Abstract
The quantitative chemical relationships between land and water in tropical Africa are as yet virtually unstudied. However, information about the general chemical composition of East African lakes (Tailing and Tailing, 1965, and the many references quoted by them; Beadle, 1932; Livingstone, 1963; Harding, 1963; Arad and Morton, 1969) and about dissolved nutrient limitations (e.g., Tailing, 1966; Moss, 1969; Viner, 1970; Horne and Viner, 1971; Ganf and Viner, 1972) make it reasonable to review some features of the land that influence these waters.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albrecht, W. A., and J. Uhland. 1962. Nitrate accumulation under straw mulch. Soil Sci. 20:253–259.
Alexander, G. B., W. M. Heston, R. K;. Iler. 1954. The solubility of amorphous silica in water. J. Phys. Chem. 38:453–455.
Arad, A., and W. H. Morton. 1969. Mineral springs and saline lakes of the Western Rift Valley, Uganda. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 33:1169–1181.
Arden, T. V. 1950. The solubility of products of ferrous and ferrosic hydroxides. J. Chem. Soc. 882–885.
Beadle, L. C. 1932. Scientific results of the Cambridge expedition to the East African lakes, 1930–1. The waters of some East African lakes in relation to their fauna and flora. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 38:157–211.
—, and E. M. Lind. 1960. Research on the swamps of Uganda. Uganda J. 24:(1):84–98.
Beirnaert, A. 1941. La technique culturale sous l’Équateur. Influence de la culture sur les réserves en humis et en azote des terres équatoriales. I.N.E.A.C. Ser. Tech. 26, Bruxelles.
Bendschneider, K., and R. J. Robinson. 1952. A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrate in sea-water. J. Marine Res., 11:87–124.
Birch, H. F. 1958. The effect of soil drying on humus decomposition and nitrogen availability. Plant Soil 10:(1):9–31.
— Birch, H. F.. 1959. Further observations on humus decomposition and nitrification. Plant Soil. 9(3):262–286.
— Birch, H. F. 1960. Nitrification in soils after different periods of dryness. Plant Soil 12:(1):81–96.
— Birch, H. F., and M. T. Friend. 1956. The organic matter and nutrient status of East African Soils. J. Soil Sci. 7:156–67.
Calder, E. A. 1957. Features of nitrate accumulation in Uganda soil. J. Soil Sci. 8(1):60–72.
— Calder, E. A.. 1959. Nitrogen fixation in a Uganda swamp soil. Nature 184:746.
Carter, G. S. 1955. The Swamps of Uganda. Cambridge, England: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.
Chaney, A. L., and E. P. Marbach. 1962. Modified reagents for the determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem. 8(2):130–132.
Chenery, E. M. 1960. Introduction to the soils of Uganda. Res. Div. Mem. Series 1, Dept. of Agric, Uganda.
Cook, L. 1939. A contribution to our information on grass burning. S. Afr. J. Sci. 36:270–282.
Coulter, G. W. 1963. Hydrological changes in relation to biological production in southern Tanganyika. Limnol. Oceanogr. 8:463–477.
Degens, E. T., W. G. Denser, N. P. Von Herzen, H.-K. Wong, F. B. Wooding, H. W. Jannasch, and J. W. Kanwisher. 1971. Lake Kivu expedition: geophysics, hydrographs, sedimentology. Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Mass. (Mimeographed preliminary report.)
Diamond, W. E. deB. 1937. Fluctuations in the nitrogen contents of some Nigerian soils. Emp. J. Exp. Agr. 5:264–280.
Din, N. 1971. M.Sc. thesis, Makerere University.
Dubois, J. T. 1958. Évolution de la température, de l’oxygène dissons et de la transparence dans la baie Nord du lac Tanganyika. Hydrobiol. 10:215–240.
Dye, J. F. 1952. Calculation of effect of temperature on pH, free carbon dioxide, and the three forms of alkalinity. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 44:356–372.
Eccles, D.H. 1962. An internal wave in Lake Nyasa and its probable significance in the nutrient cycle. Nature 194:832–833.
Field, C. R. 1968. D.Phil. dissertation, University of Cambridge.
Foster, H. L. 1969. The dominating influence of soil organic matter and soil reaction on the fertility of ferrallitic soils in Uganda. Kawanda Research Station. Uganda. (Mimeo.)
Ganf, G. G. 1972. The regulation of net primary production in Lake George, Uganda, East Africa. IBP/UNESCO Symp. Productivity, Z. Kajak and A. Hillbricht-Ilkowska, eds. Warsaw-Krakow: Polish Academy of Science.
— Ganf, G. G., and A. B. Viner, 1973. Ecological stability in a shallow equatorial lake (Lake George, Uganda). Proc. Soc. В. 184:321–346.
Geological Survey of Uganda. Summary of progress, 1929–1949.
Golterman, H. L. 1967. Methods for chemical analysis of freshwaters. I.B.P. Handbook 3. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd.
— Golterman, H. L. 1973. Natural phosphate sources in relation to phosphate budgets: a contribution to the study of eutrophications. Water Res. 7:3–17.
Greenland, D. J. 1958. Nitrate fluctuations in tropical soils. J. Agr. Sci., 50:82–92.
Griffith, G. A. 1951. Factors influencing nitrate accumulation in Uganda soil. Emp. J. Exp. Agr. 19:1–19.
— Golterman, H. L., and H. L. Manning. 1949. Fertilizer studies in Uganda soils. E. Africa Agr. J. 15:87–97.
Hagenzieker, F. 1957. Soil nitrogen studies at Urambo, Tanganyika Territory, East Africa. Plant Soil 9:97–113.
Hall, T. D. 1921. Nitrification in some South African Soils. Soil Sci. 12:301–363.
Harding, D. 1963. In Report on the survey of Lake Nyasa, 1954–1955, P. B. N. Jackson, I. D. Iles, D. Harding, and G. Fryer, Chap. 2. Zoma, Nyasaland: Government Printer.
Hardy, F. 1946. Seasonal fluctuations of soil moisture and nitrate in a humid tropical climate. Trop. Afric. 23:40–49.
Hare, R. C. 1961. Heat effects on living plants. Occas. Paper 183, Southern For. Exptl. Sta. For. Serv. U.S. Dept. Agr.
Harrop, J. F. 1960. Soils of South-Western Province, Uganda. Res. Div. Mem. Series 1, No. 4 Dept. of Agric., Uganda.
Holmes, A., and H. F. Harwood. 1937. The petrology of the volcanic area of Bufumbira, S.W. Uganda. Geol. Surv. Uganda, Mem. 3, Pt. II: Entebbe.
Horne, A. J., and A. B. Viner. 1971. Nitrogen fixation and its significance in tropical Lake George, Uganda. Nature 233:217–218.
Horrell, C. R. 1964. Effect of two legumes on the yield of unfertilized pastures at Serere. E. Afr. Agr. For. J. 30:94–6.
Hutchinson, G. E. 1957. A treatise on limnology. Geography, Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Jenny, H. 1950. Causes of high nitrogen and organic matter content of certain tropical forest soils. Soil Sci. 69:63–69.
Joffe, J. S., and M. Zimmerman. 1944. Sodium, calcium and magnesium ratios in the exchange complex. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 9:51.
Jones, E. A. 1957. Nitrogen studies on soils of the Sudan Gezira.. J. Soil Sci. 8:211–224.
Kerr, J. R. W. 1960. The spectrometric determinations of microgram amounts of calcium. Analyst. 85:867–870.
Krauskopf, K. B. 1956. Dissolution and precipitation of silica at low temperatures. Geochim Cosmochim. Acta 10:1–26.
Langdale-Brown, I., H. A. Osmaston, and J. G. Wilson. 1964. The Vegetation of Uganda, and Its Bearing on Land Use. Entebbe: Government Printer.
Levine, A. K., and J. S. Joffe. 1947. Fixation of potassium in relation to exchange capacity of soils. V. Mechanism of fixation. Soil Sci. 63:407.
Lind, E. M. 1968. Notes on the distribution of phytoplankton in some Kenya waters. Br. Phycol. Bull. 3(3):481–493.
Livingstone, D. A. 1963. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. (Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 440-G.) In Data of Geochemistry, 6th ed., Chap. G. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Mackereth, F. J. H. 1963. Some methods of water analysis for limnologists. Scient. Pubis. Freshwat. biol. Ass. 21.
Martin, G. J., and R. E. Massey. 1923. Nitrification in Sudan soils. Wellcome Trop. Res. Lab., Khartoum, Publ: 29.
Meiklejohn, J. 1962. Microbiology of the nitrogen cycle in some Ghana Soils. Emp. J. Exp. Agr. 30:115–26.
Millot, G. 1970. Geology of Clays. Weathering, Sedimentology, Geochemistry. Paris: Springer-Verlag, Masson et Cie.
Moore, A. W. 1960. The influence of annual burning on a soil in the savanna zone of Nigeria. Trans. 7th Intern. Congr. Soil Sci. 4:257–264.
Moss, B. 1969. Limitation of algal growth in some Central African waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14(4):591–601.
Mullin, J. B., and J. P. Riley. 1955. The spectrophotometric determination of silicate with special reference to sea and natural waters. Anal. Chim. Acta. 12:162–176.
Nye, P. H., and D. J. Greenland. 1965. The soil under shifting cultivation. Commonwealth Bur. Soils Tech. Comm. 51.
Pedro, G. 1961. An experimental study on the geochemical weathering of crystalline rocks by water. Clay Miner. Bull. 4(26):266–281.
Pereira, H. C. 1959. A physical basis for land use policy in tropical catchment areas. Nature 184:1768–1771.
— Pereira, H. C. 1965. Effects of land-use on the water and energy budgets of tropical watersheds. In Intern. Symp. Forest Hydrol., W. E. Sopper and H. W. Lull, eds. National Science Foundation Advanced Science Seminar, Pennsylvania State University.
— Pereira, H. С., J. S. G. McCulloch, et al. 1962. The hydrological effects of changes in land use in some East African catchment area. E. Afr. Agr. Forestry J. 28(spec. issue): 1–130.
Phillips, J. F. V. 1930. Fire: its influence on biotic communities and physical factors in South and East Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 27:352–367.
Prowse, G. A., and J. F. Tailing. 1958. The seasonal growth and succession of plankton algae in the White Nile. Limnol. Oceanogr. 3:222–238.
Richardson, H. L. 1968. The use of fertilizers. In The Soil Resources of Tropical Africa, R. P. Moss, ed. A symposium of the African Studies Association of the United Kingdom, C.U.P.
Semb, G., and J. B. D. Robinson. 1969. The natural nitrogen flush in different arable soils and climates in East Africa. E. Afr. Agr. For. J. 34:350–370.
Sly, J. M. A., and P. B. Tinker. 1962. An assessment of burning in the establishment of oil palm plantations in southern Nigeria. Trop. Agr., Trin. 39(4):271–280.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 12th ed., 1965. New York, American Public Health Association.
Stephens, M. 1963. The determination of low phosphate concentrations in lake and marine waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 8:361–362.
Strickland, J. D. H., and T. R. Parsons. 1968. A practical handbook of sea water analysis, 3rd ed. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 167.
Tailing, J. F. 1957. The longitudinal succession of water characteristics in the White Nile. Hydrobiol. 11(1):73–89.
— Tailing, J. F. 1966. The annual cycle of stratification and phytoplankton growth in Lake Victoria (East Africa). Intern. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 51(4):545–621.
— Tailing, J. F. 1969. The incidence of vertical mixing, and some biological and chemical consequences, in tropical African lakes. Verh. Intern. Verein. Limnol. 17:998–1012.
— Tailing, J. F., and I. B. Tailing. 1965. The chemical composition of African lake waters. Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 50(3):421–463.
UNDP (SF)/WHO Project Uganda 28 Report. 1970.
Vine, H. 1968. Developments in the study of soils and shifting agriculture in tropical Africa. In The Soil Resources of Tropical Africa, R. P. Moss, ed. A symposium of the African Studies Association of the United Kingdom, C.U.P.
Viner, A. B. 1970. Ph.D. dissertation, University of London.
— Viner, A. B.. 1973. Response of a tropical, mixed phytoplankton population to nutrient enrichments of ammonia and phosphate, and some associated ecological implications. Proc. Soc. B183:351–370.
— Viner, A. B., and I. R. Smith, 1973. Geographical, historical and physical aspects of Lake George, Uganda. Proc. Soc. B184:235–270.
Visser, S. A. 1962. Chemical investigations into a system of lakes, rivers and swamps in S.W. Kigezi, Uganda. E. Afr. Agr. For. J. 28(2):81–86.
Wayland, E. J., and N. V. Brasnett. 1938. Soil erosion and water supplies in Uganda. Geol. Surv. Uganda Man. 4.
West, O. 1965. Fire in vegetation and its use in pasture management with special reference to tropical and subtropical Africa. Mimeographed publication 1/1965, Commonwealth Bur. Pastures Field Crops., Commonwealth Bur. Agr., U.K.
Wey, R., and B. Siffert. 1961. Reaction de la silice monoléataire en solution avec les ions Al+++ et Mg++. Genèse et synthèse des argiles. Colloques Intern. Cent. Natl: Rech. Scien. 105:11–23.
Wilson, J. G. 1960. The soils of Karamoja district, Northern Province of Uganda. Res. Div. Mem. Series 1, Dept. of Agric., Uganda.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1975 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Viner, A.B. (1975). The Supply of Minerals to Tropical Rivers and Lakes (Uganda). In: Hasler, A.D. (eds) Coupling of Land and Water Systems. Ecological Studies, vol 10. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86011-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86011-9_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-86013-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-86011-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive