Skip to main content

Chirurgische Behandlung der Prothesenendokarditis

  • Chapter
Book cover Interventionen am Herzen
  • 32 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Entzündungen von implantierten künstlichen Herzklappen ist eine schwerwiegende, wenn auch relativ seltene Komplikation des Herzklappenersatzes. Sie tritt bei etwa 2–4 % aller Klappenersatzoperationen auf [5, 13, 19, 45, 60, 91] und ist mit einer Mortalitätsrate > 50 % verbunden [19, 22, 48, 50, 60, 71, 73, 75, 83, 88, 91]. Nur ca. 30% aller Patienten mit einer Prothesenendokarditis sind Langzeitüberlebende [45]. Ein optimales Management ist daher die unbedingte Voraussetzung, um ein Überleben dieser schwer erkrankten Patienten zu ermöglichen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Anderson DJ, Bulkley BH, Hutchins GM (1977) A clinicopa-thologic study of prosthetic valve endocarditis in 22 patients: Morphologic basis for diagnosis and therapy. Am Heart J 94: 325–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ankeney JL, Parker RF (1969) Staphylococcal endocarditis following open heart surgery related to positive intraoperative blood cultures. In: Brewer III LA, Cooley DA, Davila JC (eds) Prosthetic heart valves. Thomas Publishing, Springfield, pp 719–728

    Google Scholar 

  3. Arnett EN, Roberts WC (1976) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Clinicopathologic analysis of 22 necropsy patients with comparison of observations in 74 necropsy patients with active infective endocarditis involving natural left-sided cardiac valves. Am J Cardiol 38: 281–292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Arnett EN (1976) Valve ring abscess in active infective endocarditis: Frequency, location, and clues to clinical diagnosis from the study of 95 necropsy patients. Circulation 54: 140–145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Baumgartner WA, Miller DC, Reitz BA, Oyer PE, Jamieson SW, Stinson EB, Shumway NE (1983) Surgical treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg 35: 87–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bayer AS, Nelson RJ, Slama RG (1990) Current concepts in prevention of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Chest 97: 1203–1207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bircks W, Reidemeister C, Sadony V, Schulte HD,Tarbiat S (1972) Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of septicemia after valvular replacement. J Cardiovasc Surg 13: 385–389

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bisno AL (1981) Antimicrobial prophylaxis of infective endocarditis. In: Bisno AL (ed) Treatment of infective endocarditis. Grune & Stratton, New York, p. 281

    Google Scholar 

  9. Blakemore WS, McGarrity GJ, Thurer RJ, Wallace HW, MacVaugh III H, Coriell LL (1971) Infection by air-borne bacteria with cardiopulmonary bypass. Surgery 70: 830–838

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW (1985) Death and other time-related events after valve replacement. Circulation 72: 753–767

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Brooks RG, Notario G, McCabe RE (1988) Hospital survey of antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent endocarditis in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Am J Med 84: 617–621

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Buckley MJ, Mundt ED, Daggett WM, Austin WG (1971) Surgical management of the complications of sepsis involving the aortic valve, aortic root, and aseending aorta. Ann Thorac Surg 12: 391–399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Calderwood SB, Swinski LA, Waternaux CM, Karchmer AW, Buckley MJ (1985) Risk factors for the development of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Circulation 72: 31–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Carrel T, Pasic M, Jenni R, Tkebuchava T, Turina MI (1993) Reoperations after operation on the thoracic aorta: Etiology, surgical techniques, and prevention. Ann Thorac Surg 56: 259–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chaudhuri MR (1970) Fungal endocarditis after valve replacements. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 60: 207–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Clarkson PM, Barratt-Boyes BG (1970) Bacterial endocarditis following homograft replacement of the aortic valve. Circulation 42: 987–991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cohn LH (1989) Valve replacement for infective endocarditis: An overview. J Card Surg 4: 321–323

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Counsell CE, de Beider MA, Oldershaw P (1991) Prostetic valve endocarditis. Brit J Hosp Med 46: 28–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cowgill LD, Addonizio VP, Hopeman AR, Harken AH (1987) A practical approach to prosthetic valve endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg 43: 450–457

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Danielson GK, Titus JL, DuShane JW (1974) Successful treatment of aortic valve endocarditis and aorlic root abscesses by insertion of prosthetic valve in ascending aorta and placement of bypass grafts to coronary arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 67: 443–449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. DiSesa VJ, Sloss LJ, Cohn LH (1990) Heart transplantation for intractable prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Heart Transplant 9: 142–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dismukes WE, Karchmer AW, Buckley MJ, Austen WG, Swartz MN (1973) Prosthetic valve endocarditis: An analysis of 38 cases. Circulation 48: 365–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Dismukes WE, Karchmer AW (1977) The diagnosis of infected prosthetic heart valves: Bacteremia versus endocarditis. In: Duma RJ (ed) Infections of prosthetic heart valves and vascular grafts: Prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Univ Park Press, Baltimore, pp 61–78

    Google Scholar 

  24. Donaldson RM, Ross DM (1984) Homograft aortic root replacement for complicated prosthetic valve endocarditis. Circulation 70 (Suppl I): 178–181

    Google Scholar 

  25. Durack DT (1985) Current issues in prevention of infective endocarditis. Am J Med 78 (Suppl 6B): 149–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Von der Emde J, Jakob B (1986) Late intervention in infective endocarditis of native and prosthetic valves. Z Kardiol 75 (Suppl 2): 183–185

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ergin MA, Raissi S, Follis F, Lansman SL, Griepp RB (1989) Annular destruction in acute bacterial endocarditis: Surgical techniques to meet the challenge. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 97: 755–763

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Everett ED, Hirschmann JV (1977) Transient bacteremia and endocarditis prophylaxis. A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 56: 61–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ferrans VJ, Boyce SW, Billingham ME, Spray TL, Roberts WC (1979) Infection of glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine valve heterografts. Am J Cardiol 43: 1123–1136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fiore AC, Ivey TD, McKeown PP, Misbach GA, Allen MD, Dillard DH (1986) Patch closure of aortic annulus mycotic aneurysms. Ann Thorac Surg 42: 372–379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Frantz PT, Murray GF, Wilcox BR (1980) Surgical management of left ventricular-aortic discontinuity complicating bacterial endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg 29: 1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gandjbakhch I, Villemot JP, Barra J et al. (1981) Traitement chirurgical des endocardites sur prothèses valvulaires aortiques. Ann Chir 35: 158–162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gandjbakhch I, Laskar M, Pavie A, Mesnildrey P, Cabrol C (1983) Implantation intra-atriale de la valve mitrale. Presse Med 12: 1723–1724

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Glazier JJ, Verwilghen J, Donaldson RM, Ross DN (1991) Treatment of complicated prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis with annular abscess formation by homograft aortic root replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 17: 1177–1182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hammond GW, Stiver HG (1978) Combination antibiotic therapy in an outbreak of prosthetic endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Can Med Assoc J 118: 524–530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Haydock D, Barratt-Boyes BG, Macedo T, Kirklin JW, Blackstone EH (1992) Aortic valve replacement for acute infectious endocarditis in 108 patients. A comparison of freehand allograft valves with mechanical prostheses and bioprostheses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103: 130–139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Henry NK, Wilson WR (1987) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. In: Starek PJK (ed) Heart valve replacement and reconstruction. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago London, pp 305–315

    Google Scholar 

  38. Horstkotte D (1985) Endokarditisprophylaxe bei zahnärztlichen Eingriffen: Empfehlungen des Herzzentrums Düsseldorf. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde 4: 3–8

    Google Scholar 

  39. Horstkotte D, Bircks W, Loogen F (1986) Infective endocarditis of native and prosthetic valves — the case for prompt surgical intervention? A retrospective analysis of factors affecting survival. Z Kardiol (Suppl 2) 75: 168–182

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Horstkotte D, Friedrichs W, Pippert H, Bircks W, Loogen F (1986) Nutzen der Endokarditisprophylaxe bei Patienten mit prothetischen Herzklappen. Z Kardiol 75: 8–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Horstkotte D, Körfer R, Loogen F, Rosin H, Birck W(1984) Prosthetic valve endocarditis: Clinical findings and management. Europ Heart J (Suppl C) 5: 117–122

    Google Scholar 

  42. Horstkotte D, Schulte HD, Bircks W, Loogen F (1978) Prothesenendokarditis: Inzidenz, Diagnostik, therapeutische Entscheidungen und Prognose. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 117: 1671–1678

    Google Scholar 

  43. Horstkotte D (1991) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. In: Horstkotte D (ed) Heart valve consultant. ICR Publishers, London, pp 67–74

