Abstract
After numerous studies of calcium channel blockers, the efficacy and mechanism of action are still debated [1, 2, 7,10,11,16,17, 21, 22, 24, 28, 29]. Two possible mechanisms have been proposed for their beneficial effect: (a) relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and increase in cerebral blood flow, and (b) prevention of calcium flux into neurons, thereby limiting activation of phospholipases, proteases, and consequent membrane and protein degradation and production of damaging metabolic by-products such as free radicals [3–5,15, 20, 23, 25, 26, 30].
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barnett GH, Bose B, Little JR et al. (1986) Effects of nimodipine on acute focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 17:884–890
Berger JR, Busto R, Ginsberg MD (1984) Verapamil: failure of metabolic amelioration following global forebrain ischemia in the rat. Stroke 15:1029–1032
Black KL, Hoff JT (1985) Leukotrienes increase blood-brain barrier permeability following intraparenchymal injections in rats. Ann Neurol 18:349–351
Deshpande JK, Siesjo BK, Wieloch T (1987) Calcium accumulation and neuronal damage in the rat hippocampus following cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:89–95
Färber JL, Chien KR, Mittnacht S (1981) The pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury in ischemia. Am J Phys 102:271–281
Gelmers HJ, Gorter K, deWeerdt CT, Wiezer H JA (1988) A controlled trial of nimodipine in acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 318:203–207
Gotoh O, Mohamed A, McCulloch J et al. (1986) Nimodipine and the haemodynamic and histopathologic consequences of MCA occlusion in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:321–331
Grotta JC, Ostrow P, Fraifeld E et al. (1985) Fibrinogen blood viscosity and cerebral ischemia. Stroke 16:192–198
Grotta JC, Ostrow P, Fraifeld E et al. (1985) Reduction of fibrinogen and viscosity by plasma exchange dose not significantly alter ischemic injury. Stroke 16:192–198
Grotta JC, Spydell J, Pettigrew LC et al. (1986) The effect of nicardipine on neuronal function following ischemia. Stroke 17:213–219
Hakim AM (1986) Cerebral acidosis in focal ischemia. II. Nimodipine and verapamil normalize cerebral pH following MCA occlusion in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:676–690
Lowry OH, Passonneau JV, Hasselberger FX (1964) Effect of ischemia on known substrates and cofactors of the glycolytic pathway in brain. J Biol Chem 239:18–42
Lowry OH, Passonneau JV (1972) A flexible system of enzymatic analyses. Academic, New York
McCandless DW, Feussner G, Lust WD et al. (1979) Metabolite levels in brain following experimental seizures. J Neurochem 32:743–753
McCord JM (1985) Oxygen-derived free radicals in post-ischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med 312:159–163
Milde LN, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD (1986) Delayed treatment with nimodipine improves CBF after complete cerebral ischemia in the dog. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:332–337
Mohamed AA, Gotoh O, Graham DI et al. (1985) Effect of pretreatment with the calcium antagonist on local CBF and histopathology after MCA occlusion. Ann Neurol 18:705–711
Ponten CL, Ratcheson RA, Salford LG, Siesjo BK (1973) Optimal freezing conditions for cerebral metabolites in rats. J Neurochem 21:1127–1138
Pulsinelli WA, Brierly (1979) A new model of bilateral hemispheric ischemia in the unanesthetized rat. Stroke 10:267–272
Raichle ME (1983) The pathophysiology of brain ischemia. Ann Neurol 12:2–10
Sakabe T, Nagai I, Ishikawa T et al. (1986) Nicardipine increases CBF but does not improve neurologic recovery in a canine model of complete cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:684–690
Sauter A, Rudin M (1987) Calcium antagonists reduce the extent of infarction in rat MCA occlusion model as determined by quantitative MRI. Stroke 17:210–216
Siesjo BK, Bendek G, Koide T et al. (1985) Influence of acidosis on lipid peroxidation in brain tissues in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:253–258
Steen PA, Newberg LA, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD (1983) Nimodipine improves CBF and neurologic recovery after complete cerebral ischemia in the dog. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:38–43
Vanhoutte PM (1982) Effects of calcium entry blockers on tissue hypoxia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2:542–544
Van Neuten JM, Vanhoutte PM (1980) Improvement of tissue perfusion with inhibitors of calcium ion influx. Biochem Pharmacol 29:479–481
Van Uitert RL, Levy DE (1978) Regional brain blood flow in the conscious gerbil. Stroke 9:67–72
Vibulsresth S, Dietrick D, Busto R, Ginsberg MD (1987) Failure of nimodipine to prevent ischemic neuronal damage in rats. Stroke 18:210–216
Vorstrup S, Andersen A, Blegvad N, Paulson OB (1986) Calcium antagonist (P4-108-068) treatment may further decrease flow in ischemic areas in acute stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:222–229
Wieloch T, Harris RJ, Siesjö BK (1982) Brain metabolism and ischemia: mechanism of cell damage and principles of protection. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2:55–59
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Rosenbaum, D.M., Grotta, J.C., Yatsu, F.M., Pettigrew, L.C. (1989). Studies on the Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of a Calcium Blocker After Global Ischemia. In: Hartmann, A., Kuschinsky, W. (eds) Cerebral Ischemia and Calcium. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85863-5_64
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85863-5_64
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-85865-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-85863-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive