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Unusual Varieties of Diaphragmatic Herniae

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Part of the book series: Progress in Pediatric Surgery ((PEDIATRIC,volume 27))

Summary

Unusual varieties of diaphragmatic herniae can be classified into two major groups, congenital and acquired. The late-presenting Bochdalek herniae often present difficulties in diagnosis which may lead to inappropriate treatment. The prime example is the herniated stomach, which is mistaken for a tension pneumothorax. Strangulation is a rare, but an important, complication of Bochdalek herniae. A number of techniques for closure of large diaphragmatic defects are described with recommendation of those procedures which can be performed rapidly and effectively in a critically ill infant.

The literature concerning eventration is confusing due to different definitions of the condition by different authors. It may be difficult to distinguish preoperatively between this condition and congenital diaphragmatic hernia with a sac. Such distinction is often not important as the decision for intervention is based on evaluation of clinical and radiological considerations. The majority of Morgagni herniae are asymptomatic and only rarely does strangulation supervene. There is a small group of infants with Morgagni hernias who present in early infancy with respiratory symptoms.

Paralysis of the diapgragm due to phrenic nerve palsy recovers spontaneously in the majority of patients. The selective use of diaphragmatic plication for this condition is widely accepted, but the decision and appropriate timing for surgical intervention is often difficult. The results of surgery are very good both in the early postoperative period and also on long-term follow-up.

The diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is often overlooked in the presence of other major injuries. The danger of strangulation of contents of this hernia is ever present and repair should be undertaken without delay once the diagnosis is made.

Zusammenfassung

Seltene Varianten der Zwerchfellhernie können in 2 Gruppen eingeteilt werden: angeborene und erworbene. Die spät manifest werdenden Bochdalek-Hernien bereiten diagnostische Schwierigkeiten, die zu inadäquater Behandlung führen können. Hauptbeispiel ist der prolabierte Magen, der für einen Spannungspneumothorax gehalten werden kann. Strangulationen sind seltene, aberschwerwiegende Komplikationen der Bochdalek-Hernie. Es wird eine Reihe von Techniken zum Verschluß großer Zwerchfelldefekte beschrieben, insbesondere Verfahren, die schnell und effektiv beim kritischen Säugling eingesetzt werden.

Die Literatur zur Eventeration ist widersprüchlich, da verschiedene Autoren verschiedene Definitionen dieses Krankheitsbildes geben. Die Unterscheidung zwischen einer Eventeration und einer Zwerchfellhernie mit Bruchsack kann präoperativ Schwierigkeiten bereiten; sie ist aber häufig auch nicht nötig, da die Operationsindikation aufgrund klinischer und radiologischer Kriterien gestellt wird.

In der Mehrzahl der Fälle kommt es bei Morgagni-Hernien nicht zu Symptomen, und nur selten tritt eine Strangulation ein. Eine kleine Gruppe von Kindern mit Morgagni-Hernien zeigen respiratorische Symptome in der frühen Säuglingszeit.

Eine Zwerchfellrelaxation aufgrund einer Läsion des N. phrenicus bildet sich bei der Mehrzahl der Patienten spontan zurück. Die elektive Zwerchfellraffung ist als Behandlung der Relaxation weitgehend anerkannt, jedoch können Entschluß zur Operation und zeitliche Planung Schwierigkeiten bereiten. Die operativen Ergebnisse sind sowohl in der frühen postoperativen Phase als auch im Langzeit-Follow-up sehr gut.

Eine traumatische Zwerchfellhernie kann bei Vorliegen anderer größerer Verletzungen leicht übersehen werden. Dabei besteht immer die Gefahr der Strangulation der herniierten Organe, weshalb die operative Korrektur ohne Verzögerung durchgeführt werden sollte, sobald die Diagnose gestellt ist.

Résumé

Les hernies diaphragmiques de type peu courant peuvent être c1assées en deux graupes principaux: hernies congénitales ou acquises. Le diagnostic de la hernie de Bochdalek, qui se tard,est souvent compliqué et cela peut entraîner un traitement inadéquat. L’exemple le plus courant est la hernie de l’estomac qui peut être confondue avec un pneumothorax suffocant. L’etranglement est une complication rare mais très grave de la hernie de Bochdalek. Les auteurs décrivent un grand nombre de techniques de fermeture des vices diaphragmatiques étendus et en recommandent certaines permettant une intervention rapide et efficace dans le cas d’enfant en état critique.

La littérature sur l’éventration prête souvent à confusion car les différents auteurs ne sont pas d’accord sur la définiton. Il peut s’avérer difficile, avant toute intervention, de distinguer cette affection d’une hernie diaphragmatique congénitale avec sac. Toutefois, cette distinction est souvent sans grande importance, vu que la décision d’intervenir est fondée sur l’évaluation (I’appréciation) des données cliniques et radiologiques.

Le majorité des hernies de Morgagni sont asymptomatiques et un étranglement ne se produit que rarement. Un petit graupe d’enfants seulement, avec hernie de Morgagni, présenta des symptômes respiratoires dés la petite enfance.

La paralysie du diaphragme due à une paralysie du nerf phrénique guérit spontanément dans la plupart des cas. On est en général d’accord pour pratiquer une plication diaphragmatique dans ces cas. Il est souvent difficile de savoir quand exactement pratiquer cette intervention. Les résultats de I’intervention sont très bons, qu’il s’agisse de la période directement postopératoire ou des patients suivis à long terme.

Le diagnostic de hernie diaphragmatique traumatique est souvent rendu difficile par la présence d’autres traumatismes majeurs. Le danger d’étranglement du contenu de cette hernie est toujours présent et il faut intervenir aussitôt après l’établissement du diagnostic.

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© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Stokes, K.B. (1991). Unusual Varieties of Diaphragmatic Herniae. In: Myers, N.A., Angerpointner, T.A. (eds) Paediatric Thoracic Surgery. Progress in Pediatric Surgery, vol 27. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87767-4_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87767-4_8

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