Abstract
The upper limits of normal for systolic and diastolic blood pressures are 140 and 90 mmHg, respectively. Repeated measured values above 150 mmHg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic must be considered hypertension. Chronic hypertension is implicated in ischemic heart disease, atherosclerotic vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke. Although the most common form of hypertension, essential hypertension, is of unknown etiology, secondary causes of hypertension include renal and renovascular disease, endocrine disorders (Cushing’s syndrome, Conn’s syndrome, pheochromocytoma, or carcinoid), obesity, and pregnancy. A thorough evaluation of hypertensive patients is indicated. An overview is given in Table 1.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Suggested Reading
Braunwald E et al. (eds) (1987) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 11th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Burch GE, Myers R, Abildskev JA (1954) A new electrocardiographic pattern observed in cerebrovascular accidents. Circulation 9: 719–723
Carruth JE, Silverman ME (1980) Torsade de point: atypical ventricular tachycardia complicating subarachnoid hemorrhage. Chest 78: 886–888
CAST Investigators (1989) Preliminary report — effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 321: 406–412
Ciraulo D, Lind L, Salzman C et al. (1978) Sodium nitroprusside treatment of ECTinduced blood pressure elevations. Am J Psychiatry 135: 1105
Deutsche Liga zur Bekämpfung des hohen Blutdruckes e V (1992) Empfehlung zur Hochdruckbehandlung in der Praxis und zur Behandlung hypertensiver Notfälle, 10th edn. Heidelberg, pp 5–6
Estanol BV, Marin OSM (1975) Cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 6: 382–386
Fromer M, Brachmann J, Block M, Siebels J, Hoffmann E, Almendral J, Ohm OJ, den Dulk K, Coumel P, Camm J, Touboul P (1992) Efficacy of automatic multimodal device therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias as delivered by a new implantable pacing cardioverter defibrillator. Circulation 86: 363–374
Hall, Schmidt, Wood (1992) Principles of critical care. McGraw-Hill, New York
Hammer WJ, Lussenhop AJ, Weintraub AM (1975) Observations on the electrocardiographic changes associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage with special reference to their genesis. Am J Cardiol 59: 427–433
Hersch C (1961) Electrocardiographic changes in head injuries. Circulation 23: 853–860
Hugenholtz PG (1962) Electrocardiographic abnormalities in cerebral disorders. Report of six cases and review of the literature. Am Heart J 63: 451–461
Kaplan NM (1986) Clinical hypertension, 4th edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Kupersmith J (1993) Long QT syndrome. In: Singer I, Kupersmith J (eds) Clinical manual of electrophysiology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 156–158
Lee YC, Sutton FJ (1984) Concomitant pulses and U wave alternans associated with head trauma. Am J Cardiol 55: 851–852
Liberatore MA, Robinson DS (1984) Torsades de pointes: a mechanism for sudden death associated with neuroleptic drug therapy? J Clin Psychopharmacol 4 (3): 143–146
Lown B, Wolff M (1971) Approaches to sudden deaths from coronary heart disease. Circulation 44: 130–142
Marion DW, Segai R, Thompson ME (1986) Subarachnoid hemorrhage and the heart. Neurosurgery 18 (1): 101–106
Naftchi NE Tuckman (1989) Hypertensive crises in spinal man. Am Heart J 97: 537
Rettig G, Stober T, Sen S (1986) Disorders of the central nervous system and cardiac arrhythmias. Z Kardiol 75 [Suppl 5]: 57–64
Sen S, Stober T, Burger L et al. (1984) Recurrent torsades de pointes-type ventricular tachycardia in intracranial hemorrhage. Intensive Care Med 10: 263–2643
Shoemaker WC, Ayres S, Grenvik A, Holbrook PR, Thompson WL (1989) Textbook of critical care. Saunders, Philadelphia
Task Force of the Working Group on arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology (1997) The Sicilian gambit. Eur Heart J 12: 1112–1131
Thompson WL (1989) Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. In: Shoemaker et al. (eds) Textbook of critical care, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 391–412
Vaughan Williams EM (1984) A classification of antiarrhythmic action reassessed after a decade, of new drugs. J Clin Pharmacol 24: 129–147
Wynne J, Braunwald E (1987) The cardiomyopathies and myocaritides. In: Braunwald E et al. (eds) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 11th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 998–1004
Wynne J, Braunwald E (1992) The cardiomyopathies and myocardites: toxic, chemical, and physical damage to the heart. In: Braunwald E (ed) Heart disease. A textbook of cardiovascular medicine, 4th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1394–1450
Zipes DP (1992) Specific arrhythmias: diagnosis and treatment. In: Braunwald E (ed) Heart disease. A textbook of cardiovascular medicine, 4th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 628–666
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brachmann, J., Moore, L., Schuster, H.P., Hanley, D.F. (1994). Cardiac Care in Critically Ill Neurological Patients. In: Hacke, W., Hanley, D.F., Einhäupl, K.M., Bleck, T.P., Diringer, M.N., Ropper, A.H. (eds) Neurocritical Care. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87602-8_94
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87602-8_94
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-87604-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-87602-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive