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Neurale Grundlagen des Schmerzes

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Aktuelle Probleme der Neuropsychiatrie

Zusammenfassung

Die Sinnesempfindung “Schmerz” stellt den bewußt werdenden Teil einer komplexen protektiven Verhaltensreaktion des Organismus dar. Wie andere Empfindungen so resultiert auch der Schmerz aus einer exogenen oder endogenen Aktivierung bestimmter Teile des Nervensystems. Seit MÜLLER (1838) seine Theorie von den spezifischen Sinnesenergien formulierte, hat die Physiologen die Frage beschäftigt, ob Schmerz eine spezifische Empfindung im Sinne Müllers darstellt, ob es also ein spezifisches neurales Substrat für den Schmerz gibt, dessen Aktivierung immer und ausschließlich zu einer Schmerzempfindung führt. Nach der Definition Müllers müßte man aus heutiger Sicht den Schmerz aber eher als eine spezielle denn als eine spezifische Sinneswahrnehmung bezeichnen, die an eine bestimmte Reizform oder Reizenergie gebunden wäre. Im oberen Bereich der Intensitätsfunktionen spezifischer Reize für alle Sinnesmodalitäten kommt es nämlich praktisch immer zu einer Schmerzempfindung, die somit also gleichermaßen durch mechanische, akustische, thermische oder optische Reize ausgelöst werden kann. Gegen Ende des vergangenen Jahrhunderts standen sich zwei Auffassungen über die Genese des Schmerzes gegenüber. Von FREY (1895) war der Ansicht, daß Schmerz durch die Reizung spezifischer Receptoren hervorgerufen würde, deren Erregungen über spezifische Bahnen zu bestimmten Zentren des Gehirns geleitet und dort als Schmerzempfindung erkannt würden.

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Authors
  1. K.-M. Gottschaldt
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  1. Neurologischen Klinik des Kreiskrankenhauses Herford, Schwarzenmoorstraße 70, D-4900, Herford, Deutschland

    M. Gottschaldt (Chefarzt) & H. Grass (Oberarzt) (Chefarzt) &  (Oberarzt)

  2. Neurochirurgischen Klinik der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover, Karl-Wiechert-Allee 9, D-3000, Hannover, Deutschland

    M. Brock (Oberarzt) (Oberarzt)

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Gottschaldt, KM. (1978). Neurale Grundlagen des Schmerzes. In: Gottschaldt, M., Grass, H., Brock, M. (eds) Aktuelle Probleme der Neuropsychiatrie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93082-9_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93082-9_5

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