Abstract
The underestimation of the distance and the dimensions of the Sun that was a dominating feature of Greek astronomy, was adopted by the astronomers of the Occident and believed until the end of the 17th century. Practically nothing was known about the physical nature of the stars until that time. The distances of the stars also were underestimated and that fact may explain why many observers thought that the stars displayed measurable diameters. It is clear that it was the irradiation and diffraction that deceived the pioneers. In order to illustrate the kind of rôle these phenomena sometimes play we quote some measurements of the “diameters” of different magnitudes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Libelli duo, unus de supplemento almanach etc. Norimbergae (1543).
Opera omnia 2, p. 429 (1925); Astronomiae instauratae progymnasmata. Pragae (1602).
Novae coelestium orbium theoricae. Moguntiaci (1608).
Uranometria. Middelburgi (1631).
Hortensius, Landsbergii commentationes in motum terrae. Middelburgi (1630).
Almagestum novum I, p. 424, 716 (1651).
Mercurius in Sole visus, p. 92. Gedani (1662).
Opera II, p. 676, 689 (1859).
Opera VI, p. 335 (1866).
Venus in Sole visa anno 1639, p. 139, edited by Hevelius, see Note 7, p. 575; De magnitudine fixarum. Opera, p. 61 (1672–78), ed. by Wallis, London.
Ars magna lucis et umbrae, p. 119. Romae (1646).
Opera omnia 2, p. 429 (1925); Astronomiae instauratae progymnasmata. Pragae (1602).
An Attempt to prove the Motion of the Earth, p. 26. London (1674).
London Phil Trans p. 853 (1718); p. 3 (1720).
London Phil Trans p. 234 (1767).
Collected Works II, p. 297 (1912).
Die Beugungserscheinungen aus der Undulationstheorie analytisch entwickelt. Mannheim (1835).
Wien Denkschr Akad Wiss II. Cl 5, p. 91 (1852).
C R 66, p. 932 (1868). Fizeau also pointed out the possibility of using the phenomena of scintillation for the determination of stellar diameters.
London Phil Trans (1802); A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy. London (1807).
Ann Chim Phys I (1816); XI (1819); Paris Mém de l’Acad V (1826).
Phil Mag (5) 30, p. 1 (1890); (5) 31, p. 338 (1891); (5) 34, p. 280 (1892); Amer J of Science (3) 39, p. 115 (1890).
C R 78, p. 1008 (1874).
Publ A S P 3, p. 274 (1891).
B A 16, p. 257 (1899).
Proc Amer Academy of Arts and Sciences 16, p. 1 (1880).
C R 152, p. 73 (1911).
Z f wiss Photogr 4, p. 43 (1906).
A N 185, p. 33 (1910); 186, p. 161 (1910).
Potsd Publ No. 76 (1920).
Phil Mag 24, p. 352 (1912).
Dissert. Breslau (1913).
Phil Mag 29, p. 301 (1915); Amer Illum Engin Soc Trans 9, p. 633 (1915).
Scientific Pap Bureau Stand No. 303 (1917).
Harv Ann 59, Nr 6 (1912).
A N 222, p. 237; 226, p. 1 (1925); 226, p. 225 (1926).
Mt Wilson Contr No. 369 (1928); Ap J 68, p. 279.
Publ A S P 32, p. 307 (1920).
Pop Astr 22, p. 339 (1914).
Leiden Ann XIV: 1 (1922).
Berlin-Babelsberg Veröff 3. H. 4 (1923).
Seeliger-Festschr p. 338 (1924).
Mt Wilson Contr No. 369; Ap J 68, p. 279 (1928).
A N 233, p. 93 (1928). Also thesis in Budapest (Hungarian).
AN 219, p. 21 (1923).
Mt Wilson Contr No. 184, 185 (1920) and No. 203 (1921); Ap J 5l, p. 257, 263; 53, p. 249.
Recent work by W. A. Calder at Harvard College Observatory [Harv Bull 885 (1931)] using the Harvard 15 inch refractor and a stellar interferometer in front of the objective, emphasizes the importance of good seeing at interferometer measures. Calder concludes: “… that the statements frequently found to the effect that, in contrast to what might be expected, the interferometer does not require excellent seeing conditions, are unduly optimistic. Atmospheric conditions appear to be controlling factor, and seriously restrict the possibilities of the interference method.”
Mt Wilson Contr No. 203; Ap J 53, p. 249 (1921).
Mt Wilson Contr No. 222 (1922); Ap J 55, p. 48.
Publ A S P 34, p. 346 (1–922); Mt Wilson Reports 1920–1928.
C R 174, p. 342 (1922); Journal de Mathématiques pures et appliquées 1917 and 1920; B A Mém et Var I, p. 198 (1920).
C R 174, p. 904 (1922).
C R 175, p. 1123 (1922).
B A 16, p. 257 (1899).
C R 176, p. 1849 (1923).
C R 174, p. 1408 (1922).
M N 84, p. 308 (1924).
Berlin-Babelsberg Veröff 3, No. 4 (1923); A N 220, p. 189 (1924).
Wash Nat Acad Proc 11, p. 382 (1925).
Publ A S P 40, p. 229 (1928).
A N 229, p. 69 (1926).
Mitteilungen Leshafts Inst Leningrad (Russian) 2, p. 126 (1921).
Receuil inaugural de l’Université de Lausanne (1892). La scintillation des étoiles.
Bull de l’Acad Roy Belg Ser. II, 25, p. 631 (1868); 29, p. 80 (1870); 29, p. 455 (1780); 37, p. 165 (1874); 38, p. 300 (1874) (Catalogue); 42, p. 255 (1876); 44, p. 694 (1877); 43, p. 391 (1878); 46, p. 17 (1878); 46, p. 328 (1878); 46, p. 598 (1878); 47, p. 755 (1879); 48, p.22 (1879): Ser. III, 1, p. 231 (l88l); 6, p. 426 (1883); 9, p. 85 (1885); 16, p. 160, 553 (1888); Ann de l’Obs Bruxelles 1878, p. 245.
Ap J 36, p. 156 (1912); A N 192, p. 21 (1912); B A 29, p. 305 (1912).
Ap J 41, p. 147 (1915).
M N 87, p. 34 (1926).
Proc Amer Acad of Arts and Sciences 16, p. 1 (l880).
Obs 10, p. 96 (1887).
J B A A 2, p. 35 (1891); Astronomy and Astrophysics 11, p. 145 (1892).
Ap J 44, p. 293 (1916).
A N 213, p. 1 (1921).
Jahrb d Radioakt u Elektronik 1919, H. 1.
J B A A 39, p. 247, 253 (1929).
C R 122, p. 1254 (1896).
Ap J 10, p. 308 (1899).
Ap J 10, p. 315 (1899).
Princeton Obs Contr, No. 3 (1915).
Ap J 40, p. 417 (1914).
Russell and Shapley, Ap J 40, p. 417 (1914) and subsequent papers by numerous workers within this field.
A J 38, p. 45 (1927).
Kreiken, M N 89, p. 589 (1929).
Mem R A S 56 (1906).
M N 89, p. 647 (1929).
A N 203, p- 9 (1916); København K Acad Forhandl Oversigt 1916, No. 1.
A J 35, p- 141 (1924).
Lick Bull 6, p. 125 (1911).
Harv Ann 56, No. 7 (1912).
Lick Bull 10, p. 169 (1923).
A J 35, p. 93 (1923).
M N 10, p. 170 (1850).
Obs 47, p. 376 (1924).
A N 22, p. 145 (l844); Abhandlungen von Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, herausg. von R. Engelmann II, p. 306 (1875).
A N 58, p. 33 (1862).
Mem R A S 56 (1906).
Lewis did not care to derive <inline></inline> his material, but pointed out the possibility of doing so [Mem R A S 56, p. XXI (1906)].
Pop Astr 18, p. 483 (1910).
Groningen Publ, No. 24 (1910).
South African Journal of Science. 1916 June.
Publ A S P 31, p. 231 (1919).
A N 216, p. 301 (1922).
A N 216, p. 385 (1922).
M N 82, p. 447 (1922).
M N 71, p. 610 (1911).
A J 26, p. 147 (1910).
Publ Allegheny Obs 1, No. 21 (1910).
A N 189, p. 145 (1911).
A N 211, p. 105 (1920).
A N 216, p. 309 (1922).
A J 34, p. 127 (1922).
A J 39, p. 57 (1929).
B A N 3, p. 149 (1926).
Lick Bull 11, p. 141 (1924).
Wash Nat Ac Proc 10, p. 394 (1924).
From Hertzsprung’s paper in B A N 2, p. 15 (1923).
Mt Wilson Contr 226 (1922).
Publ Obs Astrophys Centr Russ Moscou 2, p. 289, 303 (1923).
Phil Mag 39, p. 488 (1920).
Ap J 54, p. 334 (1921); Mt Wilson Contr 216.
Mt Wilson Contr, No. 226 (1922); Ap J 55, p. 165 (1922).
Mt Wilson Contr, No. 82, 147; Ap J 40, p. 43 (1914); 47, p. 146, 255 (1918).
Publ A S P 33, p. 140 (1921).
Potsd Publ No. 74 (1919).
Mt Wilson Comm 59; Wash Nat Ac Proc 5, p. 232 (1919).
Ap J 55, p. 238 (1922); Mt Wilson Contr 226.
B A N 1, p. 107 (1922); Obs 46, p. 304 (1923).
J B A A 34, p. 144 (1924).
V J S 59, p. 203 (1924).
A N 227, p. 145 (1926); Charkov Obs Publ, No. 1, p. 12 (1927).
Gron Publ, No. 34, p. 60 (1923).
Ap J 55, p. 198 (1922).
M N 84, p. 308 (1924).
Acc dei Lincei Rend 31, 1° Sem, p. 359; 2° Sem, p. 93 (1922).
Arcetri Pubbl Fasc No. 40 (1923).
Acc dei Lincei Rend 33, p. 554 (1924).
Harv Ann 26, p. 213 (1897).
Ann Obs Paris, Mem 25, F (1906).
C R 144, p. 361 (1907).
London Phil Trans 180 A, p. 1 (1889).
Phil Mag 6th Ser. 2, p. 161 (1901).
B S A F 25, p. 153 (1906).
Ann Obs Paris, Mém 25, F (1906).
K Svenska Vet Akad Handl 61, No. 15, p. 109 (1921).
Lund Medd Ser. I, No. 104 (1924).
K Svenska Vet Akad Handl 61, No. 15 (1921).
Ark Mat Astr Fys 20 A, No. 26 (1928); Upsala Medd 36.
K Svenska Vet Akad Handl (3) 4, No. 8 (1928); Upsala Medd 32.
B A N 5, p. 67 (1929).
Mt Wilson Contr No. 176 (1920).
Z f Phys 14, p. 226 (1923).
M N 71, p. 460 (1911); 76, p. 107 (1915).
K Svenska Vet Akad Handl 51, No. 5 (1913).
Mt Wilson Contr No. 116 (1915).
Potsdam Publ 15, No. 50 (1905).
A Research on the Spherical Dynamical Equilibrium-Distribution of Stars of Unequal Masses. Göteborg 1928.
The Dynamical Theory of Gases. Fourth Edition. Cambridge 1925-
Lund Medd Ser. II, No. 48 (1927).
Lund Medd Ser. II, No. 16 (1917).
M N 76, p. 70, 555 (1915–16); Problems of Cosmogony and Stellar Dynamics. Cambridge 1919.
Lund Medd Ser. II, No. 48 (1927). Also Dissertation Lund.
Publ A S P 37, p. 125 (1925).
M N 76, p. 525 (1916).
Ap J 60, p. 167 (1924).
Berlin-Babelsberg Veröff V, H. 6 (1927).
A N 220, p. 249 (1924).
A N 220, p. 249 (1924).
A N 221, p. 49 (1924).
Report of H. M. Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope 1922, p. 4.
M N 89, p- 589 (1929).
Berlin-Babelsberg Veröff VII, Heft 1 (1927).
M N 77, p. 596 (1917).
A N 208, p. 96 (1919).
Undersøgelser over Doppelstjerner III (1919).
Publ A S P 31, p. 231 (1919).
Mt Wilson Contr 226; Ap J 55, p. 165 (1922).
Harv Ann 85, No. 5 (1923).
B A N 2, p. 15 (1923).
Publ A S P 35, p. 189 (1923).
M N 84, p. 308 (1924).
M N 77, p. 605 (1917).
M N 84, p. 323 (1924).
M N 84, p. 325 (1924).
Nature 117, Suppl. p. 25 (1926).
Harv Ann 85, No. 5 (1923).
Lund Medd Ser. II, No. 48 (1927).
A N 225, p. 305 (1925).
Ap J 55, p. 179; Mt Wilson Contr 226 (1922).
M N 85, p. 196 (1925).
Gaskugeln p. 6l (1907).
M N 85, p. 394 (1925).
Lund Medd Ser. II, No. 48. Also thesis Lund (1927).
M N 85, p. 403 (1925).
M N 85, p. 2 (1924).
M N 85, p. 423 (1925).
Berlin-Babelsberg Veröff 7, H. 1 (1927).
A N 225, p. 217 (1925).
Atti della Pontificia Accad (1924).
Ark Mat Astr Fys 20 A, No. 21. Also thesis Upsala (1927).
Brit. Assoc. Report 1920, p. 45- This theory seems also to have been presented independently by J. Perrin: Annales de Physique 2, p. 89 (1919), and Revue du Mois 21 p. 113 (1920).
A N 225, p-217 (1925).
A N 213, p. 1 (1921).
In fact, such a relation was established by Abetti in 1922.
Z f Phys 6, p. 40 (1921); Ap J 50, p. 220 (1919); Phil Mag (6) 40, p. 809 (1920); 41, p. 267 (1921); London R S Proc (A) 99, p. 135 (1921).
A N 231, p. 79 (1927).
Z f Phys 26, p. 139 (1924).
Lick Bull 10, p. 169 (1923).
A N 226, p. 302 (1926).
Wash Nat Ac Proc 10, p. 433 (1924).
M N 85, p. 245 (1925).
Lick Bull 10, p. 169 (1922).
The Binary Stars, p. 207. New York (1918).
Ark Mat Astr Fys 20 A, No. 18 (1927); Upsala Medd No. 34.
A J 38, p. 21 (1927).
Ap J 55, p. 198 (1922).
A N 230, p. 241 (1927).
A N 218, p. 205 (1923); Z f Phys 53, p. 597 (1929).
Z f Phys 49, p. 587 (1928).
M N 83, p. 444 (1923).
Ark Mat Astr Fys 20 A, No. 12 (1927); Upsala Medd No. 20.
Göttingen, Univ Sternw Veröff H. 3 (1928).
If so the conclusions concerning stellar masses and their relation to luminosity will also be affected to a certain extent.
A J 33, p. 180 (1921).
Excluding 85 Pegasi.
Excluding Sirius.
Lick Publ 13, p. 96 (19l8).
Lund Obs Circ 3, p. 64 (1931).
Z f Astrophys 2, p. 329 (1931).
M N 92, p. 662 (1932).
Harv Ann 85, No. 5 (1923).
Mt Wilson Contr No. 301 (1925); Ap J 62, p. 320.
Lowell Obs Bull No. 62 (1914).
Wash Nat Ac Proc 2, p. 517 (1916).
Wash Nat Ac Proc 4, p. 21 (1918).
V J S 49, p. 162 (1914).
Upsala Medd No. 40; Ark Mat Astr Fys 21, No. 10 (1928); Populär Astronomisk Tidskrift 10, p. 19 (1929).
Mem Coll of Sc Kyoto Imp Univ 3, No. 7, p. 199 (1918).
Ap J 31, p. 185 (1910).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Additional information
Besonderer Hinweis
Dieses Kapitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieses Kapitel ist aus einem Buch, das in der Zeit vor 1945 erschienen ist und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1933 Julius Springer in Berlin
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lundmark, K. (1933). Luminosities, Colours, Diameters, Densities, Masses of the Stars. In: Curtis, H.D., Lindblad, B., Lundmark, K., Shapley, H. (eds) Das Sternsystem. Handbuch der Astrophysik, vol 5/2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-90704-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-90704-3_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-88849-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-90704-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive