Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Herzrhythmusstörungen bei alten Menschen — Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Therapie

  • Conference paper
Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen im Alter

  • 24 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Die Erkennung und Behandlung von Herzrhythmusstörungen bei älteren Patienten stellt ein wichtiges klinisches Problem dar, das heute nicht nur den kardiologisch tätigen Arzt konfrontiert. Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen sind vorwiegend Erkrankungen des älteren Menschen geworden, wobei sich über 70% der kardiovaskulär bedingten Todesfälle im Alter nach 65 Jahren ereignen. Dabei scheinen Arrhythmien häufiger denn je im Alter vorzukommen. Dafür könnte die verbesserte Erfassungsmöglichkeit, z. B. mittels Langzeit EKG-Registrierung, verantwortlich sein. Aber auch die im Alter weit verbreitete Anwendung von herz- und kreislaufwirksamen Medikamenten, wie Digitalis und Diuretika, scheint durch ihre Wirkung auf den Herzrhythmus eine Rolle zu spielen. Ein weiterer wichtiger Grund liegt in der Zunahme der allgemeinen Lebenserwartung, da z.B. die Häufigkeit ventrikulärer Extrasystolen mit dem Alter selbst bei Herzgesunden ansteigt (Tabelle 1). Gleichzeitig erscheinen auf dem Arzneimittelmarkt laufend neue Antiarrhythmika (Tabelle 2). Diese Medikamente sind keineswegs frei von Nebenwirkungen, die vor allem beim älteren Patienten durch eine veränderte Pharmakokinetik gehäuft vorkommen können.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Anderson KP, De Camilla J, Moss AJ (1978) Clinical significance of ventricular tachycardia (3 beats or longer) detected during ambulatory monitoring after myocardial infarction. Circulation S 7

    Google Scholar 

  2. Andresen D, von Leitner ER, Wegschneider K, Schröder R (1984) Standardisierter psychischer Belastungstest zur Provokation tachykarder ventrikulärer Rhythmusstörungen. Vergleich mit Langzeit-EKG und Belastungs-EKG. Dtsch med Wochenschr 109: 532–536

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Armstrong WF, McHenry PL (1985) Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring: can we predict sudden death? J Am Coll Cardiol 5:13 B

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bastian BC, McFarland PW, McLauchlan JH, Ballantyne D, Clark R, Hillis WS, Rae AP, Hutton I (1980) A prospective randomized trial of tocainide in patients following myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 100:1017

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bernovitz NL ( 1974) Clinical applications of the pharmakokinetics of lidocainc. Cardiovasc Clin 6:77

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bethge, KP (1982) Langzeit-Elektrokardiographie. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bethge KP, Bethge HC, Graf A, van den Berg E, Lichtlen P (1977) Kammer-Arrhythmien bei chronisch koronarer Herzkrankheit. Z Kardiol 66:1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bigger JT, Fleiss JL, Kleiger R, Miller JP, Rolnitzky LM and The Multicenter Post-Infarction Research Group (1984) The relationship among ventricular dysfunction, and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial infarction. Circulation 69: 250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bigger JT, Weld FM, Rolnitzky LM (1981) Prevalence, characteristics and significance of ventricular tachycardia detected with ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 48: 815

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Breithardt G, Borggrefe M (1985) Heutige Möglichkeiten der Therapie maligner ventrikulärer Herzrhythmusstörungen bei koronarer Herzkrankheit. Dtsch med Wochenschr 110:1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Burckhardt D, Luetold BE, Jost MV, Hoffmann A (1982) Holter monitoring in the evaluation of palpitations, dizziness and syncope. In: Roelandt J, Hugenholtz PG (eds) Long-term ambulatory electro-cardiography. Martin Nijhoff Publ, The Hague S 29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Calvert A, Lown B, Gorlin R (1977) Ventricular premature beats and anatomically defined coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 39: 627

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Camm AJ, Evans KE, Ward DE, Martin A (1980) The rhythm of the heart in active elderly subjects. Am Heart J 99: 598

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chamberlain DA, Jewitt DE, Julian DG, Campbell RWF, Boyle D (1980) Oral mexiletine in high-risk patients after myocardial infarction. Lancet 2:1324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Curtius JM, Loogen F (1985) Therapie des Miltralklappenprolaps und seiner Komplikationen. Dtsch med Wochenschr 110: 595

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dancy M, Camm AJ, Ward D (1985) Misdiagnosis of chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Lancet 2:320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dietz A, Walter J, Bracharz H, Bracharz M, Unkelbach S, Franke H (1987) Herzrhythmusstörungen bei rüstigen älteren Personen. Altersabhängigkeit von Herzfrequenz und Arrhythmien. Z Kardiol 76: 86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. European Infarction Study Group (1985) Decreasing prognostic significance of complex ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the late postinfarction period. Circulation 72 (Suppl III): 359

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fleg JL, Kennedy HL (1982) Cardiac arrhythmias in a healthy elderly population. Detection by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography. Chest 81: 302

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fox TT, Weaver J, March HW (1952) On the mechanism of the arrhythmias in the aberrant atrioven-tricular conduction (Wolff-Parkinson-White). Am Heart J 43: 507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Forfar JC, Miller HC, Toft AD (1979) Occult thyrotoxicosis: a correctable cause of „idiopathic“ atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 44: 9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Furlanello F, Macca F, Palu CD (1972) Observation on a case of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome in an adult. Br Heart J 34: 648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fuster V, Gersch BJ, Giuliani FR, Tajik AJ, Brandenburg RD, Frye RL (1981) The natural history of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 47: 525

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gajewski J, Singer RB (1981) Mortality in an insured population with atrial fibrillation. JAMA 245: 1540

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gibson TC, Heitzman MR (1984) Diagnostic efficacy of 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring for syncope. Am J Cardiol 53:1013

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Glasser SP, Clark PI, Applebaum HJ (1979) Occurrence of frequent complex arrhythmias detected by ambulatory monitoring. Findings in an apparently healthy asymptomatic elderly population. Chest 75: 565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Goodwin JF, Oakley CM (1972) The cardiomyopathies. Br Heart J 34: 545

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gottlieb SH, Achuff SL, Mellits ED, Gerstenblith G, Baughman KL, Becker L, Chandra NC, Henley S, Humphries J O’N, Heck C, Kennedy MH, Weisfeldt ML, Reid PR (1987) Prophylactic antiarrhythmic therapy of high risk survivors of myocardial infarction: Lower mortality at 1 month but not at 1 year. Circulation 75: 792

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Graboys TB, Lown B, Podrid PJ, De Silva RA (1982) Long-term survival of patients with ventricular arrhythmia treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. Am J Cardiol 50: 437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Grundersen T, Abrahamsen AM, Kjekshus J, Ronnevik PK (1982) Timolol-related reduction in mortality and reinfarction in patients ages 65-77 years surviving acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 66: 1179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hagemejer F, Herwejer Á (1979) Antiarrhythmic therapy after myocardial infarction. Heart Bull 10:184

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hess OM, Turina J, Goebel NH (1977). Zur Prognose der kongestiven Kardiomyopathie. Z Kardiol 66: 351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hillis WS, Whiting B (1983) Antiarrhythmic drags. Br Med J 286: 1332

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Horowitz LN, Josephson ME, Kastor JA (1980) Intracardiac electrophysiologic studies as method for the optimization of drug therapy in chronic ventricular arrhythmia. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 23: 81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hurwitz N (1969) Predisposing factors in adverse reactions to drugs. Br Med J 1: 536

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hyatt RH, Sinha B, Vallon A, Bailey RJ, Martin A (1988) Noncardiac side-effects of long-term oral amiodarone in the elderly. Age Ageing 17:116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ikegawa T, Chino M, Hasegawa H, Usuba F, Suzuk S, Ookura M, Nishikawa K (1987) Prognostic significance of 24-hour ambulatory elektrocardiographic monitoring in patients with dilative cardio-myopathy: a prospective study. Clin Cardiol 10: 78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jervell A, Lange-Nielsen F (1957) Congenital deafmutism, functional heart disease, with prolanga-tion of the QT interval and sudden death. Am Heart J 54: 59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Jeresaty RM (1976) Sudden death in the mitral valve prolapse click syndrome. Am J Cardiol 37: 316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Jeresaty RM (1985) Mitral valve prolapse an update. JAMA 254: 793

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Johnson AM (1971) Aortic stenosis, sudden death, and the left ventricular baroreceptors. Brit Heart J 33:l

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Kafka W(1985) Prävalenz, therapeutische Beeinflussung und prognostische Bedeutung ventrikulärer Arrhythmien beim Mitralklappenprolapssyndrom. Z Kardiol 74: 245

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kannel WB, Abbott RD, Savage DD, McNamara PM (1982) Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation. The Framingham study. N Engl J Med 306:1018

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kannel WB, Schatzkin A (1985) Sudden death: Lessons from subsets in population studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 5:141 B

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Kennedy HL, Whitlock JA, Sprague MK, Kennedy LJ, Buckingham TA, Goldberg RJ (1985) Long-term follow up of asymptomatic healthy subjects with frequent and complex ventricular ectopy. N Engl J Med 312:193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Klein GJ, Bashore TM, Sellers TD, Pritchett LC, Smith WM, Gallagher JJ (1979) Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med 301: 1080

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kopecky SL, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD, Whisnant JP, Holmes DR, Ilstrup DM, Frye RL (1987) The natural history of lone atrial fibrillation. A population-based study over three decades. N Engl J Med 317: 669

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kumpke CW, Bean WB (1948) A study of clinical and pathological aspect of 107 cases of proven aortic stenosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 27:139

    Google Scholar 

  49. von Leitner ER, Andresen D (1987) Diagnostische Bedeutung des Langzeit-EKG nach Myokardin-farkt. Internist 28: 143

    Google Scholar 

  50. Levin RM (1987) Thyrotoxicosis in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 35: 587–589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Levine BJ, Zeldis SM, Morganroth J, Kastor JA (1978) Lack of correlation between symptoms and significant arrhythmias on long term electrocardiographic analysis. Clin Res 26: 247 A

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lie KJ, Wellens HJ, van Capelle FJ, Durrer D (1974) Lidocaine in the prevention of primary ventricular fibrillation. A double-blind randomized study of 212 consecutive patients. N Engl J Med 291:132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Lowenstein ST, Gabow PA, Cramer J, Oliva PB, Ratner K (1983) The role of alcohol in new-onset atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 143:1882

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Lown B, De Silva RA (1978) Roles of psychologic stress and autonomic nervous changes in provocation of ventricular premature complexes. Am J Cardiol 41: 979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lown B, Wolf M (1971) Approaches to sudden death. Circulation 44:130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Marcus FI, Ruskin JN, Surawicz B (1987) III Characteristics of specific cardiovascular disorders in the elderly. Arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 10: 66 A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Margolis B, De Silva RA, Lown B (1980) Episodic drug treatment in the management of paroxysmal arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 45: 621

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Maron BJ, Savage DD, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE (1981)The prognostic significance of 24 h ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with hypertrophie cardiomyopathy a prospective study. Am J Cardiol 48:252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Mathewson FAL, Varan GS (1960) Abnormal electrocardiograms in the apparently healthy people. Circulation 21: 196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. McKenna WJ, England D, Doi YL, Deaiifield JB, Oakley C, Goodwin JF (1981) Arrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. I Influence on prognosis. Br Heart J 46:168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Meinertz T, Hofmann T, Kasper W, Treese N, Bechtold H, Stienen U, Pop TV, Leitner FR, Andresen D, Meyer J (1984) Significance of ventricular arrhythmias in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 53:902

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Mitchell JH, Shapiro W (1969) Atrial function and the hemodynamic sequences of atrial fibrillation in man. Am J Cardiol 23: 556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Morady F, Baerman JM, Di Carlo LA jr, DeBuitleir M, Krol RB, Wehr DW (1985) A prevalent misconception regarding wide-complex tachycardias. JAMA 254: 2790

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Mukharji J, Rude RE, Poole WK, Gustafson N, Thomas CJ, Strauss HW, Jaffe AS, Muller JE, Roberts R, Raabe jr DS, Croft C, Passamani E, Braunwald E, Willerson JT and the Milis study group (1984) Risk factors for sudden death after acute myocardial infarction two year follow-up. Am J Cardiol 54:31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Multicenter Postinfarction Research Group (1983) Risk stratification and survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 309: 331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. The multicenter dialtiazem postinfarction trial research group (1988) The effect of dialtiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 319: 385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Woo E, Smith TW (1978) Reduced quinidine clearance in elderly persons. Am J Cardiol 42:481

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Platia EV, Blinker JA (1987) Tachyarrhythmias and pacemaker therapy. In: Management of cardiac arrhythmias. The nonpharmaologic approach. Platia EV(ed) JP Lippincott Company, Philadelphia S: 201

    Google Scholar 

  69. Platia EV, Watkins L jr, Mower MM, Griffith LSC, Reid PR, Mirowski M (1987). In: Management of cardiac arrhythmias. The nonpharmacologic approach. Platia EV (ed) JB Lipincott Company, Philadelphia S: 272

    Google Scholar 

  70. Podrid PJ, Schöneberger A, Lown B (1980) Congestive heart failure caused by oral disopyramide. N Engl J Med 302:613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Pollak H, Arnoldor O, Diez W, Prachar H, Enenkel W (1988) Der akute Myokardinfarkt bei über 70jährigen. Dtsch med Wschr 113: 203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Reidenberger MM, Camacho M, Kluger J, Drayer DE (1980) Aging and renal clearance of procainamide and acetylprocainamide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 28: 732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Rich EC, Siebold C, Campion B (1985) Alcohol-related acute atrial fibrillation: a case control study and review of 40 patients. Arch Int Med 145: 803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Rodstein M, Wolloch L, Gubner RS (1971) Mortality study of the significance of extrasystoles in an insured population. Circulation 44: 617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Samet P (1973) Hemodynamic sequelae of cardiac arrhythmias. Circulation 47: 399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Schaffer WA, Cobb LA (1975) Recurrent ventricular fibrillation and modes of death in survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 293: 259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Schöneberger A, Bamberg E, Bussmann WD (1981) QT-Syndrom ohne QT-Verlängerung. Klin Wschr 59: 281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Schöneberger A, Podrid PJ, Lown B (1985) Incidence of congestive heart failure from antiarrhythmic drugs. Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, International Symposium 1985, Geneva, abstr: 305

    Google Scholar 

  79. Schultze RA, Strauss HW, Pitt B (1977) Sudden death in the year following myocardial infarction. Relation to ventricular premature contractions in the late hospital phase and left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Med 62:192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Schwartz LS, Goldfischer J, Sprahue GJ, Schwartz SP (1971) Syncope and sudden death in aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 23: 647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Schwartz PJ, Periti M, Malliani A (1975) The Long QT Syndrome. Am Heart J 89: 378

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Selzer A (1982) Atrial fibrillation revisited. N Engl J 306:1044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Swerdlow CD, Winkle RA, Mason JW (1983) Determinants of survival in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 308:1436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Steinbeck G, Manz M, Lüderitz B (1981) Möglichkeiten und Risiken der programmierten Ventrikelstimulation bei Patienten mit chronisch rezidivierenden Kammertachykardien. Klin Wochenschr 59: 111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Stewart RB, Bardy GH, Greene HL (1986) Wide complex tachycardia: misdiagnosis and outcome after emergent therapy. Ann Intern Med 104: 766

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Vaughan Williams EM (1970) Classification ot antiarrhythmic drugs In: Sandoe E, Flensted-Jensen E, Olsen KH (eds) Cardiac arrhythmias Astra Södertälge

    Google Scholar 

  87. Velebit V, Podrid PJ, Lown B, Cohen BH, Graboys TB (1982) Aggravation and provocation of ventricular arrhythmias by antiarrhythmic drugs. Circulation 65: 886

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Wei JY, Bulkley BH, Schaeffer H, Greene HL, Reid PR (1978) Mitral valve prolapse syndrome and recurrent ventricular arrhythmias. Ann Intern Med 54: 59

    Google Scholar 

  89. Wellens HJJ (1978) Value and limitations of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in the study and treatment of tachycardias. Circulation 57: 845

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Wellens HJJ (1986) The wide QRS tachycardia. Ann Intern Med 104: 879

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Werdan K (1987) Bedeutung von Herzrhythmusstörungen beim Mitralklappenprolaps-Syndrom. Internist 28:175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Wiese VH, Walter J, Schramm A, Gärtner FR, Bracharz M (1981) Art und Häufigkeit von Herzrhythmusstörungen in Abhängigkeit vom Patientenalter, therapeutische Aspekte. Z Kardiol 70: 516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Wolf PA, Dawber TR, Thomas HE jr, Kännel WB (1978) Epidermiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke. The Framingham Study. Neurology 28: 973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P (1985) Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction. An overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 27: 335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik der Krankenversorgung der Bundesbahn-Beamten (KVB), für Herz- und Gefäßkrankheiten, Sodener Straße 43, 6240, Konigstein/Taunus, Deutschland

    Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. A. A. Schöneberger

Authors
  1. Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. A. A. Schöneberger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Städtisches Krankenhaus Höchst Klinik für Innere Medizin, Gotenstraße 6, 6230, Frankfurt, Deutschland

    B. Kark  & H. Werner  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag, GmbH & Co. KG, Darmstadt

About this paper

Cite this paper

Schöneberger, A.A. (1990). Herzrhythmusstörungen bei alten Menschen — Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Therapie. In: Kark, B., Werner, H. (eds) Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen im Alter. Steinkopff. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85384-5_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85384-5_20

  • Publisher Name: Steinkopff

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-85385-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-85384-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation