Zusammenfassung
Das klinische Bild der infektiösen Endokarditis ist äußerst vielgestaltig sowohl in seiner Primärmanifestation als auch im weiteren Verlauf, der durch kardiale und extrakardiale Prozesse oder Komphkationen bestimmt wird. Aufgrund eines wechselnden Musters von teils unspezifischen, teils organweisenden Beschwerden und khnischen Zeichen muß der Arzt die Verdachtsdiagnose stellen und sie durch gezielte labormedizinische Diagnostik (s. S. 225) erhärten. Der Infektionsmodus und (damit zusammenhängend) die Erreger beeinflussen das Bild ebenso wie konditionierende Faktoren auf seiten des Kranken und die ärzthchen Behandlungsmaßnahmen.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Abelmann WH (1979) Infective carditis: The clinical syndromes and the changing spectrum. Exc Med Internat Congr Ser 470: 531–535
Adler AG, Blumberg EA, Schwartz DA, Russin SJ, Pepe R (1991) Seven-pathogen tricuspid endocarditis in an intravenous drug abuser. Pitfalls in laboratory diagnosis. Chest 99: 490–491
Akins EW, Slone RM, Wiechmann BN, Browning M, Martin TD, Mayfield WR (1991) Perivalvular pseudoaneurysm complicating bacterial endocarditis: MR detection in five cases. Am J Radiol 156: 1155–1158
Alio-Bosch J, Tornos-Mas MP, Soler-Soler J (1987) Cardiac tamponade as an initial clinical presentation of infective endocarditis. Intern J Cardiol 14: 373–376
Alpert JS, Krous HF, Dalen JE, O’Rourke RA, Bloor CM (1976) Pathogenesis of Osier’s nodes. Ann Intern Med 85: 471–473
Andreas S, Tebbe U, Holzgraefe M, Kreuzer H (1990) Embolic mononeuropathy in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Clin Cardiol 13: 666–667
Anschiitz F (1968) Klinik der Endokarditis. In: Anschütz F (Hrsg) Endokarditis — Klinik, Ätiologie, Pathogenese, Pathologie, Therapie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 1–103
Applefeld MM, Hornick RB (1974) Infective endocarditis in patients over age 60. Amer Heart J 88: 90–94
Arber N, Militianu A, Ben-Yehuda A, Krivoy N, Pinkhas J, Sidi Y (1991) Native valve Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis: Report of seven cases and review of the literature. Amer J Med 90: 758–762
Arnett EN, Roberts WC (1976) Valve ring abscess in active infective endocarditis. Frequency, location, and clues to clinical diagnosis from the study of 95 necropsy patients. Circul 54: 140–145
Atkinson JB, Virmani R (1987) Infective endocarditis: Changing trends and general approach for examination. Hum Pathol 18: 603–608
Baddour LM, Bisno AL (1986) Infective endocarditis complicating mitral valve prolapse: Epidemiologic, clinical and microbiologic aspects. Rev Infect Dis 8: 117–137
Baddour LM, Phillips TN, Bisno AL (1986) Coagulase-negative staphylococcal endocarditis. Occurrence in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Arch Intern Med 146: 119–121
Baerwald C, Krause A, Goebel KM (1990) Septische Arthritis als Erstmanifestation einer Endokarditis. Zschr Rheumatol 49: 165–168
Barham NJ, Flint EJ, Mifsud RP (1990) Osteomyelitis complicating Streptococcus milleri endocarditis. Postgrad Med J 66: 314–315
Bayer AS, Norman DC (1990) Valve site-specific pathogenetic differences between right-sided and left-sided bacterial endocarditis. Chest 98: 200–205
Bayer AS, Theofilopoulos AN (1990) Immunopathogenetic aspects of infective endocarditis. Chest 97: 204–212
Bayer AS, Brenner RJ, Guze LB (1975) Severe disabling polyarthritis associated with bacterial endocarditis. West J Med 123: 404–406
Bayer AS, Theofilopoulos AN, Eisenberg R, Friedman SG, Guze LB (1977) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuralike syndrome associated with infective endocarditis-A possible immune complex disorder. J Amer Med Assoc 238: 408–410
Bayer AS, Lam K, Ginzton L, Norman DC, Chiu C-Y, Ward JL (1987) Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Clinical, serologic, and echocardiographic findings in patients with and without endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 147: 457–462
Bayer AS, Blomquist IK, Bello E, Chiu C-Y, Ward JI, Ginzton LE (1988) Tricuspid valve endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Correlation of two-dimensional echocardiography with clinical outcome. Chest 93: 247–253
Bayliss R, Clarke C, Oakley CM, Somerville W, Whitfield AGW, Young SEJ (1984) The bowel, the genitourinary tract, and infective endocarditis. Brit Heart J 51: 339–345
Ben-Haim SA, Nechmad M, Edoute Y, Reisner S, Barzilai D (1988) Colonic villous adenoma, polyp, and leiomyoma presenting with Streptococcus bovis endocarditis. Amer Heart J 115: 192–195
Bertorini TE, Laster RE, Thompson BF, Gelfand M (1989) Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in bacterial endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 149: 815–817
Bloch K, Russi E (1989) Rechtsherzendokarditis. Schweiz Med Wschr 119: 1664–1672
Bohmfalk GL, Story JL, Wissinger JP, Brown WE (1978) Bacterial intracranial aneurysm. J Neuro- surg 48: 369–382
Bruyn GAW, Thompson J, van der Meer JWM (1990) Pneumococcal endocarditis in adult patients. A report of five cases and review of the literature. Quart J Med, New Series 74, No 273: 33–40
Buchbinder NA, Roberts WC (1972) Active infective endocarditis confined to mural endocardium. A study of six necropsy patients. Arch Pathol 93: 435–440
Buchbinder NA, Roberts WC (1973) Alcoholism: An important but unemphasized factor predisposing to infective endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 132: 689–692
Buchman AL (1990) Streptococcus viridans osteomyelitis with endocarditis presenting as acute onset lower back pain. J Emerg Med 8: 291–294
Burkert T, Watanakunakorn C (1991) Group A streptococcus endocarditis: Report of five cases and review of literature. J Infect 23: 307–316
Burnside JW, DeSanctis RW (1972) Bacterial endocarditis on calcification of the mitral annulus fibrosus. Ann Intern Med 76: 615–618
Busby WJ, Campbell AJ, Ilsley CD (1987) Streptococcus bovis infection of the pulmonary valve in an elderly woman with a colonic polyp. J Amer Geriatr Soc 35: 166–169
Byrd BF, Shelton ME, Wilson BH, Schillig S (1990) Infective perivalvular abscess of the aortic ring: Echocardiographic features and clinical course. Amer J Cardiol 66: 102–105
Cannon NJ, Cobbs CO (1976) Infective endocarditis in drug addicts. In: Kaye D (ed) Infective Endocarditis. University Park Press, Baltimore, London, Tokyo, pp 87–100
Cantrell M, Yoshikawa TT (1984) Infective endocarditis in the aging patient. Gerontology 30: 316–326
Caputo GM, Archer GL, Calderwood SB, DiNubile MJ, Karchmer AW (1987) Native valve endocarditis due to coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Clinical and microbiologic features. Amer J Med 83: 619–625
Cardullo AC, Silvers DN, Grossman ME (1990) Janeway lesions and Osier’s nodes: a review of histopathologic findings. J Am Acad Dermatol 22: 1088–1090
Cassling RS, Rogier WC, McManus BM (1985) Isolated pulmonic valve infective endocarditis: A diagnostically elusive entity. Amer Heart J 109: 558–567
Cates JE, Christie RV (1951) Subacute bacterial endocarditis — A review of 442 patients treated in 14 centres appointed by the Penicillin Trials Committee of the Medical Research Council. Quart J Med, New Series 20: 93–130
Cerebral Embolism Task Force (1986) Cardiogenic brain embolism. Arch Neurol 43: 71–84
Chambers HF, Korzeniowski OM, Sande MA (1983) Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: Clinical manifestations in addicts and nonaddicts. Medicine 62: 170–177
Chan P, Ogilby JD, Segal B (1989) Tricuspid valve endocarditis. Amer Heart J 117: 1140–1146
Chase RM (1973) Infective endocarditis today. Med Clin North Amer 57: 1383–1393
Cherubin CE, Neu HC (1971) Infective endocarditis at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York City from 1938–1967. Amer J Med 51: 83–96
Chestier Y, Duval A, Luxereau P, Cabrol C, Acar J (1978) Acquired ventricular septal defects during bacterial endocarditis. A case report with a review of the literature. Arch Mai Coeur Vaiss 71: 25–32
Chomette G, Brocherion C, Delcourt A, Agebo M (1976) Les endocardites suppurrées pariétales. Ann Med Interne 127: 83–89
Churchill MA, Geraci JE, Hunder GG (1977) Musculosceletal manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. Ann Int Med 87: 754–759
Cieslinski G, Ogal U, Shah PM, Becker H-J, Eckel L, Kaltenbach M, Bussmann W-D (1991) Akuter und chronischer Verlauf bei bakterieller Endokarditis und kardiogenem Schock. Inn Med 18: 27–30
Copeland JG, Salomon NE, Stinson EB, Popp RL, Shumway NE (1979) Acute mitral valvular obstruction from infective endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 78: 128–130
Cunnion RE, Parrillo JE (1989) Myocardial dysfunction in sepsis. Chest 95: 941–945
DeCock KM, Rees JR (1978) Staphylococcal aortic valve endocarditis with aortic root to right atrial fistula. Postgrad Med J 54: 413
Delahaye JP, Poncet Ph, Malquarti V, Beaune J, Garé J-P, Mann JM (1990) Cerebrovascular accidents in infective endocarditis: Role of anticoagulation. Europ Heart J 11: 1074–1078
Demin A, Drobysheva V (1989) Overdiagnosis of infective endocarditis. Lancet II: 743
Doube A, Calln A (1988) Bacterial endocarditis presenting as acute monoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 47: 598–599
Dressler FA, Roberts WC (1989) Infective endocarditis in opiate addicts: Analysis of 80 cases studied at necropsy. Amer J Cardiol 63: 1240–1257
Dryer R, Goldman D, Nelson R (1976) Septic thrombophlebitis of the coronary sinus in acute bacterial endocarditis. Lancet 2: 369
Durack DT, Hoeprich PD (1989) Infective Endocarditis. In: Hoeprich PD, Jordan MC (eds) Infectious Diseases, 4th edit. Lippincott Comp., Philadelphia
Eichstädt H, Maisch B, Wessely B, Kochsiek K (1979) Untersuchungen zum Formenwandel der infektiösen Endokarditis. Med Welt 30: 727–730
Ellner JJ, Rosenthal MS, Lerner PI, McHenry MC (1979) Infective endocarditis caused by slow- growing, fastidious, gram-negative bacteria. Medicine 58: 145–158
Esperson F, Frimodt-Moeller N (1986) Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: A review of 119 cases. Arch Intern Med 146: 1118–1121
Etienne J, Eykyn SJ (1990) Increase in native valve endocarditis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci: An Anglo-French clinical and microbiological study. Brit Heart J 64: 381–384
Everett ED, Hirschmann JV (1977) Transient bacteremia and endocarditis prophylaxis: A review. Medicine 56: 61–77
Freedman LR (1982) Infective Endocarditis and other Intravascular Infections. Plenum Medical Book Comp, New York, London
Friedland G, von Reyn CF, Levy B, Arbeit R, Dasse P, Crumpacker C (1984) Nosocomial endocarditis. Infect Contr 5: 284–288
Gahl K, Mügge A, Nonnast-Daniel B, Daniel W (1987) Infective endocarditis: Changing clinical features in a changing time. Europ Heart J 8 (Suppl 1) 279–282
Garvey GJ, Neu HC (1978) Infective endocarditis — An evolving disease. A review of endocarditis at the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Centre, 1968–1973. Medicine 57: 105–127
Garzoni D, Nager F (1990) Zur Klinik der Staphylokokkenendokarditis. Schweiz Med Wschr 120: 21–26
Geraci JE, Wilson WR (1982) Endocarditis due to gram-negative bacteria. Report of 56 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 57: 145–148
Ghosh PK, Miller HI, Vidne BA (1985) Mitral obstruction in bacterial endocarditis. Brit Heart J 53: 341–344
Gladstone JL, Recco R (1976) Host factors and infectious disease in the elderly. Med Clin North Amer 60: 1225–1240
Gleckman RA (1992) Endocarditis in the elderly. In: Kaye D (ed) Infective Endocarditis, 2nd ed. Raven Press, New York, pp 329–343
Good AE, Hague JM, Kauffman (1978) Streptococcal endocarditis initially seen as septic arthritis. Arch Int Med 138: 805–806
Gossius G, Günnes P, Rasmussen K (1985) Ten years of infective endocarditis: A clinicopathologic study. Acta Med Scand 217: 171–179
Gransden WR, Eykyn SJ, Leach RM (1989) Neurological presentations of native valve endocarditis. Quart J Med, New Series 73, No 272: 1135–1142
Griffin KA, Schwartz MM, Korbet SM (1989) Pulmonary-renal syndrome of bacterial endocarditis mimicking Goodpasture’s syndrome. Amer J Kidney Dis 14: 329–332
Groll A, Schneider M, Gaida B-J, Hübner K (1991) Infektiöse Endokarditis aus morphologischer Sicht: Zur Pathologie und Klinik von 97 obduzierten Fällen. Med Klin 86: 59–70
Härkönen M, Olin PE, Wennström J (1981) Severe backache as a presenting sign of bacterial endocarditis. Acta Med Scand 210: 329–331
Hart RG, Kagan-Hallet K, Joerns SE (1987) Mechanisms of intracranial hemorrhage in infective endocarditis. Stroke 18: 1048–1056
Hart RG, Foster JW, Luther MF, Kanter MC (1990) Stroke in infective endocarditis. Stroke 21: 695–700
Harvey WP, Capone MA (1961) Bacterial endocarditis related to cleaning and filling of teeth. Amer J Cardiol 7: 793–798
Hecht SR, Berger M (1992) Right-sided endocarditis in intravenous drug users — Prognostic features in 102 episodes. Ann Intern Med 117: 560–566
Henderson S, Rowlands B, Harvey C (1989) Streptococcus bovis endocarditis and carcinoma of the colon. Brit J Hosp Med 41: 85
Hermans PE (1982) The clinical manifestations of infective endocarditis. Mayo Clin Proc 57: 15–21
Herzog C, Henry TD, Zimmer SD (1991) Bacterial endocarditis presenting as acute myocardial infarction: A cautionary note for the era of reperfusion. Amer J Med 90: 392–397
Horstkotte D, Bircks W, Loogen F (1986) Infective endocarditis of native and prosthetic valves -The case for prompt surgical intervention? Zschr Kardiol 75 (Suppl 2): 168–182
Horstkotte D, Schulte HD, Bircks W (1991) Factors influencing prognosis and indication for surgical intervention in acute native-valve endocarditis. In: Horstkotte D, Bodnar E (eds) Infective Endocarditis. ICR Publishers, London, pp 171–197
Johnson JD, Raff MJ, Barnwell PA, Chun CH (1983) Splenic abscess complicating infectious endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 143: 906–912
Jones HR, Siekert RG (1989) Neurological manifestations of infective endocarditis. Review of clinical and therapeutic challenges. Brain 112: 1295–1315
Kaell AT, Volkman DJ, Gorevic PD, Dattwyler RJ (1990) Positive Lyme serology in subacute bacterial endocarditis — A study of four patients. J Amer Med Assoc 264: 2916–2918
Kanter MC, Hart RG (1990) Cerebral mycotic aneurysms are rare in infective endocarditis. Ann Neurol 28: 590
Kaye D (1985) Changing pattern of infective endocarditis. Amer J Med 78 (Suppl 6B): 157–162
Kerr KG (1989) Low back pain as the only presenting symptom in Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis. Rev Infect Dis 11: 836–837
Kim HS, Weilbaecher DG, Lie JT (1976) Myocardial abscesses without and with coexisting infectious endocarditis. Circul 55: 11–21
Kim HS, Weilbaecher DG, Lie JT, Titus JL (1978) Myocardial abscesses. Amer J Clin Pathol 70: 18–23
King JW, Shehane RR, Lierl J (1986) Infectious endocarditis at three hospitals in the same city: Two study periods a decade apart. South Med J 79: 151–158
Klein RS, Catalano MT, Edberg SC, Casey JL, Steigbigel NH (1979) Streptococcus bovis septicemia and carcinoma of the colon. Ann Intern Med 91: 560–562
Kreuzpaintner G, Horstkotte D, Heyll A, Lösse B, Strohmeyer G (1992) Increased risk of bacterial endocarditis in inflammatory bowel disease. Amer J Med 92: 391–395
Lam K, Bayer AS (1983) Serious infections due to group G Streptococci: Report of 15 cases with in vitro-in vivo correlations. Amer J Med 75: 561–570
LeFrock JL, Klainer AS (1975) Bacterial endocarditis. West Virg Med J 71: 1–7
Leport C, Bure A, Leport J, Vilde JL (1987) Incidence of colonic lesions in Streptococcus bovis and enterococcal endocarditis. Lancet 1: 748
Lerner PI (1985) Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis. Med Clin North Amer 69: No 2 385–398
Lerner PJ, Weinstein L (1966) Infective endocarditis in the antibiotic era (4 parts) New Engl J Med 274: 199–206, 259–266, 323–331, 388–393
Libman E, Friedberg CK (1947) Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis. Oxford University Press, New York
Linde M, Hinrichsen H, Schubert S, Kirch W (1990) Infective endocarditis at a hospital of the University of Kiel, 1958–1987. Klin Wschr 68: 921–926
Lode H, Hamoss CM, Wagner J, Biamino G, Schröder R (1982) Infektive Endocarditis. Klinik, Therapie und Veriauf bei 103 Erkrankungen. Dtsch Med Wschr 107: 967–974
Lowenstein MB, Urmann JD, Abeles M, Weinstein A (1977) Skin immunofluorescence in infective endocarditis. J Amer Med Assoc 238: 1163–1165
Lowrance JH, Hasty DL, Simpson WA (1988) Adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to conformation- ally specific determinants in fibronectin. Infect Immun 56: 2279–2285
Lowrance JH, Baddour LM, Simpson WA (1990) The role of fibronectin binding on the rat model of experimental endocarditis caused by Streptococcus sanguis. J Clin Invest 86: 7–13
Maisch B (1989) Klinik der infektiösen Endokarditis. Internist 30: 483–491
Mansur AJ, Grinberg M, Bellotti G, Jatene A, Pileggi F (1990) Infective endocarditis in the 1980s: Experience at a heart hospital. Clin Cardiol 13: 623–630
Martini GA, Seitz R (1981) Bakterielle Endokarditis bei chronischem Alkoholmißbrauch und alkoholtoxischer Leberschädigung. Ein Beitrag zur Pathologie des Alkohols. Dtsch Med Wschr 106: 1173–1176
McAnulty JH, Rahimtoola SH, DeMots H, Griswold HE (1978) Clinical features of infective endocarditis. In: Rahimtoola SH (ed) Infective Endocarditis. Grune & Stratton, New York, San Francisco, London, pp 125–148
McGivern D, Ispahanl P, Banks D (1987) Factors influencing mortality from infective endocarditis in two district general hospitals. Postgrad Med J 63: 345–349
McKinsey DS, Ratts TE, Bisno AL (1987) Underlying cardiac lesions in adults with infective endocarditis: The changing spectrum. Amer J Med 82: 681–688
Mehta AP, Dave KM, Kinare SG (1978) Infective endocarditis — A survey of the past 50 years. J Postgrad Med 24: 40–49
Mildvan D, Goldberg E, Berger M, Altchek MR, Lukban SB (1977) Diagnosis and successful management of septal myocardial abscess: A complication of bacterial endocarditis. Amer J Med Sci 274: 311–316
Mills J, Utley J, Abbott J (1974) Heart failure in infective endocarditis: Predisposing factors, course, and treatment. Chest 66: 151–157
Milstoc M, Berger AR (1971) True bacterial mural endocarditis. Chest 59: 103–105
Mostaghim D, Millard HD (1975) Bacterial endocarditis: A retrospective study. Oral Surgery 40: 219–234
Mügge A (1987) Prognose der infektiösen Endokarditis. FAC (Fortschr Antimikrobielle Antineoplast Chemother) 6–5: 839–846
Mügge A, Daniel WG, Frank G, Lichtlen PR (1989) Echocardiography in infective endocarditis; reassessment of prognostic implications of vegetation size determined by the transthoracic and the transesophageal approach. J Amer Coll Cardiol 14: 631–638
Murray HW, Roberts RB (1978) Streptococcus bovis bacteremia and underlying gastrointestinal disease. Arch Intern Med 138: 1097–1099
Nager F (1982) Infektiöse Endokarditis — eine sich wandelnde Krankheit. Schweiz Rundschau Med (Praxis) 71: 1917–1921
Nager F (1991) Changing clinical spectrum of infective endocarditis. In: Horstkotte D, Bodnar E (eds) Infective Endocarditis. ICR Pubhshers, London, pp 25–29
Nager F, Pfisterer M, Rothlin M, Kappenberger L (1975) Epidemiologie und Klinik der infektiösen Endokarditis. Schweiz Med Wschr 105: 1421–1427
Pamphlett R, Walsh J (1989) Infective endocarditis with inflammatory lesions in the peripheral nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 78: 101–104
Pankey GA (1961) Subacute bacterial endocarditis at the University of Minnesota Hospital, 1939- 1959. Ann Int Med 55: 550–561
Pankey GA (1962) Acute bacterial endocarditis at the University of Minnesota Hospital, 1939–1959. Amer Heart J 64: 583–591
Pankey GA (1979) The prevention and treatment of bacterial endocarditis. Amer Heart J 98: 102–118
Pease HF, Matsumoto S, Cacchione RJ, Richards KL, Leach JK (1978) Lethal obstruction by aortic valvular vegetation. Echocardiographic studies of endocarditis without apparent aortic regurgitation. Chest 73: 658–660
Pelletier LL, Petersdorf RG (1977) Infective endocarditis: A review of 125 cases from the University of Washington Hospitals, 1963–1972. Medicine 56: 287–313
Perronne C, Leport C, Vilde J (1991) Complications due to septic embolism and immune-complex vasculitis. In: Horstkotte D, Bodnar E (eds) Infective Endocarditis. ICR Publishers, London, pp 39–43
Persaud V (1970) Two unusual cases of mural endocarditis, with a review of the literature. Amer J Clin Pathol 53: 832–838
Powderly WG, Stanley SL, Medoff G (1986) Pneumococcal endocarditis: Report of a series and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis 8: 786–791
Prasquier R, Gibert C, Witchitz S, Valere P, Beaufils P, Vachon F (1978) Acute mitral valve obstruction during infective endocarditis. Brit Med J 1: 9–11
Pruitt AA, Rubin RH, Karchmer AW, Duncan GW (1978) Neurologic complications of bacterial endocarditis. Medicine 57: 329–343
Rapeport KB, Girón JA, Rosner F (1986) Streptococcus mitis endocarditis. Report of 17 cases. Arch Intern Med 146: 2361–2363
Raucher B, Dobkin J, Mandel L, Edberg S, Levi M, Miller M (1989) Occult polymicrobial endocarditis with Haemophilus parainfluenzae in intravenous drug abusers. Amer J Med 86: 169–172
Reed WP, Williams RC (1977) Immune complexes in infectious disease. Adv Intern Med 22: 49–72
Reeve R, Reeve JS, Matula G, Lawson W (1974) Mitral obstruction by vegetations of staphylococcal endocarditis. J Amer Med Assoc 228: 75
Remetz MS, Quagliarello V (1992) Endovascular infections arising from right-sided heart structures. Cardiology Clinics 10: 137–149
von Reyn CF, Levy BS, Arbeit RD, Friedland G, Crumpacker CS (1981) Infective endocarditis: An analysis based on strict case definitions. Ann Intern Med 94: 505–518
Robbins MJ, Frater RWM, Soeiro R, Frishman WH, Strom JA (1986) Influence of vegetation size on clinical outcome of right-sided infective endocarditis. Amer J Med 80: 165–171
Robbins MJ, Soeiro R, Frishman WH, Strom JA (1986) Right-sided valvular endocarditis: Etiology, diagnosis, and an approach to therapy. Amer Heart J 111: 128–135
Roberts WC (1978) Characteristics and consequences of infective endocarditis (active or healed or both) learned from morphologic studies. In: Rahimtoola SH (ed) Infective Endocarditis. Grune & Stratton, New York, San Francisco, London, pp 55–123
Roberts-Thomson PJ, Rischmueller M, Kwiatek RA, Soden M, Ahem MJ, Hill WR, Geddes RA (1992) Rheumatic manifestations of infective endocarditis. Rheumatology 12: 61–63
Rose RL, Higgins LS, Helason AH (1967) Bacterial endocarditis, pericarditis and cardiac tamponade. Amer J Cardiol 19: 447–451
Sacher HL, Miller WC, Landau SW, Sacher ML, Dixon WA, Dietrich KA (1991) Relapsing native- valve enterococcal endocarditis: A unique cure with oral ciprofloxacin combination drug therapy. J Clin Pharmacol 31: 719–721
Sacks PV, Lakier JB, Barlow JB (1969) Severe aortic stenosis produced by bacterial endocarditis. Brit Med J 3: 97
Salgado AV (1991) Central nervous system complications of infective endocarditis. Stroke 26: 19–22
Salgado AV, Furian AJ, Keys TF, Nichols TR, Beck GJ (1989) Neurologic complications of endocarditis: A 12-year experience. Neurol 39: 173–178
Sanabria TJ, Alpert JS, Goldberg R, Pape LA, Cheeseman SH (1990) Increasing frequency of staphylococcal infective endocarditis. Experience at a university hospital, 1981 through 1988. Arch Intern Med 150: 1305–1309
Sandler MA, Kotier MN, Bloom RD, Jacobson L (1989) Pericardial abscess extending from mitral vegetation: An unusual complication of infective endocarditis. Amer Heart J 118: 857–859
Sands M, Brown RB, Ryczak M, Hamilton W (1987) Streptococcus pneumoniae endocarditis. South Med J 80: 780–782
Satz N, Bertschinger Ph, Ott A, Knoblauch M (1988) Streptococcus-bovis-Bakteriämie und Kolon- erkrankungen. Dtsch Med Wschr 113: 889–891
Schaub F (1960) Klinik der subakuten bakteriellen Endokarditis. Springer, Berlin
Scheid WM, Sande ME (1979) Endocarditis and intravascular infections. In: Mandell Gl, Douglas RG, Bennett JE (eds) Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. John Wiley, New York, pp 653–690
Schnurr LP, Ball AP, Geddes AM, Gray J, McGhie D (1977) Bacterial endocarditis in England in the 1970’s: A review of 70 patients. Quart J Med, New Series 46: 499–512
Schölmerich P (1960) Erkrankungen des Endokards — Bakterielle Endokarditis. In: Schwiegk H (Hrsg) Handbuch der Inneren Medizin, Bd. IX/II. Springer, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg, S 662–771
Shenoy MM, Greif E, Friedman SA, Leibowitz I (1984) Paradoxical embolism secondary to tricuspid valve endocarditis. Amer J Cardiol 54: 1374–1375
Sherman DG (1990) Cardiac embolism: The neurologist’s perspective. Amer J Cardiol 65: 32C-37C
Siekert RG, Jones R (1970) Transient cerebral ischemic attacks associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis. Stroke 1: 178–183
Smith FE, Palmer DL (1976) Alcoholism, infection and altered host defenses: A review of cUnical and experimental observations. J Chron Dis 29: 35–49
Smyth EG, Pallett AP, Davidson RN (1988) Group G streptococcal endocarditis: two case reports, a review of the literature and recommendations for treatment. J Infect 16: 169–176
Starkebaum M, Durack D, Beeson P (1977) The „incubation period“ of subacute bacterial endocarditis. Yale J Biol, Med 50: 49–58
Steckelberg JM, Melton LJ, Ilstrup DM, Rouse MS, Wilson WR (1990) Influence of referral bias on the apparent clinical spectrum of infective endocarditis. Amer J Med 88: 582–588
Stein DS, Panwalker AP (1985) Group C streptococcal endocarditis: Case report and review of the literature. Infection 6: 282–285
Stimmel B, Dack S (1978) Infective endocarditis in narcotic addicts. In: Rahimtoola SH (ed) Infective Endocarditis, Grune & Stratton, New York, San Francisco, London, pp 195–209
Sussman JI, Baron EJ, Tenenbaum MJ, Kaplan MH, Greenspan J, Facklam RR, Tyburski MB, Goldman MA, Kanzer BP, Pizzarello RA (1986) Viridans streptococcal endocarditis: Clinical, microbiological, and echocardiographic correlations. J Infect Dis 154: 597–603
Switalski LM, Murchison H, Timpl R, Curtiss R, Hook M (1987) Binding of laminin to oral and endocarditis strains of viridans streptococci. J Bacteriol 169: 1095–1101
Tart RC, van de Rijn I (1991) Analysis of adherence of Streptococcus defectivus and endocarditis- associated Streptococci to extracellular matrix. Infection Immun 59: 857–862
Terpenning MS, Buggy BP, Kauffman (1987) Infective endocarditis: Clinical features in young and elderly patients. Amer J Med 83: 626–634
Terpenning MS, Buggy BP, Kauffman (1988) Hospital-aquired infective endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 148: 1601–1603
Thomas P, Allal J, Bontoux D, Rossi F, Poupet JY, Petitalot JP, Becq-Giraudon B (1984) Rheumatological manifestations of infective endocarditis. Ann Rheumat Dis 43: 716–720
Thornton JB, Alves JC (1981) Bacterial endocarditis. A retrospective study of cases admitted to the University of Alabama Hospitals from 1969 to 1979. Oral Surg 52: 379–383
Ting W, Silverman N, Levitsky S (1991) Valve replacement in patients with endocarditis and cerebral septic emboli. AnnThorac Surg 51: 18–22
Varma MPS, McCluskey DR, Khan MM, Cleland J, O’Kane HO (1986) Heart failure associated with infective endocarditis: A review of 40 cases. Brit Heart J 55: 191–197
Venezio FR, Gullberg RM, Westenfelder GO, Phair JP, Cook FV (1986) Group G streptococcal endocarditis and bacteremia. Amer J Med 81: 29–34
Vik-Mo H (1986) Left ventricular function in aortic valve endocarditis. Acta Med Scand 219: 3–10
Watanakunakorn C (1977) Changing epidemiology and newer aspects of infective endocarditis. Adv Int Med 22: 21–17
Weinstein L (1980) Infective endocarditis. In: Braunwald E (ed) Heart Disease. Saunders, Philadelphia, London, Toronto, pp 1166–1220
Weinstein L (1986) Life-threatening complications of infective endocarditis and their management. Arch Intern Med 146: 953–957
Weinstein L, Rubin RH (1973) Infective endocarditis — 1973. Progr Cardiovasc Dis 16: 239–274
Weinstein L, Schlesinger JJ (1974) Pathoanatomic, pathophysiologic, and clinical correlations in endocarditis (2 parts). New Engl J Med 291: 832–837, 1122–1126
Weisse AB, Khan MY (1990) The relationship between new cardiac conduction defects and extension of valve infection in native valve endocarditis. Clin Cardiol 13: 337–345
Wells AU, Coe Fowler C, Ellis-Pegler RB, Luke R, Hannan S, Sharpe DN (1990) Endocarditis in the 80s in a general hospital in Auckland, New Zealand. Quart J Med, New Series 67, No 279: 753–762
Wennevold A, Rygg IH, Jacobson JR (1976) Acute aortic regurgitation and abscess of sinus of Valsalva due to fulminating ulcerative endocarditis — Report of three cases in children. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 10: 7–10
Wong D, Chandraratna PA, Wishnow RM (1983) Clinical implications of large vegetations in infectious endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 143: 1874–1877
Wood CA, Sewell DL, Strausbaugh LJ (1989) Vertebral osteomyelitis and native valve endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus warned. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 12: 261–263
Yee J, McAllister CK (1987) Osier’s nodes and the recognition of infective endocarditis: A lesion of diagnostic importance. South Med J 80: 753–757
Zähringer J (1984) Bakterielle Endokarditis: Klinik, Therapie und Prognose. Internist 25: 173–183
Ziment I (1969) Nervous system complications in bacterial endocarditis. Amer J Med 47: 593–607
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag, GmbH & Co. KG, Darmstadt
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gahl, K., Mügge, A. (1994). Klinisches Bild. In: Gahl, K. (eds) Infektiöse Endokarditis. Steinkopff, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87079-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87079-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Steinkopff, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-87080-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-87079-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive