Abstract
The eight clostridial neurotoxins so far known, tetanus toxin (TeNT) and botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) types A-G, have been extensively studied, not only because they are responsible for the clinical manifestations of tetanus and botulism, but also because they have the unique ability to effectively block neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals in a long-lasting manner (for reviews see Mellanby and Green 1981; Simpson 1986; Habermann and Dreyer 1986; Sellin 1987; Dreyer 1989; Niemann 1991; Poulain and Molgó 1992; Dolly 1992; Wellhöner 1992).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bauerfeind R, Régnier-Vigouroux A, Fiatmark T, Huttner WB (1993) Selective storage of acetylcholine, but not catecholamines, in neuroendocrine synaptic-like microvesicles of early endosomal origin. Neuron 11: 105–121
Bauerfeind R, Huttner WB, Almers VV, Augustine GJ (1994) Quantal neurotransmitter release from early endosomes. Trends Cell Biol 4: 155–156
Bevan S, Wendon LM (1984) A study of the action of tetanus toxin at rat soleus neuromuscular junctions. J Physiol (Lond) 348: 1–17
Bigalke H, Dreyer F, Bergey G (1985) Botulinum A neurotoxin inhibits non-cholinergic synaptic transmission in mouse spinal cord neurons in culture. Brain Res 360: 318–324
Binz T, Blasi J, Yamasaki S, Baumeister A, Link E, Südhof TC, Jahn R, Niemann H (1994) Proteolysis of SNAP-25 by types E and A botulinal neurotoxins. J Biol Chem 269: 1617–1620
Blasi J, Chapman ER, Link E, Binz T, Yamasaki S, De Camilli P, Südhof TC, Niemann H, Jahn R (1993a) Botulinum neurotoxin A selectively cleaves the synaptic protein SNAP-25. Nature 365: 160–163
Blasi J, Chapman ER, Yamasaki S, Binz T, Niemann H, Jahn R (1993b) Botulinum neurotoxin C1 blocks neurotransmitter release by means of cleaving HPC-1/syntaxin. EMBO J 12: 4821–4828
Boroff DA, del Castillo J, Evoy WH, Steinhardt RA (1974) Observations on the action of type A botulinum toxin on frog neuromusuclar junctions. J Physiol (Lond) 240: 227–253
Cull-Candy SG, Lundh H, Thesleff S (1976) Effects of botulinum toxin on neuromuscular transmission in the rat. J Physiol (Lond) 260: 177–203
DeCamilli P, Jahn R (1990) Pathways to regulated exocytosis in neurons. Annu Rev Physiol 52: 625–645
De Paiva A, Ashton AC, Foran P, Schiavo G, Montecucco C, Dolly JO (1993) Botulinum A like type B and tetanus toxin fulfils criteria for being a zinc-dependent protease. J Neurochem 61: 2338–2341
Dolly JO (1992) Peptide toxins that alter neurotransmitter release. In: Herken H, Hucho F (eds) Selective neurotoxicity. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 681–717 (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 102)
Dolly JO, Lande S, Wray W (1987) The effects of in vitro application of purified botulinum neurotoxin at mouse motor nerve terminals. J Physiol (Lond) 386: 475–484
Dreyer F (1989) Peripheral actions of tetanus toxin. In: Simpson LL (ed) Botulinum neurotoxin and tetanus toxin. Academic, San Diego, pp 179–202
Dreyer F, Schmitt A (1981) Different effects of botulinum A toxin and tetanus toxin on the transmitter releasing process at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. Neurosci Lett 26: 307–311
Dreyer F, Schmitt A (1983) Transmitter release in tetanus and botulinum A toxin-poisoned mammalian motor end-plates and its dependence on nerve stimulation and temperature. Pflugers Arch 399: 228–234
Dreyer F, Mallart A, Brigant JL (1983) Botulinum A toxin and tetanus toxin do not affect presynaptic membrane currents in mammalian motor nerve endings. Brain Res 270: 373–375
Dreyer F, Rosenberg F, Becker C, Bigalke H, Penner R (1987) Differential effects of various secretagogues on quantal transmitter release from mouse motor nerve terminals treated with botulinum A and tetanus toxin. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 335: 1–7
Duchen LW, Tonge DA (1973) The effects of tetanus toxin on neuromuscular transmission and on the morphology of motor endplates in slow and fast skeletal muscle of the mouse. J Physiol (Lond) 228: 157–172
Dunant Y, Esquerda JE, Loctin F, Marsal J, Müller D (1987) Botulinum toxin inhibits quantal acetylcholine release and energy metabolism in Torpedo electric organ. J Physiol (Lond) 385: 677–692
Facchiano F, Luini A (1992) Tetanus toxin potently stimulates tissue transglutaminase a possible mechanism of neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem 267: 13267–13271
Facchiano F, Benfenati F, Valtorta F, Luini A (1993) Covalent modification of synapsin I by a tetanus toxin-activated transglutaminase. J Biol Chem 268: 4588–4591
Galli T, Chilcote T, Mundigl O, Binz T, Niemann H, De Camilli P (1994) Tetanus toxin-mediated cleavage of cellubrevin impairs exocytosis of transferrin receptor-containing vesicles in CHO cells. J Cell Biol 125: 1015–1024
Gansel M, Penner R, Dreyer F (1987) Distinct sites of action of clostridial neurotoxins revealed by double poisoning of mouse motor nerve terminals. Pflugers Arch 409: 533–539
Gundersen CB (1980) The effects of botulinum toxin on the synthesis, storage and release of acetylcholine. Prog Neurobiol 4: 99–119
Gundersen CB, Katz B, Miledi R (1982) The antagonism between botulinum toxin and calcium in motor nerve terminals. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 216: 369–376
Habermann E, Dreyer F (1986) Clostridial neurotoxins: handling and action at the cellular and molecular level. In: Capron A, Compans RW, Cooper M et al. (eds) Current topics in microbiology and immunology, vol 129. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 93–179
Harris AJ, Miledi R (1971) The effect of type D botulinum toxin on frog neuromuscular junctions. J Physiol (Lond) 217: 497–515
Hata Y, Davletov B, Petrenko AG, Jahn R, Südhof TC (1993) Interaction of synaptotagmin with the cytoplasmic domain of neurexins. Neuron 10: 307–315
Kanda K, Takano K (1983) Effect of tetanus toxin on the excitatory and the inhibitory post-synaptic potentials in the cat motoneurone. J Physiol (Lond) 335: 319–333
Kao I, Drachman DB, Price DL (1976) Botulinum toxin: mechanism of presynaptic blockade. Science 193: 1256–1258
Katz B (1969) The release of neural transmitter substances. Sherrington Lectures X. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool
Kauffman JA, Way JF, Siegel LS, Sellin LC (1985) Comparison of the action of types A and F botulinum toxin at the rat neuromuscular junction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 79: 211–217
Kelly RB (1993) Storage and release of neurotransmitters. Cell 72/Neuron 10 [Suppl]: 42–53
Kim YI, Lömo T, Lupa MT, Thesleff S (1984) Miniature end-plate potentials in rat skeletal muscle poisoned with botulinum toxin. J Physiol (Lond) 356: 587–599
Kriebel ME, Llados F, Matteson DR (1976) Spontaneous subminiature end-plate potentials in mouse diaphragm muscle: evidence for synchronous release. J Physiol (Lond) 262: 553–581
Liley AW (1957) Spontaneous release of transmitter substance in multiquantal units. J Physiol (Lond) 136: 595–605
Link E, Edelmann L, Chou JH, Binz T, Yamasaki S, Eisel U, Baumert M, Südhof TC, Niemann H, Jahn R (1992) Tetanus toxin action: inhibition of neurotransmitter release linked to synaptobrevin proteolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 189: 1017–1023
Lundh H (1983) Antagonism of botulinum toxin paralysis by low temperature. Muscle Nerve 6: 56–60
Lundh H, Leander S, Thesleff S (1977) Antagonism of the paralysis produced by botulinum toxin in the rat. J Neurol Sci 32: 29–43
Lupa MT, Tabti N, Thesleff S, Vyskocil F, Yu SP (1986) The nature and origin of calcium-insensitive miniature end-plate potentials at rodent neuromuscular junctions. J Physiol (Lond) 381: 607–618
Mallart A, Molgó J, Angaut-Petit D, Thesleff S (1989) Is the internal calcium regulation altered in type A botulinum toxin poisoned motor endings? Brain Res 479: 167–171
Mellanby J, Green J (1981) How does tetanus toxin act? Neuroscience 6: 281–300
Mellanby J, Thompson PA (1972) The effects of tetanus toxin at the neuromuscular junction in the goldfish. J Physiol (Lond) 224: 407–419
Mellanby J, Beaumont MA, Thompson PA (1988) The effect of lanthanum on nerve terminals in goldfish muscle after paralysis with tetanus toxin. Neuroscience 25: 1095–1106
Mochida S, Poulain B, Weiler U, Habermann E, Taue L (1989) Light chain of tetanus toxin intracellularly inhibits acetylcholine release at neuro-neuronal synapses, and its internalization is mediated by heavy chain. FEBS Lett 253: 47–51
Molgó J, Thesleff S (1982) 4-Aminoquinoline induced “giant” miniature end-plate potentials at mammalian neuromuscular junctions. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 214: 229–247
Molgó J, Thesleff S (1984) Studies on the mode of action of botulinum toxin type A at the frog neuromuscular junction. Brain Res 296: 309–316
Molgó J, Lundh H, Thesleff S (1980) Potency of 3,4-diaminopyridine and 4-aminopyridine on mammalian neuromuscular transmission and the effects of pH changes. Eur J Pharmacol 61: 25–34
Molgó J, Siegel LS, Tabti N, Thesleff S (1989a) A study of synchronization of quantal transmitter release from mammalian motor endings by the use of botulinal toxins type A and D. J Physiol (Lond) 411: 195–205
Molgó J, DasGupta BR, Thesleff S (1989b) Characterization of the actions of botulinum neurotoxin type E at the rat neuromuscular junction. Acta Physiol Scand 137: 497–501
Molgó J, Cornelia JX, Angaut-Petit D, Pécot-Dechavassine M, Tabti N, Faille L, Mallart A, Thesleff S (1990) Presynaptic actions of botulinal neurotoxins at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions. J Physiol (Paris) 84: 152–166
Neale EA, Habig WH, Schrier BK, Bergey GK, Bowers LM, Koh J (1989) Applications of tetanus toxin for structure-function studies in neuronal cell cultures. In: Nisticò G, Bizzini B, Bytchenko B, Triau R (eds) 8th international conference on tetanus. Pythagora, Rome pp 58–65
Niemann H (1991) Molecular biology of clostridial neurotoxins. In: Alouf JE, Freer JH (eds) Sourcebook of bacterial protein toxins. Academic, San Diego, pp 303–348
Niemann H, Blasi J, Jahn R (1994) Clostridial neurotoxins: new tools for dissecting exocytosis. Trends Cell Biol 4: 179–185
Pécot-Dechavassine M, Molgó J, Thesleff S (1991) Ultrastructure of botulinum type-A poisoned frog motor nerve terminals after enhanced quantal transmitter release caused by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Neurosci Lett 130: 5–8
Poulain B, Molgó J (1992) Botulinal neurotoxins: mode of action on neurotransmitter release. In: Conn PM (ed) Methods in neuroscience: neurotoxins, vol 8. Academic, San Diego, pp 38–54
Poulain B, Tauc L, Maisey EA, Wadsworth JDF, Mohan PM, Dolly JO (1988) Neurotransmitter release is blocked intracellularly by botulinum neurotoxin, and this requires uptake of both toxin polypeptides by a process mediated by the larger chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 4090–4094
Poulain B, Weiler U, Binz T, Niemann H, de Paiva A, Dolly JO, Leprince C, Taue, L (1993a) Functional roles of domains of Clostridial neurotoxins: the contribution from studies on Aplysia. In: DasGupta BR (ed) Botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins: neurotransmission and biochemical aspects. Plenum, New York, pp 345–360
Poulain B, Rossetto O, Deloye F, Schiavo G, Taue L, Montecucco C (1993b) Antibodies against rat brain VAMP/synaptobrevin prevent inhibition of acetylcholine release by tetanus toxin or botulinum neurotoxin type B. J Neurochem 61: 1175–1178
Schiavo G, Poulain B, Rossetto O, Benfenati F, Taue L, Montecucco C (1992a) Tetanus toxin is a zinc protein and its inhibition of neurotransmitter release and protease activity depend on zinc. EMBO J 11: 3577–3583
Schiavo G, Benfenati F, Poulain B, Rossetto O, Polverino de Laureto P, DasGupta BR, Montecucco C (1992b) Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature 359: 832–835
Schiavo G, Shone CC, Rossetto O, Alexander FCG, Montecucco C (1993a) Botulinum neurotoxin serotype F is a zinc endopeptidase specific for VAMP/synaptobrevin. J Biol Chem 268: 11516–11519
Schiavo G, Rossetto O, Catsicas S, Polverino de Laureto P, DasGupta BR, Benfenati F, Montecucco C (1993b) Identification of the nerve terminal targets of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, D, and E. J Biol Chem 268: 23784–23787
Schiavo G, Santucci A, DasGupta BR, Metha PP, Jontes J, Benfenati F, Wilson MC, Montecucco C (1993c) Botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A and E cleave SNAP-25 at distinct COOH-terminal peptide bonds. FEBS Lett, 335: 99–103
Schiavo G, Malizio C, Trimble WS, Polverino de Laureto P, Milan G, Sugiyama H, Johnson EA, Montecucco C (1994) Botulinum G neurotoxin cleaves VAMP/synaptobrevin at a single Ala/Ala peptide bond. J Biol Chem 269: 20213–20216
Sellin LC (1987) Botulinum toxin and the blockade of transmitter release. Asia Pac J Pharmacol 2: 203–222
Sellin LC, Thesleff S, DasGupta BR (1983) Different effects of types A and B botulinum toxin on transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. Acta Physiol Scand 119: 127–133
Simpson LL (1986) Molecular pharmacology of botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 26: 427–453
Simpson LL, Coffield JA, Bakry N (1993) Chelation of zinc antagonizes the neuromuscular blocking properties of the seven serotypes of botulinum neurotoxin as well as tetanus toxin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267: 720–727
Söllner T, Bennett MK, Whitehead SW, Scheller RH, Rothman JE (1993) A protein assembly-diassembly pathway in vitro that may correspond to sequential steps of synaptic vesicle docking, activation and fusion. Cell 75: 409–418
Thesleff S (1986) Different kinds of acetylcholine release from the motor nerve. Int Rev Neurobiol 28: 59–88
Thesleff S, Molgó J, Lundh H (1983) Botulinum toxin and 4-aminoquinoline induce a similar abnormal type of spontaneous quantal transmitter release at the rat neuromuscular junction. Brain Res 264: 89–97
Thesleff S, Molgó J, Tågerud S (1990) Trophic interrelations at the neuromuscular junction as revealed by the use of botulinal neurotoxins. J Physiol (Paris) 84: 167–173
Van der Kloot W (1989) Statistical and graphical methods for testing the hypothesis that quanta are made up of subunits. J Neurosci Methods 27: 81–89
Wellhöner HH (1992) Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. In: Herken H, Hucho F (eds) Selective neurotoxicity. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 357–417 (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 102)
Yamasaki S, Binz T, Hayashi T, Szabo E, Yamasaki N, Eklund M, Jahn R, Niemann H (1994) Botulinum type G peoteolyses Ala81-Ala82 bond of rat synaptobrevin 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200: 829–835
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Poulain, B., Molgó, J., Thesleff, S. (1995). Quantal Neurotransmitter Release and the Clostridial Neurotoxins’ Targets. In: Montecucco, C. (eds) Clostridial Neurotoxins. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 195. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85173-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85173-5_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-85175-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-85173-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive