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Formale Genetik des Menschen

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Book cover Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Humangenetik

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Zusammenfassung

Die grundlegende Arbeit Mendels wurde bereits ausführlich besprochen. Es ist üblich, ihre wesentlichsten Erkenntnisse in Form der drei „Mendelschen Gesetze“ etwa folgendermaßen zu formulieren:

  1. 1.

    Eine Kreuzung zwischen zwei in einem Faktor oder Gen reinerbig (homozygot) verschiedenen Individuen führt zu einer F1-Generation, deren Individuen alle für den betreffenden Faktor mischerbig sind, deren Genotyp also gleich ist (Uniformitätsgesetz). Dabei ist es ohne Belang, welcher der beiden Homozygoten der männliche und welcher der weibliche Teil ist (Reziprozitätsgesetz).

  2. 2.

    Kreuzt man diese Heterozygoten der F1-Generation untereinander, so sind die F2-Nachkommen nicht gleich, sondern es spalten verschiedene Genotypen heraus: Etwa die Hälfte ist wieder heterozygot, während je ¼ homozygot sind, also den beiden Elterntypen entsprechen. Während sich dieser Vorgang (Aufspaltung 1 : 2 : 1) bei folgenden Kreuzungen der Heterozygoten unter sich wiederholt, züchten die beiden homozygoten Typen rein weiter (Spaltungsgesetz). Wie wir sahen (S. 6f.), deutete Mendel dieses Ergebnis richtig, indem er die Bildung von zwei verschiedenen Gameten im Verhältnis 1 : 1 bei den Heterozygoten annahm (Gesetz der Reinheit der Gameten).

  3. 3.

    Kreuzt man Typen, die sich in mehr als einem Faktor voneinander unterscheiden, dann vererbt sich jedes einzelne Genpaar nach dem 2. Mendelschen Gesetz. Die „Allele“ jedes Genlocus werden unabhängig voneinander vererbt. (Gesetz der Neukombination der Gene.)

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    Dr. Med. Friedrich Vogel (Privatdozent für Humangenetik)

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Vogel, F. (1961). Formale Genetik des Menschen. In: Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Humangenetik. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87295-2_3

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