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hufnagel CA, Conrad PW, Gomes MN (1977) Surgical techniques in the treatment of infected valvular prostheses. In: Duma RJ (ed) Infections of prosthetic heart valves and vascular grafts: Prevention, diagnosis and treatment. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 143–160

    Google Scholar 

  45. Ivert TSA, Dismukes WE, Cobbs CG, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW, Bergdahl LA (1984) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Circulation 69: 223–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jault F, Gandjbakhch I, Chastre JC et al. (1993) Prosthetic valve endocarditis with ring abscesses. Surgical management and long-term results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 105: 1106–1113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Jones EL, Schwarzmann SW, Check WA, Hatcher CR Jr (1983) Complications from cardiac prostheses. In: Sabiston DC Jr, Spencer FC (ed) Gibbon’s surgery of the chest. Saunders, Philadelphia London, pp 1253–1279

    Google Scholar 

  48. Karchmer AW, Dismukes WE, Buckley MJ, Austen WG (1978) Late prosthetic valve endocarditis: Clinical features influencing therapy. Am J Med 64: 199–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Karchmer AW, Archer GL, Dismukes WE (1983) Staphylococcus epidermidis causing prosthetic valve endocarditis: Microbiologic and clinical observations as guides to therapy. Ann Intern Med 98: 447–455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kay PH, Oldershaw PJ, Lincoln JC, Lennox SC, Paneth M (1983) The management of prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Cardiovasc Surg 24: 127–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kaye D (1976) Definitions and demographic characteristics. In: Kaye D (ed) Infective endocarditis. University Park Press, Baltimore pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kaye D (1977) Prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis. A dilemma. In: Kaplan E L,Taranta A V(eds) Infective endocarditis (AHA symposium). Am Heart Assoc Monograph 52: p 67

    Google Scholar 

  53. Keyser DL, Biller J, Coffman TT, Adams HP Jr (1990) Neurologic complications of late prosthetic valve endocarditis. Stroke 21: 472–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kirklin JK, Kirklin JW, Pacifico AD (1988) Aortic valve endocarditis with aortic root abscess cavity: Surgical treatment with aortic valve homograft. Ann Thorac Surg 45: 674–677

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kirklin JK, Pacifico AD, Kirklin JW (1989) Surgical treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis with homograft aortic valve replacement. J Card Surg 4: 340–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG (1993) Aortic valve disease. In: Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG (eds) Cardiac surgery, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York pp 491–571

    Google Scholar 

  57. Laborde F, Lecompte Y, Bex JP (1985) Remplacement valvulaire aortique en cas de destruction infectieuse de l’anneau aortique. Nouvelle technique. Presse Med 14: 157–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lau JK, Robles A, Cherian A, Ross DN (1984) Surgical treatment of prosthetic endocarditis. Aortic root replacement using a homograft. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 87: 712–716

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lindblom D (1988) Long-term clinical results after aortic valve replacement with the Björk-Shiley prosthesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 95: 658–667

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Masur H, Johnson WD Jr (1980) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 80: 31–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Mayer KH, Schoenbaum SC (1982) Evaluation and management of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 25: 43–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. McLeod R, Remington JS (1977) Fungal endocarditis. In: Rahimtoola SH (ed) Infective endocarditis. Grune & Stratton, New York, pp 211–291

    Google Scholar 

  63. Miller DC (1990) Predictors of outcome in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) and potential advantages of homograft aortic root replacement for prosthetic ascending aortic valvegraft infections. J Card Surg 5: 53–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Moore WS (1977) Experimental studies relating to sepsis in prosthetic valve grafting. In: Duma RJ (ed) Infections of prosthetic valves and vascular grafts. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 267–285

    Google Scholar 

  65. Nunez L, de la Liana R, Aguado M G, Iglesias A, Larrea J L, Celemín D (1983) Bioprosthetic valve endocarditis: Indicators for surgical intervention. Ann Thorac Surg 35: 262–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. O’Brien MF, Stafford EG, Gardner MA, Pohlner PG, McGiffin DC (1987) A comparison of aortic valve replacement with viable cryopreserved and fresh allograft valves, with a note on chromosomal studies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94: 812–824

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ostermiller WE Jr, Dye WS, Weinberg M (1971) Fungal endocarditis following cardiovascular surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 61: 670–675

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Park SJ, Sullivan HJ, Lonchyna V, Hinkamp TJ, Pifarre R (1993) Heart transplantation for complicated and recurrent early prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Heart Lung Transplant 12: 802–803

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Pedersen WR, Walker M, Olson JD et al. (1991) Value of transesophageal echocardiography as an adjunct to transthoracic echocardiography in evaluation of native and prosthetic valve endocarditis. Chest 100: 351–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Pelletier LL Jr, Petersdorf RG (1977) Infective endocarditis: A review of 125 cases from the University of Washington Hospitals 1963–1972. Medicine (Baltimore) 56: 287–313

    Google Scholar 

  71. Petheram IS, Boyce JM (1977) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. A review of 24 cases. Thorax 32: 478–485

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Reitz BA, Stinson EB, Watson DC, Baumgartner WA, Jamieson SW (1981) Translocation of the aortic valve for prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 81: 212–218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Richardson JV, Karp RB, Kirklin JW, Dismukes WE (1978) Treatment of infective endocarditis: a 10 year comparative analysis. Circulation 58: 589–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rocchiccioli C, Chastre J, Lecompte Y, Gandjbakhch I, Gibert C (1986) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. The case for prompt surgical management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 92: 784–789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Rossiter SJ, Stinson EB, Oyer PE, Miller DC, Schapira JN, Martin RP, Shumway NE (1978) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Comparison of heterograft tissue valves and mechanical valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 76: 795–802

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Rudolph W (1982) Infective endocarditis: Clinical spectrum, management and prevention. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 30: 340–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Rutledge R, Kim BJ, Applebaum RE (1985) Actuarial analysis of the risk of prosthetic valve endocarditis in 1,598 patients with mechanical and bioprosthetic valves. Arch Surg 120: 469–472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Saffle JR, Gardner P, Schoenbaum SC, Wild W (1977) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. The case for prompt valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73: 416–420

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Salgado AV, Furlan AJ, Keys TF, Nichols TR, Beck GJ (1989) Neurologic complications of endocarditis: A 12-year experience. Neurology 39: 173–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Sande MA, Johnson WD Jr, Hook EW, Kaye D (1972) Sustained bacteremia in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. N Engl J Med 286: 1067–1070

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Sett SS, Hudon MPJ, Jamieson WRE, Chow AW (1993) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Experience with porcine bioprostheses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 105: 428–434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Shulman ST, Amren DP, Bisno AL et al. (1984) Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. A statement for health professionals by the committee on rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis of the council on cardiovascular disease in the young. Circulation 70: 1123–1127

    Google Scholar 

  83. Slaughter L, Morris JE, Starr A (1973) Prosthetic valvular endocarditis: A 12-year review. Circulation 47: 1319–1326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Sweeney MS, Reul GJ, Cooley DA, Ott DA, Duncan JM, Frazier OH, Livesay JJ (1985) Comparison of bioprosthetic and mechanical valve replacement for active endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 90: 676–680

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Symbas PN, Vlasis SE, Zacharopoulos L, Lutz JF (1982) Acute endocarditis: Surgical treatment of aortic regurgitation and aortico-left ventricular discontinuity. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 84: 291–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Utley JR, Mills J, Roe BB (1975) The role of valve replacement in the treatment of fungal endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 69: 255–258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. VanHooser DW, Johnson RG, Hein RA, Elkins RC (1986) Successful management of aortic valve endocarditis with associated periannular abscess and aneurysm. Ann Thorac Surg 42: 148–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Wilson WR, Jaumin PM, Danielson GK, Giulani ER, Washington JA, Geraci JE (1975) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 82: 751–756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Wilson WR (1977) Prosthetic valve endocarditis: Incidence, anatomic location, cause, morbidity, and mortality. In: Duma RJ (ed) Infections of prosthetic heart valves and vascular grafts: Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 3–13

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wilson WR, Geraci JE, Danielson GK, Thompson RL, Spittell JA Jr, Washington JA II, Giuliani ER (1978) Anticoagulant therapy and central nervous system complications in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis. Circulation 57: 1004–1007

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Wilson WR, Danielson GK, Giuliani ER, Geraci JE (1982) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Mayo Clin Proc 57: 155–161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Yarbrough JW, Roberts WC, Reis R (1973) Structural alterations in tissue cardiac valves implanted in patients and in calves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 65: 364–375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Beyersdorf, F. (1995). Chirurgische Behandlung der Prothesenendokarditis. In: Unger, F., Mörl, H., Dieterich, H.A. (eds) Interventionen am Herzen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93558-9_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93558-9_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-93559-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-93558-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics