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Erzeugung radioaktiver Kernarten durch die kosmische Strahlung

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Book cover Nuclear Radiation in Geophysics / Kernstrahlung in der Geophysik

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Summary

Radioactive nuclides are produced by cosmic radiation in the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere. The present knowledge mainly refers to production in the atmosphere and in meteorites. The most efficient nuclear reactions inducing radioactivity are the spallations of the constituents of the atmosphere or of iron in the case of meteorites. There is only one important exception: thermal neutron capture by nitrogen bringing forth C14. —The production of radioactive nuclides strongly depends on altitude and geomagnetic latitude according to the behaviour of the nucleonic or star-producing component of cosmic radiation. The intensity of the cosmic radiation may vary considerably during short periods. Its mean value appears to have been constant within a factor of 2 for millions of years and to have altered not much more during the last 109 years as indicated by observations on long-lived radioactive species in meteorites. —The C14 produced in the atmosphere is distributed over the biosphere and the ocean also. A steady-state model gives a good approximation for the reservoirs and the exchange times. The natural concentration of C14 is diluted by “old” CO2 due to industrial combustion and enlarged by additional production due to nuclear weapon tests. C14 measurements have proved to be a valuable tool for studying atmospheric and oceanic transport phenomena and ground water problems. —Be7 and Be10 are spallation products of nitrogen. Be7 is easily detected in atmospheric air and precipitation. Be10 was observed in deep-sea cores. Numerous nuclides are produced by spallation of argon. Up to now Na22, Si32, P32, P33, S35, CI36, CI39 were detected. There is a certain contribution from weapon tests to S35 and a very large one to CI36. Short-lived nuclides reaching ground-level are mainly produced in the troposphere. Their concentrations can be used to calculate storage times. —The natural tritium production is not known too well. Only very few measurements were made before the start of artificial production by weapon tests which was higher by orders of magnitude. Some investigations with Greenland ice were carried out back to 1944. The fluctuations of the atmospheric tritium content in recent years cannot be explained without doubt as yet. Tritium has been used for hydrological studies. To construct a model for the world-wide distribution similar to that for C14 is still unfeasible. —Production of radioactive nuclides in the terrestrial lithosphere was detected only in high altitude. Many radioactive substances have been found in the meteorites which were exposed to a rather intense and energetic cosmic radiation for a long time. With recent falls short-lived activities down to 16 days half-life have been observed. The investigations are useful to study possible variations of cosmic radiation in time and space. Regarding space too few measurements are available at present.

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Authors
  1. O. Haxel
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  2. G. Schumann
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Technische Hochschule Aachen, Deutschland

    H. Israël

  2. University of Louisville, Louisville, USA

    A. Krebs

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Haxel, O., Schumann, G. (1962). Erzeugung radioaktiver Kernarten durch die kosmische Strahlung. In: Israël, H., Krebs, A. (eds) Nuclear Radiation in Geophysics / Kernstrahlung in der Geophysik. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-92837-6_6

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