Skip to main content

The Speech Code and the Physiology of Language

  • Chapter
Information Processing in The Nervous System

Abstract

To the physiologist who would study language in terms of the interests represented at this symposium, the most obvious linguistic processes—the selection of words to convey meaning and the arrangement of words in sentences—must seem far removed from familiar concepts and methods. Surely, he would prefer to study processes that are physiologically more accessible, but are yet linguistic. We believe that the production and perception of speech, in the narrow sense, is one such process; we suggest, therefore, that the physiologist might do well to start there. The questions we would have him ask can be put very simply: How does a speaker convert the phonetic units—the consonants and vowels—to a stream of sound? On hearing that stream, how does a listener recover the phonetic units?

The preparation of this paper, and much of the research on which it is based, has been supported by grants and contracts from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the Office of Naval Research, and the Veterans Administration. Earlier phases of our work were aided by grants from the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the National Science Foundation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abramson, A. and Lisker, L. (in press). Discrimination along the voicing continuum: cross-language tests. Proc. 6th Int. Cong. Phonetic Sei., Prague, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadbent, D. E. and Gregory, M. (1964), Accuracy of recognition for speech presented to the right and left ears. Quart. J. Exp. Psychol., 16: 359–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryden, M. P. (1963). Ear preference in auditory perception. J. Exp. Psychol., 65: 103–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaney, R. B. and Webster, J. C. (1965). Information in certain multidimensional acoustic signals. Report #1339, U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory Reports, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. and Halle, M. (1968). The sound pattern of English. New York-Evanston-London: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. and Miller, G. A. (1963). Introduction to the formal analysis of natural languages. In R. D. Luce, R. R. Bush and E. Galanter (eds.), Handbook of mathematical psychology. New York: John Wiley, 2: 269–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffey, J. L. (1963). The development and evaluation of the Batelle aural reading device. Proc. Int. Cong. Tech. and Blindness I. New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 343–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, F. S. (1950). Research on reading machines for the blind. In P. A. Zahl (ed.), Blindness: modern approaches to the unseen environment. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 512–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, F. S. (1966). Describing the speech process in motor command terms (abstract). J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 39: 1221 (Text: Status Report on Speech Research SR-5/6, Haskins Laboratories, New York, 1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delattre, P. C, Liberman, A. M. and Cooper, F. S. (1955). Acoustic loci and transitional cues for consonants. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 27: 769–773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freiberger, J. and Murphy, E. F. (1961). Reading machines for the blind. IRE Professional Group on Human Factors in Electronics, HFE-2: 8–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, D. (1961). Cerebral dominance and perception of verbal stimuli. Canad. J. Psychol., 15: 166–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, D. (1964). Left-right differences in the perception of melodies. Quart. J. Exper. Psychol., 16: 355–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozhevnikov, V. A. and Chistovich, L. A. (1965). Rech’ Artikuliatsia i vos-priiatie. Moscow-Leningrad. (Trans, as Speech: articulation and perception. Washington: Joint Publications Research Service, 1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (1966). Linguistic structure and the production and decoding of discourse. In E. C. Carterette (ed.), Brain function III speech, language and communication. Berkeley-Los Angeles: U.C.L.A. Press, 173–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, A. M., Cooper, F. S., Shankweiler, D. P. and Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1967). Perception of the speech code. Psychol. Rev., 74: 431–461.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, A. M., Delattre, P. C, Cooper, F. S. and Gerstman, L. J. (1954). The role of consonant-vowel transitions in the perception of the stop and nasal consonants. Psychol. Monogr., 68 (8, Whole, No. 379).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, A. M., Harris, K. S., Hoffman, H. S. and Griffith, B. C. (1957). The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries. J. Exp. Psychol., 54: 358–368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, A. M., Harris, K. S., Kinney, J. S. and Lane, H. (1961). The discrimination of relative onset time of the components of certain speech and nonspeech patterns. J. Exp. Psychol., 61: 379–388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, P. (1967). Intonation, perception, and language. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, P. (1968). Primate vocalizations and human linguistic ability. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 44: 1574–1584.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, P., Klatt, D. L. and Wilson, W. A. (in press). Vocal-tract limitations of the vowel repertoires of rhesus monkeys and other non-human primates. Status Report on Speech Research SR-15, Haskins Laboratories, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisker, L. and Abramson, A. (1964). A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: acoustical measurements. Word, 20: 384–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattingly, I. G. (1968). Synthesis by rule of general American English. Supplement to Status Report on Speech Research, Haskins Laboratories, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattingly, I. G., Liberman, A. M., Syrdal, A. K. and Halwes, T. (in press). Discrimination of F2 transitions in speech context and in isolation (abstract). J. Acoust. Soc. Amer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye, P. W. (1965). An investigation of audio outputs for a reading machine. Autonomics Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye, P. W. (1968). Research on reading aids for the blind—a dilemma. Med. Biol. Engineering, 6: 43–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohman, S. E. G. (1966). Coarticulation in VCV utterances: spectrographic measurements. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 39: 151–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orr, D. B., Friedman, H. L. and Williams, J. C. C. (1965). Trainability of listening comprehension of speeded discourse. J. Educ. Psychol., 56: 148–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shankweiler, D. and Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1967a). An analysis of perceptual confusions in identification of dichotically presented CVC syllables (abstract). J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 41: 1581 (Text: Status Report on Speech Research SR-10, Haskins Laboratories, New York, 1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shankweiler, D. and Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1967b). Identification of consonants and vowels presented to left and right ears. Quart. J. Exp. Psychol., 79:59–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shankweiler, D., Syrdal, A. Halwes, T. and Liberman, A. M. (in progress). Left-right ear effects in the perception of second-formant transitions in and out of speech context.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, K. N., Liberman, A. M., Ohman, S. E. G. and Studdert-Kennedy, M. (in press). Cross-language study of vowel discrimination. Language and Speech.

    Google Scholar 

  • Studdert-Kennedy, M. and Cooper, F. S. (1966). High-performance reading machines for the blind: psychological problems, technological problems and status. Proc. St. Dunstan’s Int. Conf. on Sensory Devices for the Blind (London), 317–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Studdert-Kennedy, M. and Liberman, A. M. (1963). Psychological considerations in the design of auditory displays for reading machines. Proc. Int. Cong. Techn. and Blindness I. New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 289–304.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

K. N. Leibovic

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1969 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mattingly, I.G., Liberman, A.M. (1969). The Speech Code and the Physiology of Language. In: Leibovic, K.N. (eds) Information Processing in The Nervous System. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87086-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87086-6_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-87088-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-87086-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics