ. 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frigerio, N. A.: Neutron penetration during neutron capture therapy. Phys. in Med. Biol. 6, 541–549 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, H., and J. E. Wilkins jr.: Calculations of the penetration of gamma rays. NYO-3075, June 30, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hereford, F. L., and C. P. Swann: The maximum range of high energy electrons in aluminium and copper. Phys. Rev. 78, 727–731 (1950).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hettinger, G.: Angular and spectral distributions of backscatter radiation from slabs of water, brass, and lead irradiated by photons between 50 and 250 keV. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 54, 129–152 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, N., and R. G. Sowden: Neutron-shield materials. Nucleonics 19, No 11, 158–166 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbell, J. H., E. Hayward, and W. F. Titus: Energy and angular distribution of x-rays scattered in lead. Phys. Rev. 108, 1361–1367 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D. J., and J. A. Harvey: Neutron cross sections. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • — B. A. Magurno, and M. K. Brussel: Neutron cross sections. Suppl. No. 1, to BNL 325, second edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, S. A. E.: On the possibility of using model exepriments to study shielding problems. Nucl. Sci. Eng. 14, 196–201 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johns, H. E., W. R. Bruce, and W. B. Reid: The dependence of depth dose on focal skin distance. Brit. J. Radiol. 31, 254–260 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and J. S. Laughlin: Interaction of radiation with matter. In: Hine and Brownell: Radiation dosimetry, p. 19–123. New York: Academic Press 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, L., and S. Penfold: Range-energy relations for electrons and the determination of beta-ray end-point energies by absorption. Revs. Modern Phys. 24, 28–44 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney, W. E., R. R. Coveyou, and C. D. Zerby: A series of Monte Carlo codes to transport nucleons through matter. TID-7652, Book 2, p. 608–618 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, B.: Pre-therapeutic physical experiments with high energy protons. Brit. J. Radiol. 34, 143–151 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leimdörfer, M. (1): The backscattering of gamma radiation from plane concrete walls. Nucl. Sci. Eng. 17, 345–351 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • — (2): A Monte Carlo method for the analysis of gamma radiation transport from distributed sources in laminated shields. Nukleonik 6, 58–65 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • — (3): The backscattering of fast neutrons from plane and spherical reflectors. Transactions of Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, No 288, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindenbaum, S. J.: Shielding of high-energy accelerators. Ann. Rev. nuclear Sci. 11, 213–258 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madey, R.: Shielding against space radiation. Nucleonics 21, 56–60 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer, B. J.: See Wallace and Sondhaus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, K. M.: Shielding moderate-energy electron accelerators. Nucleonics 22, No 2, 61–67 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obenshain, F., A. Eddy, and H. Kuehn: Polyphemus: A Monte Carlo study of neutron penetrations through finite water slabs. USAEC Report WAPDTM-54, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Bettis Plant, January 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panofsky, W. K. H.: Shielding work at Stanford University. Conference on shielding high-energy accelerators. TID-7545 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pohlit, W.: Die Messung der ungewollten Bremsstrahlung an einem 35 MeV-Betatron. Strahlentherapie 106, 149–154 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Zur Frage der bei Betatronbestrahlung in Phantom auftretenden Neutronenverteilung. Strahlentherapie 110, 240–247 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — Die Messung der Neutronenstreustrahlung an einem 35 MeV-Betratron. Strahlentherapie 113, 469–474 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, M., and R. Madey: Range-energy tables, UCRL-2301 (1954).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, H. H., and W. C. Roesch: Field equations in dosimetry. Radiat. Res. 16, 783–795 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudstam, G.: Spallation of medium weight elements. Uppsala: Appelbergs Boktryckeri AB 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solon, L. R.: The shielding of high-energy accelerators. Health Physics in nuclear installations. Risö symposium 1959, p. 301–316. Paris 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, L. V.: Theory of electron penetration. Phys. Rev. 98, 1597–1615 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spira, J.: Scattered radiation and neutron flux measurements around a 35 MeV betatron installation. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 89, 575–583 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starfelt, N., and H. W. Koch: Differential crosssection measurements for thin-target bremsstrahlung produced by 2.7 to 9.7 MeV electrons. Washington: Nat. Bur. Stand. Rep. 4507 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauch, K.: Measurements of secondary spectra from high-energy nuclear reactions. TID-7652, Book 2, p. 409–432 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Theus, R. B., and L. A. Beach: Gamma-ray albedo from iron. Naval Res. Lab. Rep. (NRL-4701) Feb. 8, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, T. J.: Effect of chemical structure on stopping powers for high-energy-protons (thesis). UCRL-1910, (August 11, 1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, R., and C. Sondhaus: Techniques used in shielding calculations for high-energy accelerators: Application to space shielding. TID-7652, Book 2, p. 829–851 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, E. J.: The rate of loss of energy by β-particles in passing through matter. Proc. roy. Soc. Lond. A 130, 310–327 (1931).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, C., and J. P. Boujot: Tables of range and rate of energy loss of charged particles of energy 0.5 to 150 MeV. Rapport CEA 2189. Centre Etudes Nucl. Saclay, France, 1962.***Text books and handbooks

    Google Scholar 

  • Blizard, E. P., and L. S. Abbot: Reactor handbook 3 B, Shielding. New York and London: Interscience Publ. 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brit. J. Radiol., Suppl. No 10 (1961). Depth dose tables for use in radiotherapy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, R. D.: The atomic nucleus. New York-Toronto-London: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flügge, S.: Handbuch der Physik, Bd. 34, Korpuskeln und Strahlung in Materie II. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flügge, S.: Handbuch der Physik, Bd. 38/2, Neutronen und verwandte Gammastrahlprobleme. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, H.: Fundamental aspects of reactor shielding. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heitler, W.: The quantum theory of radiation. Oxford: University Press 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hine, G. J., and G. L. Brownell: Radiation dosimetry. New York: Academic Press 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRU Report 10 a: Radiation quantities and units. NBS Hb 84. Washington 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGinnies, R. T.: X-ray attenuation coefficients from 10 keV to 100 MeV. Nat. Bur. Stand. Suppl. to Circ. 583. Washington 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Bureau of Standards: Handbooks: U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington. No. 55: Protection against betatron-synchrotron radiations up to 100 MeV, 1954. No. 63: Protection against neutronradiation up to 30 MeV. 1957. No. 73: Protection against radiations from sealed gamma sources. 1960. No. 76: Medical X-ray protection up to 3 MV. 1961. No. 84: Radiation quantities and units (ICRU Report 10 a) 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelms, A. T.: Graphs of the Compton energy-angle relationship and the Klein-Nishina formula from 10 keV to 500 MeV. Nat. Bur. Stand. Circ. 542. Washington 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, B. T., C. C. Horton, and K. T. Spinney: Radiation shielding. London-New York-Paris: Pergamon Press 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reactor Physics Constants. Argonne National Laboratory, ANL-5800, second ed. (July 1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalnow, M. L: Neutronengewebedosimetrie. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ségre, E.: Experimental nuclear physics I and II. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • White Grodstein, G.: X-ray attenuation coefficients from 10 keV to 100 MeV. Nat. Bur. Stand. Circ. 583, Washington (1957) and Suppl. by R. T. McGinnies (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, G. N.: Principles of radiation dosimetry. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1959.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Carl Carlsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kurt Lidén
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Düsseldorf, Deutschland

    H. Vieten

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1968 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carlsson, C., Lidén, K. (1968). Interaction of ionizing radiation with matter in radiation shielding. In: Vieten, H. (eds) Physikalische Grundlagen und Technik Teil 1 / Physical Principles and Techniques Part 1. Handbuch der Medizinischen Radiologie / Encyclopedia of Medical Radiology, vol 1 / 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95042-1_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95042-1_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-95043-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-95042-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation