Abstract
Lipids differ significantly from carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids because of their molecular heterogeneity. Since the latter groups of compounds occur as oligo- or polymers of a limited number of constituent molecules, they are characterized within their respective group by close structural relationships. In contrary, common solubility properties rather than close structural relationships classify lipids as one group.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahrens Jr. E. H., and L. C. Craig: The extraction and separation of bile acids. J. biol. Chem. 195, 763 (1952).
Anderson, R. J.: The chemistry of the lipoids of tubercle bacilli. XIV. The occurrence of inosite in the phosphatide from human tubercle bacilli. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 52, 1607 (1930).
Ansell, G. B., and J. N. Hawthorne: Phospholipids, p. 40. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publ. Comp., 1964.
Ansell, G. B., and J. M. Norman: Observations on the acetalphospholipids of brain tissue. J. Neurochem. 1, 32 (1956).
Austin, J. H.: Studies on globoid (Krabbe) Leucodystrophy II. J. Neurochem. 10, 921 (1963).
Baer, E.: Synthesis of enantiomeric α-phosphatidic acids. J. biol. Chem. 189, 235 (1951).
Baer, E., and D. Buchnea: Synthesis of unsaturated α-phosphatidic acids and α-bis-phosphatidic acids. Cardiolipin substituents, IV. Arch. Biochem. 78, 294 (1958).
Baer, E. and H. O. L. Fischer: Studies on acetone-glyceraldehyde. V. Synthesis of optically active glycerides from d(+) acetone glycerol. J. biol. Chem. 128, 475 (1939).
Benson, A.A., and B. Maruo: Plant phospholipids. I. Identification of the phosphatidyl glycerols. Biochem. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 27, 189 (1958).
Benson, A.A., and M. Miyano: The phosphatidyl glycerol and sulfolipid of plants. Biochem. J. 81, 31P (1961).
Bergström, S., and J. Sjövall: The isolation of prostaglandin. Acta chem. scand. 11, 1086 (1957).
Bergström, S., L. A. Carlsson, and L. Orö: Effect of prostaglandins on catecholamine induced changes in the free fatty acids of plasma and in blood pressure in the dog. Acta physiol. scand. 60, 170 (1964).
Bergström, S., H. Danielsson, and B. Samtjelsson: The enzymatic formation of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins and related factors 32. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 90, 207 (1964).
Bergström, S., R. Ryhage, B. Samuelsson, and J. Sjövall: The structure of prostaglandins E1? Fj,a and F1 ß. J. biol. Chem. 238, 3555 (1963).
Bergström, S., R. Ryhage, B. Samuelsson, and J. Sjövall: The structure of prostaglandin E, F1 and F2. Acta chem. scand. 16, 501 (1962).
Bogoch, S.: Studies on the structure of brain ganglioside. Biochem. J. 68, 319 (1958).
Borgström, B.: Separation of mono-, di- and triglycerides. Acta physiol. scand. 30, 231 (1954).
Brockerhoff, H., and C. E. Ballou: The structure of the phosphoinositide complex of beef brain. J. biol. Chem. 236, 1907 (1961).
Burdzy, K., P. G. Münder, H. Fischer u. O. Westphal: Steigerung der Phagocytose von Peritonealmacrophagen durch Lysolecithin. Z. Naturforsch. 19b, 1118 (1964).
Carroll, K. K.: Separation of lipid classes by chromatography on florisil. J. Lipid. Res. 2, 135 (1961).
Carter, H. E., and F. L. Greenwood: Biochemistry of sphingolipides, VII. Structure of cerebrosides. J. biol. Chem. 199, 283 (1952).
Carter, H. E., F. J. Glick, W. P. Norris, and G. E. Phillips: Biochemistry of sphingolipides. III. Structure of sphingosine. J. biol. Chem. 170, 285 (1947).
Carter, H. E., and C. G. Htjmiston: Biochemistry of sphingolipides, V. The structure of sphingine. J. biol. Chem. 191, 727 (1951).
Carter, H. E., W.P. Norris, F. J. Glick, G. E. Phillips, and R. Harris: Biochemistry of sphingolipides, II. Isolation of dihydrosphingosine from the cerebroside fractions of beef brain and spinal cord. J. biol. Chem. 170, 269 (1947).
Cheese, I. A. F. L., and W. T. J. Morgan: Two serologically active trisaccharides isolated from human blood group A substances. Nature (Lond.) 191, 149 (1961).
Clayton, R. B., and K. Bloch: Biological synthesis of lanosterol and agnosterol. J. biol. Chem. 218, 305 (1956).
Daun, H.: Zur Kenntnis des Folch’schen Strandins. Dissertation Köln, 1952.
Dawson, R. M. C.: The measurement of 32P-labelling of individual cephalins and lecithins in a small sample of tissue. Biochim. biophysic. Acta (Amst.) 14, 374 (1954).
Dawson, R. M. C.: A hydrolytic procedure for the identification and estimation of individual phospholipids in biological samples. Biochem. J. 75, 45 (1960).
Dawson, R. M. C. and J. C. Dittmer: Evidence for the structure of brain triphosphoinositide from hydrolytic degradation studies. Biochem. J. 81, 540 (1961).
Debuch, H.: Beitrag zur chemischen Konstitution der Acetalphosphatide und zur Frage des Vorkommens des Colamin-Kephalins im Gehirn. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 304, 109 (1956).
Debuch, H.: Nature of the linkage of the aldehyde residue in natural plasmalogens. Biochem. J. 67, 27P (1957).
Debuch, H.: Nature of the linkage of the aldehyde residue in natural plasmalogens. J. Neurochem. 2, 243 (1958).
Dorp, D. A. v., R. K. Beerthuis, D. H. Nugteren, and H. Vonkeman: The biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 90, 204 (1964).
Eneroth, P.: Thin-layer chromatography of bile acids. J. Lipid Res. 4, 11 (1963).
Euler, U. S. v.: Zur Kenntnis der pharmakologischen Wirkungen von Nativsekreten und Extrakten männlicher accessorischer Geschlechtsdrüsen. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 175, 78 (1934).
Euler, U. S. v.: Über die spezifische blutdrucksenkende Substanz des menschlichen Prostata- und Samenblasensekrets. Klin. Wschr. 33, 1182 (1935).
Euler, U. S. v.: On the specific vaso-dilating and plain muscle stimulating substances from accessory genital glands in man and certain animals (prostaglandin and vesiglandin). J. Physiol. (Lond.) 88, 213 (1936).
Feulgen, R., K. Imhäuser u. M. Behrens: Zur Kenntnis des Plasmalogens. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 180, 161 (1929).
Fieser, L., u. M. Fieser: Steroide, p. 1–96. Verlag Chemie: Weinheim, Bergstraße 1961.
Fischer, H., u. I. Haupt: Über das cytolysierende Prinzip von Serum-Komplement. Naturwissenschaften 47, 137 (1960).
Folch, J.: Brain cephalin, a mixture of phosphatides. Separation from it of phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and a fraction containing an inositol phosphatide. J. biol. Chem. 146, 35 (1942).
Folch, J.: The chemical structure of phosphatidyl serine. J. biol. Chem. 174, 439 (1948).
Folch, J.: Complete fractionation of brain cephalin: Isolation from it of phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and diphosphoinositide. J. biol. Chem. 177, 497 (1949).
Folch, J.: Brain diphosphoinositide, a new phosphatide having inositol metadiphosphate as a constituent. J. biol. Chem. 177, 505 (1949).
Folch, J., S. Arsove, and J. A. Meath: Isolation of brain strandin, a new type of large molecule tissue component. J. biol. Chem. 191, 819 (1954).
Folch, J. and D. W. Wooley: Inositol, a constituent of a brain phosphatide. J. biol. Chem. 142, 963 (1942).
Forssman, J.: Die Herstellung hochwertiger spezifischer Schaf haemolysine ohne Verwendung von Schafblut. Biochem. Z. 37, 78 (1911).
Getz, G. S., and W. Bartley: The intracellular distribution of fatty acids in rat liver. Biochem. J. 78, 307 (1961).
Goldblatt, M. W.: Chem. and Industry 52, 1056 (1933).
Goldblatt, M. W.: Properties of human seminal plasma. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 84, 208 (1935).
Grado, C., and C. E. Ballou: Myo-inositol phosphates obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of beef brain phosphoinositide. J. biol. Chem. 236, 54 (1961).
Graf, L., P. Skipski, and N. F. Alonzo: Immunochemical studies of organ and tumor lipids. VI. Isolation and properties of cytolipin H. Cancer 12, 438 (1959).
Gray, G. M., and M. G. Macfarlane: Separation and composition of the phospholipids of ox heart. Biochem. J. 70, 409 (1958).
Grob, C. A., u. F. Gadient: Die Synthese des Sphingosins und seiner Stereoisomeren. Helv. chim. Acta 40, 1145 (1957).
Grundy, S. M., E. H. Ahrens Jr., and T. A. Miettinen: Quantitative isolation and gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of total fecal bile acids. J. Lipid Res. 6, 397 (1965).
Hanahan, D. J.: The Lecithinases. Prog. Chem. Fats Lipids 4, 141–176 (1957).
Hanahan, D. J.: Lipide Chemistry, p. 114. New York: Wiley and Sons 1960.
Hanahan, D. J.; H. Brockerhoff, and E. J. Barron: The site of attack of phospholipase (lecithinase) A on lecithin: a reevaluation. J. biol. Chem. 235, 1917 (1960).
Hanahan, D. J.; J. C. Dittmer, and E. Warashina: A column chromatographic separation of classes of phospholipides. J. biol. Chem. 228, 685 (1957).
Hanahan, D. J.; and J. N. Olley: Chemical nature of monophosphoinositides. J. biol. Chem. 231, 813(1958).
Hanahan, D. J.; M. B. Turner, and M. E. Yayko: The isolation of egg phosphatidylcholine by adsorption column technique. J. biol. Chem. 192, 623 (1951).
Hanahan, D. J.; and R. Watts: The isolation of an α-alkoxy-ß-acyl-L-α-glycerophosphorylethanolamine from bovine erythrocytes. J. biol. Chem. 236, PC 59 (1961).
Hardegger, E., L. Ruzicka u. E. Tagmann. 202. Untersuchungen über Organextrakte. Zur Kenntnis der unverseifbaren Lipoide aus arteriosklerotischen Aorten. Helv. chim. Acta 26, 2205 (1943).
Haslewood, G. A. D.: Recent development in our knowledge of bile salts. Physiol. Rev. 35, 178 (1955).
Haverkate, F., and L. L. M. van Deenen: The stereochemical configuration of phosphatidyl glycerol. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 84, 106 (1964).
Hawthorne, J. N.: The ethanol-insoluble phosphatides of mammalian liver. Biochem. J. 59, II (1955).
Hawthorne, J. N.: The inositol phospholipids. J. Lipid Res. 1, 255 (1960).
Helferich, B., H. Appel u. R. Gootz: Über Emulsin. X. Z. physiol. Chem. 215, 277 (1933).
Hirsch, J., and E. H. Ahrens Jr.: The separation of complex lipid mixtures by the use of silicic acid chromatography. J. biol. Chem. 233, 311 (1958).
Hörhammer, L., H. Wagner u. J. Hölzl: Über die Inositphosphatide des Rinderhirns. Biochem. Z. 332, 269 (1960).
Horning, M. G., E. A. Williams, and E. C. Horning: Separation of tissue cholesterol esters and triglycerides by silicic acid chromatography. J. Lipid. Res 1, 482 (1960).
Houtsmuller, U. M. T., and L. L. M. van Deenen: Identification of a bacterial phospholipid as an O-ornithine ester of phosphatidyl glycerol. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 70, 211 (1963).
Jatzkewitz, H.: Zwei Typen von Cerebrosid-Schwefelsäureestern als sog. „Prä“-Lipoide und Speichersubstanzen bei der Leucodystrophie, Typ Scholz (Metachromatische Form der diffusen Sklerose). Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 311, 279 (1958).
Jatzkewitz, H.: Die Leucodystrophie, Typ Scholz (metachromatische Form der diffusen Sklerose) als Sphinsjolipoidose (Cerebrosid-Schwefelsäureester-Speicherkrankheit). Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 318, 265 (1960).
Kates, M.: Hydrolysis of lecithin by plant plastid enzymes. Canad. J. Biochem. 33, 575 (1955).
Kishimoto, Y., and N. S. Radin: Structures of the normal unsaturated fatty acids of brain sphingolipids. J. Lipid Res. 4, 437 (1963).
Kiss, J., G. Fodor u. D. Banfi: Zurückführung der Konfiguration des (natürlichen) Sphingosins auf die der D-erythro-2-Amino-3, 4-dioxybuttersäure. Helv. chim. Acta 37,1471 (1954).
Klenk, E.: Über die partiellen Spaltprodukte von Cerebron. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 153, 74 (1926).
Klenk, E.: Über Sphingosin. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 185, 169 (1929).
Klenk, E.: Beiträge zur Chemie der Lipoidosen. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 267, 128 (1948).
Klenk, E.: Zur Biochemie der Haemagglutination. Arigew. Chem. 72, 482 (1960).
Klenk, E. u. P. Böhm: Zur Kenntnis der Kephalinfraktion des Gehirns. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 288, 98 (1951).
Klenk, E. u. H. Debuch: Zur Kenntnis der cholinhaltigen Plasmalogene (Acetalphosphatide des Rinderherzmuskels). Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 299, 66 (1955).
Klenk, E. u. H. Debuch: The Lipides. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 28, 39 (1959).
Klenk, E. u. H. Faillard: Über Sphingosin. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 299, 48 (1955).
Klenk, E. u. W. Gielen: Zur Kenntnis der Ganglioside des Gehirns. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 319, 283 (1960).
Klenk, E. u. W. Gielen: Untersuchungen über die Konstitution der Ganglioside aus Menschengehirn und die Trennung des Gemisches in die Komponenten. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 326, 144 (1961).
Klenk, E., u. W. Gielen: Über ein zweites hexosaminhaltiges Gangliosid aus Menschengehirn Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 330, 218 (1963).
Klenk, E., u. W. Gielen: Über ein chromatographisch einheitliches, hexosaminfreies Gangliosid aus Menschen
Klenk, E., u. W. Gielen: Gehirn. Hoppe Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 333, 162 (1963).
Klenk, E., u. W. Gielen: Gangliosid A3. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. (in Vorbereitung).
Klenk, E., u. W. Gielen and G. Padberg: The structure of gangliosides in cerebral Sphingolipoidoses. Symposium on Tay-Sachs Disease and allied Disorders. 1962, p. 301.
Klenk, E., W. Gielen, u. U. W. Hendricks: An inositol phosphatide containing carbohydrate, isolated from human brain. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 50, 602 (1961).
Klenk, E., W. Gielen, and L. Hof: Über die Struktur zweier hexosaminhaltiger Ganglioside des menschlichen Gehirns. Dissertation L. Hof, 1965, Cologne. Unpublished.
Klenk, E., u. G. Krickau: Über die Fettsäuren der cholinhaltigen Acetalphosphatide und des Lecithins vom Rinderherzmuskel. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 308, 98 (1957).
Klenk, E., u. W. Kunau: Beitrag zur Konstitution der Ganglioside. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 335, 275 (1964a).
Klenk, E., u. K. Lauenstein: Über die zuckerhaltigen Lipoide der Formbestandteile des menschlichen Blutes. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 288, 220 (1951).
Klenk, E., u. K. Lauenstein: Über die zuckerhaltigen Lipoide des Erythrocytenstromas von Mensch und Rind. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 291, 249 (1952).
Klenk, E., U. Liedtke u. W. Gielen: Das Gangliosid bei der infantilen amaurotischen Idiotie vom Typ Tay-Sachs. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 334, 186 (1963).
Klenk, E., u. G. Padberg: Über die Ganglioside von Pferdeerythrocyten. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 327, 249 (1962).
Klenk, E. u. F. Rennkamp: Über die Reindarstellung von Sphingomyelin aus Gehirn. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 267, 145 (1940).
Klenk, E. u. F. Rennkamp: Über die Ganglioside und Cerebroside der Rindermilz. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 273, 253 (1942).
Klenk, E. u. R. Sakai: Inositmonophosphorsäure, ein Spaltprodukt der Sojabohnenphosphatide. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 258, 33 (1939).
Klenk, E. u. H. Wolter: Über die zuckerhaltigen Lipoide des Erythrocytenstromas vom Pferde. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 291, 259 (1952).
Kornberg, A., and W. E. Pricer: Enzymatic esterification of α-glycerophosphate by long chain fatty acids. J. biol. Chem. 204, 345 (1953).
Koscielak, J.: Bloodgroup A specific glycolipids from human erythrocytes. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 78, 313 (1963).
Kuhn, R., u. R. Brossmer: Über das durch Viren der Influenza-Gruppe spaltbare Trisaccharid der Milch. Chem. Ber. 92, 1667 (1959).
Kuhn, R., u. H. Egge: Über Ergebnisse der Permethylierung der Ganglioside GI und GII. Chem. Ber. 96, 3338 (1963b).
Kuhn, R., u. H. Wiegandt: Die Konstitution der Ganglio-N-tetraose und des Gangliosids GI. Chem. Ber. 96, 866 (1963a).
Kuhn, R., u. H. Wiegandt: Die Konstitution der Ganglioside GII, GIII und GIV Z. Naturforsch.18b, 541 (1963c).
Kuhn, R., u. H. Wiegandt: Weitere Ganglioside aus Menschenhirn. Z. Naturforsch. 19 b, 256 (1964a).
Levene, P. A.: Sphingomyelin. III. J. biol. Chem. 24, 69 (1916).
Levene, P. A. and W. A. Jacobs: On sphingosine. J. biol. Chem. 11, 547 (1912).
Levene, P. A. and C. J. West: On sphingosine. The oxidation of sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine. J. biol. Chem. 16, 549 (1913/14).
Levene, P. A. and C. J. West: On sphingosine. The oxidation of sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine. J. biol. Chem. 18, 481 (1914).
Levene, P. A. and C. J. West: Sphingosine. Some derivatives of sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine. J. biol. Chem. 24, 63 (1916).
Le Coqc, J., and C. E. Ballou: On the structure of cardiolipin. Biochemistry 3, 976 (1964).
Lipsky, S. R., and R. A. Landowe: The identification of fatty acids by gas chromatography, in Methods in Enzymology, Vol. VI, p. 513. New York: Academic Press 1963.
Long, C., and M. P. Maguire: The structure of naturally occurring phosphoglycerides. Biochem. J. 57, 223 (1954).
Long, C. and D. A. Staples: Chromatographic separation of brain lipids. Biochem. J. 80, 557 (1961).
MacfArlane, M. G.: The biochemistry of bacterial toxins. Biochem. J. 42, 587 (1948).
MacfArlane, M. G.: Characterisation of lipoamino-acids as O-amino-acid esters of phosphatidyl-glycerol. Nature (Lond.) 196, 136 (1962).
MacfArlane, M. G.: The structure of cardiolipin. Biochem. J. 92, 12C (1964).
MacfArlane, M. G. and G. M. Gray: Composition of cardiolipin. Biochem. J. 67, 25P (1957).
MacfArlane, M. G. and L. W. Wheeldon: Fatty acid composition of phospholipids from subcellular particles of rat liver. Biochem. J. 77, 626 (1960).
MacfArlane, M. G. and L. W. Wheeldon: Position of fatty acids in Cardiolipin. Nature (Lond.) 183, 1808 (1955).
Ma Kita, A.: Biochemistry of organ glycolipids. II. Isolation of human kidney glycolipids. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 55, 269 (1964).
M. Iwanaga, and T. Yamakawa: The chemical structure of human kidney globosides. Biochem. J. (Tokyo) 55, 202 (1964).
M. Iwanaga and T. Yamakawa: Biochemistry of organ glycolypids. Ceramide oligohexosides of human, equine and bovine spleen. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 51, 124 (1962).
M. Iwanaga and T. Yamakawa: Biochemistry of organ glycolipids. III. The structures of human kidney cerebroside sulfuric ester, ceramide dihexoside and ceramide trihexoside. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 55, 365 (1964).
Mangold, H. K., E. Stahl: Dünnschichtchromatographie. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1960.
Marinetti, G. V., J. Erbland, and E. Stotz: The hydrolysis of lecithins by snake venom phospholipase A. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 33, 403 (1959).
Marinetti, G. V. and E. Stotz: Studies on the structure of sphingomyelin. IV. Configuration of the double bond in sphingomyelin and related lipids and a study of their infrared spectra. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 76, 1347 (1954).
Mattson, F. H., and R. A. Volpenhein: Synthesis and properties of glycerides. J. Lipid Res. 3, 281 (1962).
Mattson, F. H., and R. A. Volpenhein: The use of pancreatic lipase for determining the distribution of fatty acids in partial and complete glycerides. J. Lipid Res. 2, 58 (1961).
Miettinen, T. A., E. H. Ahrens Jr., and S. M. Grtjndy: Quantitative isolation and gasliquid chromatographic analysis of total dietary and fecal neutral steroids. J. Lipid Res. 6, 411 (1965).
Mislow, K.: The geometry of sphingosine. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 74, 5155 (1952).
Nakayama, T.: Studies on the conjugated lipids. 1. On the configuration of cerebrosides. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 37, 309 (1950).
O’Brien, J. S., and G. Rouser: The fatty acid composition of brain sphingolipids: sphingomyelin, ceramide, cerebroside and cerebroside sulfate. J. Lipid Res. 5, 339 (1964).
Pangborn, M. C.: A new serologically active phospholipid from beef heart. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 48, 484 (1941).
Pangborn, M. C.: The composition of cardiolipin. J. biol. Chem. 168, 351 (1947).
Papirmeister, B., and M. F. Mallette: The isolation and some properties of the Forssman hapten from sheep erythrocytes. Arch. Biochem. 57, 94 (1955).
Pietrtjszko, R., and G. M. Gray: Formation of the cyclic acetal phospholipid during alkaline and enzym hydrolysis of choline plasmalogen. Biochem. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 44, 197 (1960).
Plackett, P.: A synthesis of 1,3-Di-O-(glycerol-3′-phosphoryl-) glycerol. Austr. J. Chem. 17, 101 (1964).
Pizer, F. L., and C. E. Ballou: Studies on myo-inositol phosphates of natural origin. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 81, 915 (1959).
Privett, O. S., and M. L. Blank: A new method for the analysis of component mono-, di- and triglycerides. J. Lipid Res. 2, 37 (1961).
Prostenik, M., and B. Majhofer-Orescantin: Occurrence of a new sphingolipid base C20-sphingosine in horse and beef brain. Naturwissenschaften 47, 399 (1960).
Prostenik, M. u. N. Z. Stanacev: Studien in der Reihe der Sphingolipoide über die Struktur der Cerebrin-Base aus Hefe. Chem. Ber. 91, 961 (1958).
Radin, N. S., and J. R. Brown: Cerebrosides. Biochem. Preparations 7, 31 (1959).
Rapport, M. M., L. Graf, and N. F. Alonzo: Immunochemical structures of organ and tumor lipids. V. Lipid hapten of a human epidermoid carcinoma grown in rats. Cancer 11, 1136 (1958).
B. Lerner, N. Alonzo, and R. E. Franzl: The structure of plasmalogens. II. Crystalline lysophosphatidal ethanolamine (Acetalphospholipide). J. biol. Chem. 225, 859 (1957).
H. Schneider, and L. Graf: Immunochemical studies of organ and tumor lipids. J. biol. Chem. 237, 1056 (1962).
Rennkamp, F.: Untersuchungen über das Sphingomyelin und die ätherunlöslichen Glycerin-phosphatide des Gehirns. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 284, 215 (1949).
Rosenberg, A., and E. Chargaff: Inhibition of influenza virus haemagglutination by a brain lipid fraction. Nature (Lond.) 177, 234 (1956).
Rosenberg, A., and E. Chargaff: Nitrogenous constituents of an ox brain mucolipid. Biochem. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 21, 588 (1956).
Rouser, G, J. F. Berry, G. Marinetti, and E. Stotz: Studies on the structure of sphingomyelin. I. Oxidation of products of partial hydrolysis. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 75, 310 (1953).
Sambasivarao, K., and R. H. McCluer: Lipid components of gangliosides. J. Lipid Res. 5, 103 (1964).
Sambasivarao, K., and R. H. McCluer, Samuelsson, B.: Die Prostaglandine. Angew. Chemie 77, 445 (1965).
Schiffman, G., E. A. Kabat, and W. Thompson: Immunochemical studies on blood groups XXXII. Immunochemical properties of and possible partial structure for the blood group A, B and H antigenic determinants. Biochemistry 3, 587 (1964).
Scholfield, C. R.: Counter current distribution. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 38, 562 (1961).
Shapiro, D., and H. M. Flowers: Synthetic studies on sphingolipids. VI. The total syntheses of cerasine and phrenosine. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 83, 3327 (1961).
Shapiro, D., and H. M. Flowers: Studies on sphingolipids. VII. Synthesis and configuration of natural sphingomyelins. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 84, 1047 (1961).
Shapiro, D. and S. Spector-Shefer: Synthetic studies on sphingolipids. III. The synthesis of dihydrosphingomyelin. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 81, 3743 (1959).
Shapiro, D. and S. Spector-Shefer: Synthetic studies on sphingolipids. IV. The synthesis of sphingomyelin. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 81, 4360 (1959).
Shapiro, D. and S. Spector-Shefer: The synthesis of dihydrosphingomyelin. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 80, 2339 (1964).
Shapiro, D., E. S. Rachaman, and T. Sheradsky: Synthetic studies on sphingolipids. X. Synthesis of psychosine. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 86, 4472 (1964).
Sjövall, J., C. R. Meloni, and D. A. Turner: A study of the separation of substituted cholanic acids by gas-liquid chromatography. J. Lipid Res. 2, 317 (1961).
Sperry, W. M.: Quantitative isolation of sterols. J. Lipid Res. 4, 221 (1963).
Steinberg, D., M. Vaughan, P.J. Nestel, and S. Bergström: Effects of prostaglandin E opposing those of catecholamines on blood pressure and on triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue. Biochem. Pharm. 12, 764 (1963).
Svennerholm, E., and L. Svennerholm: Isolation of blood serum glycolipids. Acta chem. scand. 16, 1282 (1962).
Svennerholm, E., and L. Svennerholm: The separation of neutral blood-serum glycolipids by thin-layer chromatography. Biochim biophys. Acta 70, 432 (1963).
Svennerholm, E., and L. Svennerholm: Neutral glycolipids of human blood serum, spleen and liver. Nature (Lond.) 198, 688 (1963).
Svennerholm, L.: On sialic acid in brain tissue. Acta chem. scand. 10, 694 (1956).
Svennerholm, L.: The gangliosides. J. Lipid Res. 5, 145 (1964).
Svennerholm, L. and H. Thorin: Quantitative isolation of brain sulfatides. J. Lipid Res. 3, 483 (1962).
Sweeley, C. C.: Purification and partial characterization of sphingomyelin from human plasma. J. Lipid Res. 4, 402 (1963).
Sweeley, C. C. and B. Klionsky: Fabry’s disease: Classification as a sphingolipoidosis and partial characterization of a novel glycolipid. J. biol. Chem. 238, PC 3148 (1963).
Tattrie, N. H.: Positional distribution of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on egg lecithin. J. Lipid Res. 1, 60 (1959).
Thannhauser, S. J., N. F. Boncoddo, and G. Schmidt: Studies of acetal phospholipides of brain. J. biol. Chem. 188, 417, 423, 427 (1951).
Thierfelder, H., u. E. Klenk: Die Chemie der Cerebroside und Phosphatide. S. 128. Berlin: Springer, 1930.
Thudichum, J. L. W.: The chemical constitution of the brain, p. 105. London 1884.
Tomlinson, R. V., and C. E. Ballou: Complete characterization of myo-inositol polyphosphates from beef brain phosphoinositide. J. biol. Chem. 236, 1902 (1961).
Trucco, R. E., and R. Caputto: Neuramin-lactose, a new compound isolated from the mammary gland of rats. J. biol. Chem. 206, 901 (1954).
Vandenheuvel, W. J. A., C. C. Sweeley, and E. C. Horning: Microanalytical separations by gas chromatography in the sex hormone and bile acid series. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 3, 33 (1960).
Wagner, H., L. Hörhammer u. P. Wolff: Dünnschichtchromatographie von Phosphatiden und Glycolipiden. Biochem. Z. 334, 175 (1961).
Warner, H. R., and W. E. M. Lands: The configuration of the double bond in naturally occurring alkenyl-ethers. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 85, 60 (1963).
Webster, G. R.: Studies on the plasmalogens of nervous tissue. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 44, 109 (1960).
Windaus, A.: Über die Entgiftung der Saponine durch Cholesterin. Chem. Ber. 42, 238 (1909).
Woodford, F. P., and C. M. van Gent: Gas-liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters: The “carbon-number” as a parameter for comparison of columns. J. Lipid Res. 1, 188 (1960).
Yamakawa, T., and S. Suzuki: The chemistry of the lipids of posthemolytic residue or stroma of erythrocytes. I. Concerning the ether-insoluble lipids of lyophilized horse blood stroma. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 38, 199 (1951).
Yamakawa, T., and S. Suzuki: The chemistry of the lipids of posthemolytic residue or stroma of erythrocytes. II. On the structure of haemataminic acid. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 39, 175 (1952).
Yamakawa, T., and S. Suzuki: The chemistry of the lipids of posthemolytic residue or stroma of erythrocytes. III. Globoside, the sugar containing lipid of human blood stroma. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 39, 393 (1952).
Yamakawa, T., S. Yokoyama, and N. Handa: Chemistry of lipids of posthemolytic residue or stroma of erythrocytes. XI. Structure of globoside, the main mucolipid of human erythrocytes. Biochem. J. (Tokyo) 53, 28 (1963).
Abraham, S., E. Lorch, and I. L. Chaikoff: Localization of the stimulating effect of isocitrate on fatty acid synthesis by rat liver. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 7, 190 (1960).
Abraham, S., K. J. Matthes, and I. L. Chaikoff: Fatty acid synthesis from acetate by normal and diabetic rat liver homogenate fractions. J. biol. Chem. 235, 2551 (1960).
Alberts, A. W., P. W. Majerus, B. Talamo, and P. R. Vagelos: Acyl-Carrier Protein II. Intermediary Reactions of fatty acid synthesis. Biochemistry 3, 1563 (1964).
Anker, H. S.: On the mechanism of fatty acid synthesis in vivo. J. biol. Chem. 194, 177 (1952).
Annau, E., A. Eperjessy u. O. Felszegly: Biologische Dehydrierung der Lecithine und der Fettsäuren. Hoppe Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 277, 58 (1942).
Bachhawat, B. K., W. G. Robinson, and M. J. Coon: The enzymatic cleavage of β-hydroxy-ß-methylglutaryl coenzyme A to acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA. J. biol. Chem. 216, 727 (1955)
Bachhawat, B. K., W. G. Robinson, and M. J. Coon: Enzymatic carboxylation of β-Miydroxyisovaleryl-coenzyme A. J. biol. Chem. 219, 539 (1956).
Bernhard, K., J. v. Bülow-Köster u. H. Wagner: Die enzymatische Dehydrierung der Stearinsäure zu Ölsäure. Helv. chim. Acta 42, 152 (1959).
Bernhard, K., M. Rothlin u. H. Wagner: Zur Frage der Hydrierung ungesättigter Fettsäuren im Tierkörper. Helv. chim. Acta 41, 1155 (1958).
Bernhard, K., and R. Schoenheimer: The inertia of highly unsaturated fatty acids in the animal, investigated with deuterium. J. biol. Chem. 133, 707 (1940).
Bernhard, K., H. Steinhauser u. F. Bullet: Fettstoffwechsel-Untersuchungen mit Hilfe von Deuterium als Indikator. I. Zur Frage der lebensnotwendigen Fettsäuren. Helv. chim. Acta 25, 1313 (1942).
Bloomfield, D. K., and K. Bloch: The role of oxygen in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 30, 220 (1958).
Bloomfield, D. K., and K. Bloch: The formation of Δ9-unsaturated fatty acids. J. biol. Chem. 235, 337 (1960).
Bortz, W. M., and F. Lynen: The inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase by long chain acyl-CoA derivatives. Biochem. Z. 337, 505 (1963a).
Bortz, W. M., and F. Lynen: Elevation of long chain acyl CoA derivatives in livers of fasted rats. Biochem. Z. 339, 77 (1963b).
Brady, R. O.: The enzymatic synthesis of fatty acids by aldol condensation. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 44, 993 (1958).
Brady, R. O.: Biosynthesis of fatty acids. J. biol. Chem. 235, 3099 (1960).
Brady, R. O., A. M. Mamoon, and E. R. Stadtman: The effect of citrate and coenzyme A on fatty acid metabolism. J. biol. Chem. 222, 795 (1956).
Bremer, J.: Carnitine in intermediary metabolism. The metabolism of fatty acid esters of carnitine by mitochondria. J. biol. Chem. 237, 3628 (1962).
Bremer, J.: Carnitine in intermediary metabolism. The biosynthesis of palmityl-carnitine by cell sub-fractions. J. biol. Chem. 238, 2774 (1963).
Burr, G. O., and M. M. Burr: A new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J. biol. Chem. 82, 345 (1929).
Crane, F. L., and H. Beinert: On the mechanism of dehydrogenation of fatty acyl derivatives of coencyme A. II. The electron-transferring flavoprotein. J. biol. Chem, 218, 717 (1956).
Dauben, W. G., E. Hoerger, and J. W. Petersen: Distribution of acetic acid carbon in high fatty acids synthesized from acetic acid by the intact mouse. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 75, 2347 (1953).
Drury, D. R.: The role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism. Amer. J. Physiol. 131, 536 (1940).
Fritz, I. B., S. K. Schultz, and P.A. Srere: Properties of partially purified carnitine acetyl-transferase. J. biol. Chem. 238, 2509 (1963).
Fritz, I. B. and K. T. N. Yue: Long-chain carnitine acyltransferase and the role of acylcarnitine derivatives in the catalytic increase of fatty acid oxidation induced by carnitine. J. Lipid Res. 4, 279 (1963).
Fulco, A. J., and J. F. Mead: The biosynthesis of lignoceric, cerebronic and nervonic acids. J. biol. Chem. 236, 2416 (1961).
Fulco, A. J., Goldman, P.: Acyl-bound intermediates in fatty acid synthesis. J. biol. Chem. 239, 3663 (1964).
Fulco, A. J., Goldman, P., A. W. Alberts, and P. R. Vagelos: The condensation reaction of fatty acid synthesis. J. biol. Chem. 238, 3579 (1963).
Jacob, A.: Décomposition en ses divers constituants du Système enzymatique de désaturation des acides gras supérieurs. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 147, 1044 (1953).
Jacob, A.: Rôle de Thypoxanthine dans la désaturation des acides gras supérieurs. C. R. Acad. Sei. (Paris) 242, 2180 (1956).
Kallen, R. G., and J. M. Lowenstein: The stimulation of fatty acid synthesis by isocitrate and malonate. Arch. Biochem. 96, 188 (1962).
Klenk, E.: Über die Bildung der C20- und C22-Polyenfettsäuren im Tierkörper. Naturwissenschaften 41, 68 (1954).
Klenk, E.: Über die Biogenese der C20- und C22-Polyenfettsäuren in der Säugertierleber. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 302, 268 (1955).
Klenk, E.: Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. VI. International Congress of Biochemistry, New York 1964.
Kornberg, A., and W. E. Pricer: Enzymatic synthesis of the coenzyme A derivatives of long chain fatty acids. J. biol. Chem. 204, 329 (1953).
Krebs, H. A., and J. M. Lowenstein: in Metabolic Pathways I, p. 129, edit, by D. M. Greenberg. New York: Academic Press 1960.
Lang, K.: Über die tierische Fettsäuredehydrase und ihre Codehydrase. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 261, 240 (1939a).
Lang, K. u. F. Adickes: Über die tierische Fettsäuredehydrase. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 262, 123 (1939).
Lang, K. u. H. Mayer: Über die tierische Fettsäuredehydrase und ihre Codehydrase. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 261, 249 (1939b).
Langdon, R. G.: The biosynthesis of fatty acids in rat liver. J. biol. Chem. 226, 615 (1959).
Lardy, H. A., and J. Adler: Synthesis of succinate from propionate and ticcubonate by soluble enzymes from liver mitochondria. J. biol. Chem. 219, 933 (1956).
Larrabee, A. L., E. G. Mc Daniel, H. A. Bakerman, P. R. Vagelos: Acylcarrier protein, V. Identification of 4′-phosphopantetheine bound to a mammalian fatty acid synthetase preparation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 54, 267 (1965).
Le Breton, E., and J. Champotjgny-Clement: La désaturase des acides gras supérieurs. Arch. sci. physiol. 2, 243 (1948).
Lipmann, F., M. E. Jones, S. Black, and R. M. Flynn: Enzymatic pyrophosphorylation of coenzyme A by adenosine triphosphat. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 74, 2384 (1952).
Lynen, F.: Proc. Intern. Symposium on Enzyme Chemistry (Tokyo and Kyoto) 2, 57 (1957).
Lynen, F.: Participation of acyl-CoA in carbon chain biosynthesis. J. cell comp. Physiol. 54, 33 (1959).
Lynen, F., U. Henning, C. Bublitz, B. Sorbo u. L. Kröplin-Rueff: Der chemische Mechanismus der Acetessigsäurebildung in der Leber. Biochem. Z. 330, 269 (1958).
Lynen, F., J. Knappe, E. Lorch, G. Jütting u. E. Ringelmann: Die biochemische Funktion des Biotins. Angew. Chem. 71, 481 (1959).
Lynen, F., and S. Ochoa: Enzymes of fatty acid metabolism. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 12, 299 (1953).
Lynen, F., L. Wessely, O. Wieland u. L. Rueff: Zur β-Oxydation der Fettsäuren. Angew. Chem. 64, 687 (1952).
Mahler, H. R., S. Wakil, and R. M. Bock: Studies on fatty acid oxidation. I. Enzymatic activation of fatty acids. J. biol. Chem. 204, 453 (1953).
Majerus, P. W., A. W. Alberts, and P. R. Vagelos: Acyl-carrier-protein, III. An enoylhydrase specific for acyl-carrier protein thioesters. J. biol. Chem. 240, 618 (1965)
Majerus, P. W., A. W. Alberts, and P. R. Vagelos: The acyl-carrier protein of the fatty acid synthesis. Purification, physical properties, and substrate binding site. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 51, 1231 (1964).
Majerus, P. W., A. W. Alberts, and P. R. Vagelos: Acyl-carrier-protein, IV., The identification of 4,-phosphopantetheine as the prosthetic group of the acyLcarrier protein, Proc, Nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 53, 410 (1965).
Mead, J. F.: The metabolism of the essential fatty acids. Distribution of unsaturated fatty acids in rats on fat-free and supplemented diets. J. biol. Chem. 227, 1025 (1957).
Mead, J. F. and D. R. Howton: Metabolism of essential fatty acids. VII. Conversion of y-linolenic acid to arachidonic acid. J. biol. Chem. 229, 575 (1957).
Mead, J. F., G. Steinberg, and D. R. Howton: Metabolism of essential fatty acids. Incorporation of acetate into arachidonic acid. J. biol. Chem. 205, 683 (1953).
Pardee, A. B., and L. L. Ingraham: in Metabolic Pathways I, p. 1, edit, by D. M. Greenberg. New York: Academic Press 1960.
Rudney, H.: The biosynthesis of β-hydroxy-ß-methylglutaric acid. J.biol.Chem. 227, 363 (1957).
Schoenheimer, R., and D. Rittenberg: Deuterium as an indicator in the study of intermediary metabolism. V. The desaturation of fatty acids in the organisms. J. biol. Chem. 113, 505 (1936).
Schroepfer, G. J., and K. Bloch: Enzyme is stereospecific. D-hydrogen removed from C-9 during conversion of stearic to oleic acid. Chem. Engng. News 42, 44 (1964).
Schroepfer, G. J., and K. Bloch: The stereospecific conversion of stearic to oleic acid. J. biol. Chem. 240, 54 (1965).
Segal, H. L., and G. K. K. Menon: Evidence for the formation of acetoacetate by direct deacylation of acetoacetyl-CoA in liver mitochondria. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 3, 406 (1960).
Seubert, W., G. Greull, u. F. Lynen: Die Synthese von Fettsäuren mit gereinigten Enzymen des Fettsäurecyclus. Angew. Chem. 69, 359 (1957).
Srperstein, M. D.: Interrelationships of glucose and lipid metabolism. Amer. J. Med. 26, 685 (1959).
Spencer, A. F., and J. M. Lowenstein: The supply of precursors for the synthesis of fatty acids. J. biol. Chem. 237, 3640 (1962).
Steinberg, G., W. H. Slaton Jr., D. R. Howton, and J. F. Mead: Metabolism of essential fatty acids. IV. Incorporation of linoleate into arachidonic acid. J. biol. Chem. 220, 257 (1956).
Stern, J. R., A. Del Camptllo, and I. Raw: Enzymes of fatty acid metabolism. J. biol. Chem. 218, 971, 985 (1956).
Stetten, D., and G. E. Boxer: Studies in carbohydrate metabolism. III. Metabolic defects in alloxan diabetes. J. biol. Chem. 156, 271 (1940).
Stoffel, W.: Biosynthesis of polyenoic fatty acids. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 6, 270 (1961).
Stoffel, W. u. K. L. Ach: Der Stoffwechsel der ungesättigten Fettsäuren. II. Eigenschaften des kettenverlängernden Enzyms. Zur Frage der Biohydrogenierung der ungesättigten Fettsäuren. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 337, 123 (1964).
Stoffel, W. u. H. Caesar: Der Stoffwechsel der ungesättigten Fettsäuren. V. Zur β-Oxydation der Mono- und Polyenfettsäuren. Der Mechanismus der enzymatischen Reaktionen an cis-α, β-Enoyl-CoA-Verbindungen. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 341, 76 (1965).
Stoffel, W., R. Ditzer u. H. Caesar: Der Stoffwechsel der ungesättigten Fettsäuren. III. Zur β-Oxydation der Mono- und Polyenfettsäuren. Der Mechanismus der enzymatischen Reaktionen an eis ß, γ-Enoyl-Co A-Verbindungen. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 339, 167 (1964).
Stoffel, W. and H. G. Schiefer: Der Stoffwechsel der ungesättigten Fettsäuren. IV. Zur β-Oxydation der Mono- und Polyenfettsäuren. Untersuchungen in vivo und in vitro mit doppelt (3H,14C)-und l-14C-markierten Mono- und Polyenfettsäuren. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 341, 84 (1965).
Vagelos, P. R., A. W. Alberts, and D. B. Martin: Activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and associated alteration of sedimentation characteristics of the enzyme. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 8, 4 (1962).
Vagelos, P. R., A. W. Alberts, and D. B. Martin: Studies on the mechanism of activation of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase by citrate. J. biol. Chem. 238, 533 (1963).
Wakil, S. J.: Studies on the fatty acid oxidizing system of animal tissues. IX. Stereospecificity of unsaturated acyl CoA hydrase. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 19, 497 (1956).
Wakil, S. J. and H. R. Mahler: Studies on the fatty oxidizing system of animal tissues. V. Unsaturated fatty acyl-coenzyme A hydrase. J. biol. Chem. 207, 125 (1954).
Wakil, S. J., E. L. Pugh, and F. Sauer: The mechanism of fatty acid synthesis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 52, 106 (1964).
Wakil, S. J., E. B. Titchener, and D. M. Gibson: Evidence for the participitation of biotin in the enzymic synthesis of fatty acids. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 29, 225 (1958).
Wakil, S. J., E. B. Titchener, and D. M. Gibson: Studies on the mechanism of fatty acid synthesis. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 34. 227 (1959).
Wieland, O., and L. Weiss: Increase in liver acetyl-coenzyme A during ketosis. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 10, 333 (1963a).
Wieland, O., and L. Weiss: Inhibition of citrate-synthase by palmityl-coenzyme A, Biochem. biophys. Res, Commun. 13, 26 (1963b).
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1967 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stoffel, W. (1967). The Chemistry of Mammalian Lipids. In: Schettler, G. (eds) Lipids and Lipidoses. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87367-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87367-6_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-87369-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-87367-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive