Zusammenfassung
Die Verwendung radioaktiver Isotope bei ozeanographischen Untersuchungen hat in den letzten 20 Jahren dank der Entwicklung der Radiumchemie und der Verbesserung der Nachweismethoden rasch zugenommen. Im Wasser der Ozeane und in den Tiefsee-Sedimenten sind eine große Zahl von Radioisotopen bekannt, die sich in der Mehrzahl von den Zerfallsreihen des Urans und des Thoriums herleiten. Im Ozeanwasser ist die Radioaktivität im wesentlichen getragen von U238, U235, U234, Ra226 und ihren Folgeprodukten, ferner von K40, C14 und zu einem sehr geringen Teil vom H3. Künstlich erzeugte Isotope wie Sr90, Cs137, Ce144 und Pr147 sind nur in geringem Maße vorhanden, nehmen aber zu. Die Radioaktivität junger Tief see-Sedimente ist in der Hauptsache von folgenden Isotopen getragen: Th232 und Th230 mit ihren Folgeprodukten, Pa231 mit seinen Tochterprodukten, K40, C14 und Uran-Isotope. Die einzelnen Isotope sind absteigend nach dem Anteil ihres Beitrages zur Gesamtaktivität geordnet.
Wichtigste Anwendung radioaktiver Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Ozeano-graphie ist das Studium der Vermischung verschiedener Wassermassen, das durch Messungen des C14 und des Ra226 ermöglicht wird. Zum Studium von Diffusions-prozessen im Ozean und in den Sedimenten dient Ra226. Altersbestimmungen der Sedimente können für einen Altersbereich zwischen etwa 10000 bis 150000 Jahren aus dem Verhältnis Pa231/Th230 abgeleitet werden. C14-Datierungen in Carbonat- Sedimenten können bis zu maximalen Alterswerten von 40000 Jahren verwandt werden. Weitere Methoden beruhen auf der Bestimmung des Th230/Th232-Ver- hältnisses, des Th230-Zerfalls oder der Ra226-Verteilung in den Sedimenten.
Die Arbeit berichtet außerdem über wichtige neuere Erkenntnisse folgenden Inhalts: Die mittlere Aufenthaltszeit eines CO2-Moleküls in der Atmosphäre bis zu seinem Austausch mit Oberflächenwasser des Ozeans ist zu 7 Jahren zu schätzen. Das Verhältnis C14/C12 in mittleren Ozeantiefen läßt auf Verweilzeiten des Wassers in diesen Tiefen von 300 bis 1000 Jahren schließen, während sich aus dem gleichen Verhältnis die Verweilzeit von Tiefenwasser zwischen etwa 600 und 1500 Jahren ergibt. Die genannten Werte sind von Ozean zu Ozean verschieden. Aus C14-Datierungen läßt sich schließen, daß der letzte große Klimawechsel vor etwa 11000 Jahren stattgefunden hat, während Pa231/Th230-Datierungen in den Ozean-Sedimenten erkennen lassen, daß die letzte Zwischeneiszeit vor etwa 100 000 Jahren begann und etwa vor 65 000 Jahren endigte.
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© 1962 Springer- Verlag OHG / Berlin · Göttingen · Heidelberg
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Koczy, F.F., Rosholt, J.N. (1962). Radioactivity in Oceanography. In: Israël, H., Krebs, A. (eds) Nuclear Radiation in Geophysics / Kernstrahlung in der Geophysik. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-92837-6_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-92837-6_2
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