Skip to main content

Fractures Around the Knee in Children

  • Chapter
Book cover Knee Surgery
  • 247 Accesses

Abstract

Fractures around the knee in children include epiphyseal and metaphyseal fractures, injuries of the growth plate, fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia, avulsion fracture of the tibial spine, fracture of the tibial tubercle, and fracture or dislocation of the patella with osteochondral fractures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Tachdjan MO. Pediatric Orthopaedics. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Neer CS II, Horwitz BS. Fractures of the proximal humoral epiphyseal plate. Clin Orthop 1965; 41: 24–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Peterson CA, Peterson HA. Analysis of the incidence of the injuries to the epiphyseal growth plate. J Trauma 1972; 12: 275–281.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lombardo SJ, Harvey JP Jr. Fractures of the distal femoral epiphysis. Factors influencing prognosis: a review of thirty-four cases. J Bone Joint Surg 1977; 59A: 742–751.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Roberts JM. Fracture separation of the distal femoral epiphysis. In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Orthopaedics Surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg 1973; 55A: 13–24.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ogden S. Skeletal Injury in the Child. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1990: 787–790.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Clanton TO, Delee JC, Sanders B, et al. Knee ligament injuries in children. J Bone Joint Surg 1979; 61A: 1195–1201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Stephens DC, Louis DS, Louis E. Traumatic separation of the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage plate. J Bone Joint Surg 1974; 56A: 1383–1390.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Basset FH III, Goldner JL. Fracture involving the distal femoral epiphyseal growth line. South Med J 1962; 55: 545–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Goss CM (ed). Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body, 29th ed. Philadelphia: Lea Febiger, 1973: 664.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Crock HV. The arterial supply and venous drainage of the bones of the human knee joint. Anat Rec 1962; 144: 199–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Scapinelli R. Blood supply of the human patella: its relation to ischemic necrosis after fracture. J Bone Joint Surg 1967; 49B: 563–570.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Salter RB, Harris WR. Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate. J Bone Joint Surg 1963; 45A: 587–622.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ogden JA. Skeletal growth mechanism. Injury pattern. J Pediatr Orthop 1982; 12: 371–377.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Rang ML. The Growth Plate and Its Disorders. Edinburgh: ES Livingstone, 1969: 139.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Watson-Jones R. Fractures and Joint Injuries,4th ed. Edinburgh: ES Livingstone, 1955–56.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Weber BG, Brunner C, Freuler F. Treatment of Fracture in Children and Adolescents. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1980.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  18. Snedecor ST, Wilson HB. Some obstetrical injuries to the long bones. J Bone Joint Surg 1949; 31A: 378–384.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Burman MS, Langsam MJ. Posterior dislocation of lower femoral epiphysis in breech delivery. Arch Surg 1939; 38: 250–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Diamond LS, Alegado R. Perinatal fractures in arthro gryposis multiplex congenita. J Pediatr Orthop 1981; 189–192.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Edwardsen P. Physeo-epiphyseal injuries of lower extremities in myelomeningocele. Acta Orthop Scand 1972; 43 (6): 550–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wenger DR, Jeffcoat BT, Heering JA. The guarded prognosis of physeal injury in paraplegic children. J Bone Joint Surg 1980; 62A: 241–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hutchinson J Jr. Lectures on injuries to the epiphysis and their results. Br Med J 1894; 1: 669–673.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kurlander JJ. Slipping of the lower femoral epiphysis. JAMA 1931; 96: 513–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bohler L. The Treatment of Fractures, vol 2, 5th ed. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Peterson WJ. Separation of lower femoral epiphysis. Can Med Assoc J 1929; 21: 301–303.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Aitken AP, Magill HK. Fractures involving the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg 1952; 34A: 96–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Buckley SL, Smith G, Sponseller PD, et al. Open fractures of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg 1990; 72A: 1462–1469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Tab VT. External skeletal fixation in children’s fracture. J Pediatr Orthop 1983; 3: 435–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Stamford JR, Evans WE, Morse TS. Pediatric arterial injuries. J Vasc Dis 1976; 27: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Friedman RJ, Jupiter JB. Vascular injuries and closed extremity fractures in children. Clin Orthop 1984; 188: 112–119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Greene NE, Allen BL. Vascular injuries associated with dislocation of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg 1977; 59A: 236–239.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Navarre JR, Cardillo PJ, et al. Vascular trauma in children and adolescents. Am J Surg 1982; 143: 229–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Smith PL, Lim WN, Ferris EJ, et al. Emergency arteriography in extremity trauma: assessment of indications. AJR 1981; 137: 803–807.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Russo VJ. Case report: traumatic arterial spasm resulting in gangrene. J Pediatr Orthop 1985; 5: 486–488.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Samson R, Pasternak BM. Traumatic arterial spasm-rarity or nonentity. J Trauma 1980; 20: 607–609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Fabian TC, Turkleson ML, Connelly TL, et al. Injury to the popliteal artery. Am J Surg 1982; 143: 225–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mubarak SJ, Hargens AR, Owen CA, Garetto LP, Akenson WM. The Wick catheter technique for measurement of intermuscular pressure. J Bone Joint Surg 1976; 58A: 1016–1020.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lange RH, Bach AW, Hansen ST Jr, et al. Open tibial fractures with associated vascular injuries: prognosis for limb salvage. J Trauma 1985; 25: 203–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bach A, Johansen K. Limb salvage using temporary arterial shunt following traumatic near amputation of the thigh. J Pediatr Orthop 1982; 2: 187–190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Poland J. Traumatic Separation of the Epiphysis. London: Smith, Elder, 1898.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Salter RB, Czitrom A, Willis RB. Fractures involving the distal femoral epiphyseal plate. In: Kennedy JC (ed). Injury to the Adolescent Knee. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bright RW. Operative correction of partial epiphyseal plate closure by osseous-bridge resection and silicone rubber implant. J Bone Joint Surg 1974; 56A: 655–664.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Bright RW, Burstein AH, Elmore SM. Epiphyseal plate cartilage. A biomechanical and histological analysis of failure modes. J Bone Joint Surg 1974; 56A: 688–703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Langenshiold A. An operation for partial closure of an epiphyseal plate in children and its experimental basis. J Bone Joint Surg 1975; 57B: 325–330.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Abbott LC, Gill GG. Valgus deformity of the knee resulting from injury to the femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg 1942; 24: 97–113.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Wagner H. Surgical lengthening or shortening of femur and tibia: technique and indications. Prog Orthop Surg 1977; 1: 71–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Anderson M, Green WT, Messner MB. Growth and predictions of growth in the lower extremities. J Bone Joint Surg 1963; 45A: 1–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Moseley CF. A straight line graph for leg-length discrepancies. J Bone Joint Surg 1977; 59A: 174–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Aprin H. Femoral lengthening by callus distraction and cortical apposition (Z-osteotomy). Clin Orthop 1994; 309: 222–229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. DeBastiani G, Aldegheri R, Renzi-Brivio L. Limb lengthening by callus distraction (callotasis). J Pediatr Orthop 1987; 7: 129–134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kojimoto H, Yasui N, Goto T, Matsude S, Shimomura Y. Bone lengthening in rabbits by callus distraction. J Bone Joint Surg 1988; 70B: 543–546.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ilizarov GA, Deviatov AA, Torkhova VG. Surgical lengthening of the shortened lower extremities. Vestn Khir 1972; 107: 100–106.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Monticelli G, Spinelli R. Limb lengthening by closed metaphyseal corticotomy. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 1982; 4: 139–145.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Shelton WR, Canale ST. Fractures of the tibia through the proximal tibial epiphyseal cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg 1979; 61A: 167–173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Barkhart SS, Peterson HA. Fractures of the proximal tibial epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg 1979; 61A: 996–1002.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Welch PH, Wynne GF Jr. Proximal tibial epiphyseal fracture separation: case report. J Bone Joint Surg 1963; 45A: 782–784.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Nicholson JT. Epiphyseal fractures about the knee. Instr Course Lect 1967; 18: 74–83.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Ogden JA, Tross RB, Murphy MJ. Fractures of the tibial tuberosity in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg 1980; 62A: 205–215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Smillie IS. Injuries to the knee joint, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Ehrenborg G. The Osgood-Schlatter lesion: a clinical and experimental study. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1962; 288: 1–36.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Truenta J. Studies of the Development and Decay of the Human Frame. London: Heinemann, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Hand WL, Hand CR, Dunn AW. Avulsion fractures of the tibial tubercle. J Bone Joint Surg 1971; 53A: 1579–1583.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Christie MJ, Dvouvh VM. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture in adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 1981; 1: 391–394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Levi JH, Coleman CR. Fracture of the tibial tubercle. Am J Sports Med 1976; 4: 254–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Roberts JM, Lovell WW. Fractures of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg 1970; 52A: 827.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Torisu T. Isolated avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg 1977; 59A: 68–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Meyers MH, McKeever FM. Fracture of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg 1959; 41A: 209–222.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Meyers MH, McKeever FM. Follow-up notes: fractures of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg 1970; 52A: 1677–1684.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Zaricznyj B. Avulsion fracture of the tibial eminence: treatment by open reduction and pinning. J Bone Joint Surg 1977; 59A: 1111–1114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Garcia A, Neer CS II. Isolated fractures of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. Am J Surg 1958; 95: 593–598.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Belman DAJ, Neviaser RJ. Transverse fracture of the patella in a child. J Trauma 1973; 13: 917–918.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bostrom A. Fracture of the patella. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1972; 43: 1–80.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Crawford AH. Fractures about the knee in children. Orthop Clin North Am 1976; 7: 639–656.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Green WT Jr. Painful bipartite patellae: a report of three cases. Clin Orthop 1975; 110: 197–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kohler A, Zimmer EA. Borderlands of the Normal and Early Pathologic in Skeletal Roentgenology, 3rd ed. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Blount WP. Fractures of the patella. In: Blount WP. Fractures in Children. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Houghton GR, Ackroyd CE. Sleeve fractures of the patella in children. A report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg 1979; 61B: 165–168.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Devas MB. Stress fractures of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg 1960; 42B: 71–74.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Beddow FH, Corkery PM, Shatwell GL. Avulsion of the ligamentum patellae from the lower pole of the patella. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1963; 64–65: 66–69.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Sinding-Larsen MF. A hitherto unknown affection of the patella in children. Acta Radio! 1922; 1: 171–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Ogden JA. Skeletal Injury of the Child. Philadelphia: Lea Fibiger, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Griswood AS. Fractures of the patella. Clin Orthop 1954; 4: 44–56.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Rorabeck CH, Bobechko WP. Acute dislocation of the patella with osteochondral fracture: review of eighteen cases. J Bone Joint Surg 1976; 58B: 237–240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Peterson L, Stener B. Distal disinsertion of the patellar ligament combined with avulsion fracture at the medial and lateral margins of the patella. Acta Orthop Scand 1976; 47: 680–685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Smillie IS. Injuries of the Knee Joint, 5th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Lieb FJ, Perry J. Quadriceps function: an anatomical and mechanical study using amputated limbs. J Bone Joint Surg 1968; 50A: 1535–1548.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Lieb FJ, Perry J. Quadriceps function. An electromyographic study under isometric conditions. J Bone Joint Surg 1971; 53A: 749–758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Kennedy JC. The Injured Adolescent Knee. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Rosenberg NJ. Osteochondral Fracture of the Lateral Femoral Condyle. J Bone Joint Surg 1964; 64A: 1013–1026.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Ahstrom JP. Osteochondral fracture in the knee joint associated with hypermobility and dislocation of the patella. Report of eighteen cases. J Bone Joint Surg 1965; 47A: 1491.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Coleman HM. Recurrent osteochondral fracture of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg 1948; 30B: 153–157.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Cofield RH, Bryan RS. Acute dislocation of the patella: results of conservative treatment. J Trauma 1977; 17: 526–531.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. McManus F, Rang M, Heslin DJ. Acute dislocation of the patella in children. The natural history. Clin Orthop 1979; 139: 88–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bassett FH III. Acute dislocation of the patella, osteochondral fractures, and injuries to the extensor mechanism of the knee. Instr Course Lect 1976; 25: 40–49.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Johnson EW, Mcleod TL. Osteochondral fragments of the distal end of the femur fixed with bone pegs. Report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg 1977; 59A; 677–679.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Hensinger RN. Operative Management of Lower Extremity Fractures in Children. AAOS Monograph Series, 1992: 34.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Aprin, H. (2001). Fractures Around the Knee in Children. In: Malek, M.M. (eds) Knee Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87202-0_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87202-0_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-87204-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-87202-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics