Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nutrient-Hydrologic Interactions (Eastern United States)

  • Chapter
Coupling of Land and Water Systems

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 10))

Abstract

Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems within the same landscape are linked directly by water moving in the hydrologic cycle. Thus the connection between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is a functional one, and the ecological consequences of this linkage are profound. A vital characteristic of ecosystem function is the continuous flow of nutrients and energy through the system. An ecosystem has a richly detailed budget of inputs and outputs; one reason it is difficult to assess the impact of human activities on landscapes or the biosphere is the lack of precise information about these inputs and outputs and about the delicate adjustments that maintain a balance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Duvigneaud, P., and S. Denaeyer de Smet. 1964. Le cycle des éléments biogères dans l’écosystème forêt. Écosystème et productivité, recherches sur l’écosystème forêt, Vol. I, pp. 3–147. Brussels: Travaux du Centre d’Écologie Générale.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and S. Danaeyer de Smet. 1970. Biological cycling of minerals in temperate deciduous forest. In Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems, D. E. Reichle, ed., pp. 199–225. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einsele, W. 1936. Ueber die Beziehungen des Eisenkreislaufes zum Phosphorkreislauf im eutrophen See. Arch. Hydrobiol. 29:664–686. Reprinted 1925.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, S. A. 1887. The lake as a microcosm. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. 15:537–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorham, E. 1961. Factors influencing supply of major ions to inland waters, with special reference to the atmosphere. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 72:795–840.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, G. E. 1957. A Treatise on Limnology, Vol. I. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G. E., and F. H. Bormann. 1972. Nutrient cycling in ecosystems. In Ecosystems: Structure and Function, J. Wiens, ed., pp. 25–67. Corvallis, Ore.: Oregon State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovington, J. D. 1965. Organic production, turnover and mineral cycling in woodlands Biol. Rev. 40:772–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

References

  • Alexander, M. 1967. Introduction to Soil Microbiology, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolin, В., ed. 1971. Air pollution across national boundaries. The impact on the environment of sulfur in air and precipitation. Rept. Swedish Prep. Comm. U.N. Conf. Environ. Stockholm: Kungl. Boktryckeriet P.A. Norsted et Soner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F. H., and G. E. Likens. 1967. Nutrient cycling. Science 155:424–429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —G. E. Likens, D. W. Fisher, and R. S. Pierce. 1968. Nutrient loss accelerated by clear-cutting of a forest ecosystem. Science 159:882–884.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —G. E. Likens, and J. S. Eaton. 1969. Biotic regulation of particulate and solution losses from a forested ecosystem. BioScience 19(7):600–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —T. G. Siccama, G. E. Likens, and R. H. Whittaker. 1970. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study: composition and dynamics of the tree stratum. Ecol. Monogr. 40(4):373–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, G. E. Likens, T. G. Siccama, R. S. Pierce, and J. S. Eaton. 1974. The effect of deforestation on ecosystem export and the steady-state condition at Hubbard Brook. Ecol. Monogr. (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, D. W., S. P. Gessei, and S. F. Dice. 1967. Distribution and cycling of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in a second-growth Douglas fir ecosystem. In Symp. Primary Productivity Mineral Cycling Nat. Ecosystems, H. E. Young, ed., pp. 198–232. Orono, Me.: University of Maine Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, C. F. 1969. Nutrient output from managed forests. In Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Correctives, pp. 446–463. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, D. T. 1966. Input and output of minerals for an area of Pennine moorland: the importance of precipitation, drainage, peat erosion, and animals. J. Appl. Ecol. 3:327–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edmondson, W. T. 1969. Eutrophication in North America. In Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Correctives, pp. 124–149. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • —1971. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and algae in Lake Washington after diversion of sewage. Science 169:690–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, D. W., A. W. Gambell, G. E. Likens, and F. H. Bormann. 1968. Atmospheric contributions to water quality of streams in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Water Resources Res. 4(5):1115–1126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frink, C. R. 1969. Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of eutrophic lake sediments. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 33(3):369–372.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gambell, A. W., and D. W. Fisher. 1966. Chemical composition of rainfall, eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 1535K:1–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, G., R. E. Leonard, and R. S. Pierce. 1962. Leaf fall, humus depth, and soil frost in a northern hardwood forest. Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Upper Darby, Pa., Res. Note 131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbie, J. E., and G. E. Likens. 1973. Output of phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon and fine particulate carbon from Hubbard Brook watersheds. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18(5):734–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horie, S. 1969. Asian lakes. In Eutrophication: Causes Consequences and Correctives, pp. 98–123. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornbeck, J. W., and R. S. Pierce. 1969. Changes in snowmelt runoff after forest clearing on a New England watershed. Proc. Ann. Eastern Snow Conf. 1969, pp. 104–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • — R.S. Pierce, and C. A. Federer. 1970. Streamflow changes after forest clearing in New England. Water Resources Res. 6(4):1124–1132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, G. E. 1969. Eutrophication, past and present. In Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Correctives, pp. 17–26. Washington, D. C: National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • —E. Bonatti, U.M. Cowgill, С E. Goulden, E. A. Leventhal, M. E. Mallett, F. Margaritora, R. Patrick, A. Racek, W. A. Robak, E. Stella, J. B. Wart-Perkins, and T. R. Wellman. 1970. Ianula: an account of the history and development of the Lago di Monterosi, Latium, Italy. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 60(4):1–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, N. M., G. E. Likens, F. H. Bormann, and R. S. Pierce. 1968. Rate of chemical weathering of silicate minerals in New Hampshire. Geochim Cosmochim. Acta 32:531–545.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —G. E. Likens, F. H. Bormann, D. W. Fisher, and R. S. Pierce. 1969. A working model for the variation in streamwater chemistry at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Water Resources Res. 5(6):1353–1363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —R. C. Reynolds, and W. Campbell. 1970. Rate of chemical weathering in a temperate glacial environment. Abstr. 1970 Ann. Meeting Geol. Soc. Amer., p. 588.

    Google Scholar 

  • —R. C. Reynolds, and G. E. Likens. 1972. Atmospheric sulfur: its effect on the chemical weathering of New England. Science 177:514–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Junge, C. E. 1958. The distribution of ammonia and nitrate in rain water over the United States. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 39:241–248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —and R. T. Werby 1958. The concentrations of chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium and sulfate in rainwater over the United States. J. Meteorol. 15:417–425.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G. E. 1972a. Eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. In Nutrients and Eutrophication, Amer. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr. Lawrence, Kansas Special Symposia, G. E. Likens ed., Vol. 1, pp. 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1972b. The chemistry of precipitation in the central Finger Lakes Region. Cornell Univ. Water Resources and Marine Sciences Center, Ithaca, N.Y., Tech. Rept. 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and F. H. Bormann. 1971. Chemical analyses of plant tissues from the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem in New Hampshire. Yale Univ., School Forestry Bull. 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likens G. E. and F. H. Bormann 1974. Acid rain: a serious regional environmental problem, Science 184:1176–1179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, F. H. Bormann, N. M. Johnson, and R. S. Pierce. 1967. The calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium budgets for a small forested ecosystem. Ecology 48:772–785.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, F. H. Bormann, and N. M. Johnson. 1969. Nitrification: importance to nutrient losses from a cut-over ecosystem. Science 163(3872):1205–1206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, F. H. Bormann, N. M. Johnson, D. W. Fisher, and R. S. Pierce. 1970. The effects of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook Watershed-Ecosystem. Ecol. Monogr. 40(1):23–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, F. H. Bormann, R. S. Pierce, and D. W. Fisher. 1971. Nutrient-hydrologic cycle interaction in small forested watershed-ecosystems. In Productivity of Forest Ecosystems, Proc. Brussels Symp., 1969, M. P. Duvigneaud ed., pp. 553–563. UNESCO Publ.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, F. H. Bormann, and N. M. Johnson. 1972. Acid rain. Environment 14(2):33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lunt, H. A. 1932. Profile characteristics of New England Forest Soils. Connecticut Agri. Expt. Sta. Bull. 342, pp. 743–836.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackereth, F. J. H. 1966. Some chemical observations on post-glacial lake sediments. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B250:165–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. В. 1963. Plant nutrients in hard beech. I. The immobilization of nutrients. II. Seasonal variation in leaf composition. III. The cycle of nutrients. New Zealand J. Sci. 6:365–413.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neil, J. H., M. G. Johnson, and G. E. Owen. 1967. Yields and sources of nitrogen from several Lake Ontario watersheds. Proc. Tenth Conf. Great Lakes Res., pp. 375–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye, R. H., and D. J. Greenland. 1960. The soil under shifting cultivation. Commonwealth Bureau Soils, Harpenden, Engl., Tech. Bull. 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, R. S. 1967. Evidence of overland flow on forest watersheds. In Intern. Symp. Forest Hydrol., W. E. Sopper and H. W. Lull eds., pp. 247–252. Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, J. W. Hornbeck, G. E. Likens, and F. H. Bormann. 1970. Effects of elimination of vegetation on stream water quantity and quality. Intern. Symp. Results Res. Representative Exp. Basins, New Zealand, Intern. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., pp. 311–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Public Health Service. 1962. Drinking water standard. Public Health Serv. Publ. 956. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, С. N. 1947. Fertilization of lakes by agricultural and urban drainage. J. New Engl. Water Works Assn. 61:109–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siccama, T. G., F. H. Bormann, and G. E. Likens. 1970. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study: productivity, nutrients, and phytosociology of the herbaceous layer. Ecol. Monogr. 40(4):389–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G. 1971. Paleolimnology as a means of assessing eutrophication. Abstr. papers submitted 34th Ann. Meeting Amer. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr., Winnipeg, Can.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvester, R. O. 1961. Nutrient content of drainage water from forested, urban and agricultural areas. Algae and Metropolitan Wastes, U.S. Public Health Service, SEC TR, W61–3, pp. 80–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. W., W. M. Edwards, and E. C. Simpson. 1971. Nutrients in streams draining woodland and farmland near Coshocton, Ohio. Water Resources Res. 7(1):81–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tutin, W. 1969. The usefulness of pollen analysis in interpretation of stratigraphic horizons, both late-glacial and post-glacial. Mitt. Intern. Verein. Limnol. 17: 154–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Forest Service. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 1964. Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Upper Darby, Pa.: Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viro. P. J. 1953. Loss of nutrients and the natural nutrient balance of the soil in Finland. Comm. Inst. Forest. Fenn. 42:1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vollenweider, R. A. 1968. Water Management Research. Scientific fundamentals of the eutrophication of lakes and flowing waters, with particular reference to nitrogen and phosphorus as factors in eutrophication. Organ. Econ. Cooperation Develop., Paris, DAS/CSI/68:27. (Mimeo.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodwell, G. M., and R. H. Whittaker. 1967. Primary Production and the cation of the Brookhaven Forest. In Symp. Primary Productivity Mineral Cycling Nat. Ecosystem. H. E. Young ed., pp. 151–166. Orono, Me.: University of Maine Press.

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Anderson, D. H., and H. E. Hawkes. 1958. Relative mobility of the common elements in weathering of some schist and granite areas. Geochim. Cosmoсhim. Acta 14: 204–210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F. H., and G. E. Likens. 1969. The watershed-ecosystem concept and studies of nutrient cycles, In The Ecosystem Concept in Natural Resource Management, G. M. Van Dyne ed., pp. 49–76. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, G. E. Likens, and J. S. Eaton. 1969. Biotic regulation of particulate and solution losses from a forest ecosystem. BioScience 19:600–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, E. L. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. (Blakiston Division).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, J. P., and R. H. Clark. 1966. Introduction to Hydrometeorology. New York: Pergamon Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleaves, E. T., A. E. Godfrey, and O. P. Brucker. 1970. Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 81:3015–3032.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, D. T. 1966. Input and output of minerals for an area of pennine moorland: the importance of precepitation, drainage, peat erosion and animals. J. Appl. Ecol. 3:327–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ecol. Sci. Div. Ann. Progr. Rept., Period Ending Sept. 30, 1971. 1972. Oak Ridge Nat. Lab. ORNL’4759.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenneman, N. M. 1938. Physiography of Easten United States. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, D. W. 1968. Annual variations in chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation, eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Paper 1535-M.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen, R. L. 1972. Nutrient budget of a Douglas-fir forest on an experimental watershed in western Oregon. In Research in Coniferous Forest Ecosystems: First Year Progress in the Coniferous Forest Biome USIIBP, J. F. Franklin, L. J. Dempster, and R. H. Waring, eds., pp. 115–131. Portland, Ore.: Pacific Northwest Forest Range Expt. Sta., Forest Serv.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gambell, A. W., and D. W. Fisher. 1966. Chemical composition of rainfall, eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Paper 1535-K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, R. J. 1970. Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science 170: 1088–1090.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grigal, D. F., and R. A. Goldstein. 1971. An integrated ordination-classification analysis of an intensively sampled oak-hickory forest. J. Ecol. 59:481–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C. M., and P. R. Needham. 1966. Ionic composition of Sagehen Creek, California, following an adajacent fire. Ecology 47:636–639.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, N. M., G. E. Likens, F. H. Bormann, D. W. Fisher, and R. S. Pierce. 1969. A working model for the variation in streamwater chemistry at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Water Resources Res. 5(6):1353–1363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. L., and W. T. Swank. 1973. Studies of cation budgets in the Southern Appalachians on four experimental watersheds with contrasting vegetation. Ecology 54:70–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Junge, C. E., and R. T. Werby. 1958. The concentration of chloride, sodium, postassium, calcium, and sulfate in rain water over the United States. J. Meteorol. 15:417–425.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, H. M. 1970. Factors affecting water quality of small mountain catchments. J. Hydrol. (N.Z.) 9:133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G. E., and F. H. Bormann. 1973. An experimental approach to New England landscapes. In An Introduction to Land-Water Interactions, J. S. Olson ed. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, F. H. Bormann, N. M. Johnson, D. W. Fisher, and R. S. Pierce. 1970. Effects of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook Watershed Ecosystem. Ecol. Monogr. 40(1):23–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacIntire, W. H., and J. B. Young. 1923. Sulfur, calcium, magnesium and potassium content and reaction of rainfall at different points in Tennessee. Soil Sci. 15: 205–227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mc Master, W. M. 1967. Hydrologic data for the Oak Ridge Area, Tennessee. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Paper 1839-N.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, John P. 1961. Solutes in small streams draining single rock types, Sangre de Cristo Range, New Mexico. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Paper 1535-F, Geochemistry of Water.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, D.J. 1970. Measurement and sampling of outputs from watersheds. In Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems, Ecological Studies. Analysis and Synthesis, D. E. Reichle, ed., Vol. 1. pp. 257–267. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, F. J., Jr., and D. W. Fisher. 1971. Chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in the northeastern United States. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Paper 1535-P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, L. N., D. F. Grigal, J. W. Curlin, and W. J. Selvidge. 1970. Walker Branch Watershed project: chemical, physical, and morphological properties of the soils of Walker Branch Watershed. Oak Ridge Nat. Lab. U.S. AEC Report ORNL-TM-2968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rainwater, F. H., and W. F. White. 1958. The solusphere — its inferences and study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 14:244–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, E. T., and W. B. White. 1971. Seasonal fluctuations in the chemistry of limestone springs: a possible means for characterizing carbonate aquifers. J. Hydrol. 14:93–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and W. B. White. 1972. Source areas and climatic effects in carbonate groundwaters determined by saturation indices and carbon dioxide pressures. Water Resources Res. 8:1067–1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thiessen, A. H. 1911. Precipitation for large areas. Monthly Weather Rev. 39: 1082–1084.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornthwaite, C. W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr. Rev. 38:55–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, E., R. S. Starkey, and M. J. Saunders. 1971. An assessment of the relative importance of several chemical sources to the waters of a small upland catchment. J. Appl. Ecol. 8:743–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, H. C., and J. H. Feth. 1964. Chemical composition of rain, dry fallout, and bulk precipitation at Menlo Park, California, 1957–1959. J. Geophys. Res. 69: 3319–3333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Auerbach, S.I. 1970. Analysis of Structure and Function of Deciduous Forest Biome Ecosystems: A Research Proposal to the National Science Foundation. Oak Ridge, Term.: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, N. H., and R. K. Linsley. 1966. Digital simulation in hydrology; Stanford Watershed Model IV. Tech. Rept. 39. Dept. Civil Eng., Stanford University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dettmann, E. H. 1973. A model of seasonal changes in the nitrogen content of lake water. In Proc. 1973 Summer Computer Simulation Conf. Montreal, Vol. 2:753–761. Simulation Counc. Inc., La Jolla, Calif.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvigneaud, P., and S. Denaeyer-de Smet. 1970. Biological cycling of minerals in temperate deciduous forests. In Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems, D. E. Reichle, ed., pp. 199–225. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortescue, J. A. C., and G. G. Marten. 1970. Micronutrients: forest ecology and systems analysis. In Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems, D. E. Reichle, ed., pp. 173–198. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, H. L., O. L. Loucks, J. W. Mitchell, D. F. Parkhurst, C. R. Tracy, D. G. Watts, and V. J. Yannacone, Jr. 1970. Systems studies of DDT transport. Science 1970:503–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huff, D. D. 1972. Hydrologic simulation and the ecological system. In Proc. Third Intern. Seminar Hydrol. Professors, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and P. Kruger, 1970. Simulation of the hydrological transport of radioactive aerosols. Amer. Chem. Soc. Advan. Chem. Monogr. 93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loucks, O. L. 1972. Systems methods in environmental court actions. In Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology, B. C. Patten, ed., Vol. 2, pp. 419–473. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences, 1967. Program statement of the subcommittee on productivity of freshwater communities and subcommittee on productivity of terrestrial communities of the U.S. National Committee for the IBP. Div. Biol. Agr. Rept.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, R. V. 1970. An introduction to the numerical solution of differential equations in ecosystem models. ORNL Deciduous Forest Diome IBP Rept. 70–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • —1971. Examples of ecological transfer matrices. ORNL Deciduous Forest Biome IBP Rept. 71–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patten, B. C. 1971. A primer for ecological modeling and simulation with analog and digital computers. In Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology, B.C. Patten, ed., Vol. 1, pp. 4–121. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. E. 1970. Analysis of ecosystems. In Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems, D. E. Reicle, ed., pp. 7–18. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. S. 1971. Computer simulation of energy flow in Cedar Bog Lake, Minnesota, based on the classical studies of Lindeman. In Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology, B. C. Patten, ed., Vol. 1, pp. 544–582. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. E. Likens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F. H. Bormann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA

    Arthur D. Hasler

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1975 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Likens, G.E., Bormann, F.H. (1975). Nutrient-Hydrologic Interactions (Eastern United States). In: Hasler, A.D. (eds) Coupling of Land and Water Systems. Ecological Studies, vol 10. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86011-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86011-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-86013-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-86011-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation