Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Growth Regulation in Normal and Malignant Melanocytes

  • Conference paper
Skin Carcinogenesis in Man and in Experimental Models

Part of the book series: Recent Results in Cancer Research ((RECENTCANCER,volume 128))

Abstract

The biochemical events responsible for the progression of normal melanocytes into preneoplastic cells, such as in dysplastic nevi, and further on into early malignant state such as in thin-radial melanoma, into nodular melanoma and culminating in metastatic disease are not yet known. One of the most common characteristics of melanoma cells grown in vitro from nodular primary or metastatic melanoma lesions is an acquired autonomy from growth factors required by their normal counterparts and possibly by melanocytes from primary melanomas of the radial growth phase. In view of the fact that normal human melanocytes depend on several growth factors, it is possible that progression to melanoma is due to inappropriate production of one or more of these factors, to mutations that cause constitutive activation of the receptors for these growth factors, or to constitutive activation of other components of the signal transduction pathway. Therefore knowledge of growth factors/receptors and their substrates operative in normal human melanocytes may provide clues for the biochemical basis of transformation to melanomas. The following review focuses on growth factor and receptor activity in normal and malignant melanocytes.

A version of this article appeared in Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis (Halaban and Moellmann 1991).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adelaide J, Mattei M-G, Marics I, Raybaud F, Planche J, De Lapeyriere O, Birnbaum D (1988) Chromosomal localization of the hst oncogene and its coamplification with the int.2 oncogene in human melanoma. Oncogene 2:413–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn NG, Krebs EG (1990) Evidence for an epidermal growth factor-stimulated protein kinase cascade in Swiss 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 265:11495–11501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albino AP, Davis BM, Nanus DM (1991) Induction of growth Factor RNA expression in human malignant melanoma:markers of transformation. Cancer Res 51:4815–4820

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anders F, Schartl M, Barnekow A, Anders A (1984) Xiphophorus as an in vivo model for studies on normal and defective control of oncogenes. Adv Cancer Res 42:191–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DM, Lyman SD, Baird A, Wignall J, Eisenman J, Rauch C, March CJ, Boswell HS, Gimpel SD, Cosman D, Williams DD (1990a) Molecular cloning of mast cell growth factor, a hematopoietin that is active in both membrane bound and soluble forms. Cell 63:235–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson NG, Mailer JL, Tonks NK, Sturgill TW (1990b) Requirement for integration of signals from two distinct phosphorylation pathways for activation of MAP kinase. Nature 343:651–653

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson NG, Li P, Marsden LA, Williams N, Roberts TM, Sturgill TW (1991) Raf-1 is a potential substrate for mitogen-activated protein kinase in vivo. Biochem J 277:573–576

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avivi A, Zimmer Y, Yayon A, Yarden Y, Givol D (1991) Flg-2, a new member of the family of fibroblast growth factor receptors. Oncogene 6:1089–1092

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balaban G, Herlyn M, Guerry IV D, Bartolo R, Koprowski H, Clark WH, Nowell PC (1984) Cytogenetics of human malignant melanoma and premalignant lesions. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 11:429–439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldin V, Roman A-M, Bosc-Bierne I, Almaric F, Bouche G (1990) Translocation of bFGF to the nucleus is G1 phase cell cycle specific in bovine aortic endothelial cells. EMBO J 9:1511–1517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker D, Meier CB, Herlyn M (1989) Proliferation of human malignant melanomas is inhibited by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted against basic fibroblast growth factor. EMBO J 8:3685–3691

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker D, Lee PL, Rodeck U, Herlyn M (1992) Inhibition of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR-1) gene in human melanocytes and malignant melanomas leads to inhibition of proliferation and signs indicative of differentiation. Oncogene 7:2303–2313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berridge MJ, Irvine RF (1984) Inositol triphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction. Nature 312:315–320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnard O, Li M, Reid HH (1991) Expression of two different forms of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in different mouse tissues and cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:7625–7629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bottaro DP, Rubin JS, Ron D, Finch PW, Florio C, Aaronson SA (1990) Characterization of the receptor for keratinocyte growth factor. J Biol Chem 265:12767–12770

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottaro DP, Rubin JS, Faletto DL, Chan A, M-L, Kmiecik TE, Vande Woude GP, Aaronson SA (1991) Identification of the HGF receptor as the c-met protooncogene product. Science 251:802–804

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton TG, Cobb MH (1991) Identification of multiple extracellular signal- regulated kinases ( ERKs) with antipeptide antibodies. Cell Regul 2:357–371

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton TG, Gregory JS, Cobb MH (1991a) Purification and properties of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1, an insulin-stimulated microtubuleassociated protein 2 kinase. Biochemistry 30:278–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton TG, Nye SH, Robbins DJ, Ip NY, Radziejewska E, Morgenbesser SD, DePinho RA, Panayotatos N, Cobb MH, GD, Yancopoulos GD (1991b) ERKs:a family of protein-serine/threonine kinases that are activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in response to insulin and NGF. Cell 65:663–675

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brannan CI, Lyman SD, Williams DE, Eisenman J, Anderson D, Cosman D, Bedell MA, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1991) Steel-Dickie mutation encodes a c-Kit ligand lacking transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:4671–4674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess WH, Dionne CA, Kaplow J, Mudd R, Friesel R, Zilberstein A, Schlessinger J, Jaye M (1990) Characterization and cDNA cloning of phospholipase C-g, a major substrate for heparin-binding growth factor 1 (acidic fibroblast growth factor)-activated tyrosine kinase. Mol Cell Biol 10:4770–4777

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cantley LC, Auger KR, Carpenter C, Duckworth B, Graziani A, Kapeller R, Soltoff S (1991) Oncogenes and signal transduction. Cell 64:281–302

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chabot B, Stephenson DA, Chapman VM, Besmer P, Bernstei A (1988) The proto-oncogene c-kit encoding a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor maps to the mouse W locus. Nature 335:88–89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper CS, Park M, Blair DG, Tainsky MA, Huebner K, Croce CM, Vande Woude GF (1984) Molecular cloning of a new transforming gene from a chemically transformed human cell line. Nature 311:29–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland N, Gilbert DJ, Cho BC, Donovan PJ, Jenkins NA, Cosman D, Anderson D, Lyman SD, Williams DE (1990) Mast cell growth factor maps near the steel locus on mouse chromosome 10 and is deleted in a number of steel alleles. Cell 63:175–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornil I, Theodorescu D, Man S, Herlyn M, Jambrosic J (1991) Fibroblast cell interactions with human melanoma cells affect tumor growth as a function of tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6028–6032

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coughlin SR, Barr PJ, Cousens LS, Fretto LJ, Williams LT (1988) Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors stimulate tyrosine kinase activity in vivo. J Biol Chem 263:988–993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan JM, Francke U (1991) Cytogenetic analysis in melanoma and nevi. In: Nathanson L (ed) Melanoma research:genetics, growth factors, metastases, and antigens. Kluwer, Boston, pp 3–16

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan JM, Halaban R, Francke U (1988) Cytogenetic analysis of melanocytes from premalignant nevi and melanomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:1159–1164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuadrado A, Molloy CJ (1990) Overexpression of phospholipase C-y in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts results in increased phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in response to platelet-derived growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Mol Cell Biol 10:6069–6072

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Luca M, D’Anna F, Bondanza S, Franzi AT, Cancedda R (1988) Human epithelial cells induce human melanocyte growth in vitro but only skin keratinocytes regulate its proper differentiation in the absence of dermis. J Cell Biol 107:1919–1926

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delli Bovi P, Basilico C (1987) Isolation of a rearranged human transforming gene following transfection of Kaposi sarcoma DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5660–5664

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dionne CA, Crumley G, Bellot F, Kaplow JM, Searfoss G, Ruta M, Burgess WH, Jaye M, Schlessinger J (1990) Cloning and expression of two distinct high affinity receptors cross-reacting with acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors. EMBO J 9:2685–2692

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dotto P, Moellmann G, Ghosh S, Edwards M, Halaban R (1989) Transformation of murine melanocytes with basic fibroblast growth factor cDNA and oncogenes and selective suppression of the transformed phenotype in a reconstituted cutaneous environment. J Cell Biol 109:3115–3128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eiseman A, Ahn JA, Graciani G, Tronick SR, Ron D (1991) Alternative splicing generates at least 5 different isoforms of the human bFGF-receptor. Oncogene 6:1195–1202

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer EH, Charbonneau H, Tonks NK (1991) Protein kinase phosphatases:a diverse family of intracellular and transmembrane enzymes. Science 253:401–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan JG, Leder P (1990) The kit ligand:a cell surface molecule altered in steel mutant fibroblasts. Cell 63:185–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan JG, Chan DG, Leder P (1991) Transmembrane form of the kit ligand growth factor is determined by alternative splicing and is missing in the Sl d mutant. Cell 64:1025–1035

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischman RA (1992) Human piebald trait resulting from a dominant negative mutant allele of the c-kit membrane receptor gene. J Clin Invest 89:1713–1717

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischman RA, Saltman DL, Stastny V, Zneimer S (1991) Deletion of the c-kit protooncogene in the human developmental defect piebald trait. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:10885–10889

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fougère C, Ruiz F, Ephrussi B (1972) Gene dosage dependence of pigment synthesis in melanoma x fibroblast hybrids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69:330–334

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friesel R, Burgess WH, Maciag T (1989) Heparin-binding growth factor 1 stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation in NIH 3T3 cells. Mol Cell Biol 9:1857–1865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Funasaka Y, Boulton T, Cobb M, Yosef Y, Fan B, Lyman SD, Williams DE, Anderson DM, Zakut R, Mishima Y, Halaban (1992) C-Kit-kinase induces a cascade of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in normal human protein melanocytes in response to mast cell growth factor and stimulates mitogen-activated kinase but is down regulated in melanomas. Mol Biol Cell 3:197–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geissler EN, Ryan MA, Housman DE (1988) The dominant-white spotting (W) locus of the mouse encodes the c-kit proto-oncogene. Cell 55:185–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerschenson M, Graves K, Carson SD, Wells RS, Pierce B (1986) Regulation of melanoma by the embryonic skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:7307–7310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gherardi E, Stoker M (1991) Hepatocyte growth factor-scatter factor:mitogen, motogen, and met. Cancer Cells 3:227–232

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giebel LB, Spritz RA (1991) Mutation of the c-kit (mast/stem cell growth factor receptor) proto-oncogene in human piebaldism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:8696–8699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene MH, Clark WH Jr, Tucker MA, Kraemer KH, Elder DE, Fraser MC (1985) High risk of malignant melanoma in melanoma-prone families with dysplastic nevi. Ann Intern Med 102:458–465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory J, Boulton T, Sang BC, Cobb J (1989) An insulin-stimulated ribosomal protein S6 kinase from rabbit liver. J Biol Chem 264:18377–18401

    Google Scholar 

  • Halaban R (1988) Responses of cultured melanocytes to defined growth factors. Pigm Cell Res 1:18–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halaban R (1989) Growth regulation in normal and malignant melanocytes. In: Ferrone S (ed) Human melanoma. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 3–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Halaban R (1991) The regulatory role of fibroblast growth factor in melanomas. In: Nathanson L (ed) Melanoma 5. Kluwer, Norwell, pp 19–40 (Cancer treatment and research series)

    Google Scholar 

  • Halaban R, Moellmann G (1991) Proliferation and malignant transformation of melanocytes. Crit Rev Oncogen 2:247–258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halaban R, Moellmann G, Godawska E, Eisenstadt J (1980) Pigmentation and tumorigenicity of reconstituted, cybrid and hybrid mouse cells. Exp Cell Res 130:427–435

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halaban R, Pomerantz SH, Marshall S, Lambert DT, Lerner AB (1983) Regulation of tyrosinase in human melanocytes grown in culture. J Cell Biol 97:480–488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halaban R, Ghosh S, Baird A (1987) FGF is the putative natural growth factor for human melanocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 23:47–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halaban R, Langdon R, Birchall N, Cuono C, Baird A, Scott G, Moellmann G, McGuire J (1988b) Basic fibroblast growth factor of keratinocytes is a natural mitogen for normal human melanocytes. J Cell Biol 107:1611–1619

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halaban R, Funasaka Y, Lee P, Rubin J, Ron D, Birnbaum D (1991) Fibroblast growth factors in normal and malignant melanocytes. Ann NY Acad Sci 638:232–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halaban R, Rubin J, Funasaka Y, Cobb M, Boulton T, Faletto D, Rosen E, Chan A, Yoko K, White W, Cook C, Moellmann G (1992) Met and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor signal transduction in normal melanocytes and melanoma cells. Oncogene 7:2195–2206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halaban R, Tyrrell L, Longley J, Yarden Y, Rubin J (1993) Pigmentation and Proliferation of Human Melanocytes and the Effect of MSH and UVB Light. Ann NY Acad Sci (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang E, Nocka K, Beier DR, Chu T-Y, Buck J, Lahm H-W, Wellner D, Leder P, Besmer P (1990) The hematopoietic growth factor KL is encoded at the SI locus and is the ligand of the c-kit receptor, the gene product of the W locus. Cell 63:225–233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang SS, Huang JS (1986) Association of bovine brain-derived growth factor receptor with protein tyrosine kinase activity. J Biol Chem 261:9568–9571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter T (1989) Protein-tyrosine phosphatases:the other side of the coin. Cell 58:1013–1016

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imamura T, Tokita Y, Mitsui Y (1988) Purification of basic FGF receptors from rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 155:583–590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imamura T, Engleka K, Zhan X, Tokita Y, Forough R, Roder D, Jackson A, Mailer JAM, Hla T, Maciag T (1990) Recovery of mitogenic activity of a growth factor mutant with a nuclear translocation sequence. Science 249:1567–1570

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isacchi A, Statuto M, Chiesa R, Bergonzoni L, Rusnati PS, Ragnotti G, Presta M (1991) A six-amino acid deletion in basic fibroblast growth factor dissociates its mitogenic activity from its plasminogen activator-inducing capacity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:2628–2633

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwamoto T, Takahashi M, Ito M, Hamatani K, Ohbayashi M, Wajjwalku W, Isobe K, Nakashima I (1991) Aberrant melanogenesis and melanocytic tumour development in transgenic mice that carry a metallothionein/ret fusion gene. EMBO J 10:3167–3175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DE, Lee PL, Lu J, Williams LT (1990) Diverse forms of a receptor for acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors. Mol Cell Biol 10:4728–4736

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami M, Nishida E, Tobe K, Hoshi M, Kadowaki T, Kasuga M, Sakai H (1991) Activation of MAP kinase and enhanced phosphorylation of the 350-kDa protein by mitogenic stimuli in quiescent Balb/3 3T3 cells. Exp Cell Res 193:120–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keegan K, Johnson DE, Williams LT, Hayman MJ (1991) Isolation of additional member of the fibroblasts growth factor receptor family, FGFR-3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:1095–1099

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiefer MC, Stephans JC, Crawford K, Okino K, Barr PH (1990) Ligand-affinity cloning and structure of a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan that binds basic fibroblast growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:6985–6989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon BS, Halaban R, Kim GS, Usack L, Pomerantz S, Haq AK (1987) A melanocyte-specific cDNA clone whose expression is inducible by melanotropin and isobutylmethyl xanthine. Mol Biol Med 4:339–355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon BS, Wakulchik M, Haq AK, Halaban R, Kestler D (1988) Sequence analysis of murine tyrosinase cDNA and the effect of melanotropin on its gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 153:1301–1309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Galland F, Simonetti J, Prats H, Mattei M-G, Birnbaum D (1990) The human basic fibroblast growth factor gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 4 bands q26—q27. Oncogene Res 5:241–244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee PL, Johnson DE, Cousens LS, Fried VA, Williams LT (1989) Purification and complementary DNA cloning of a receptor for basic fibroblast growth factor. Science 245:57–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee R-M, Cobb MH, Blackshear PJ (1992) Evidence that extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are the insulin-activated Raf-1 kinase kinases. J Biol Chem 267:1088–1092

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leone V, Flatow U, King CR, Sandee MA, Margulies IMK, Liotta LA, Steeg PS (1991) Reduced tumor incidence, metastatic potential, and cytokine responsiveness of nm23-transfected melanoma cells. Cell 65:25–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lev S, Yarden Y, Givol D (1990) Receptor functions and ligand-dependent transforming potential of a chimeric kit proto-oncogene. Mol Cell Biol 10:6064–6068

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lobb R, Sasse J, Sullivan R, Shing Y, D’Amore P, Jacobs J, Klagsbrun M (1986) Purification and characterization of heparin-binding endothelial cell growth factors. J Biol Chem 261:1924–1926

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu C, Vickers MF, Kerbel RS (1992) Interleukin 6:a fibroblast-derived growth inhibitor of human melanoma cells from early but not advanced stages of tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:9215–9219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin FH, Sugs SV, Langley KE, Lu HS, Ting J, Okino KH, Morris CF, McNiece IK, Jacobsen FW, Mendiaz EA, Birkett NC, Smith KA, Johnson MJ, Parker VP, Flores JC, Patel AC, Fisher E, Erjavec HO, Herrera CH, Wypych J, Sachdev RK, Pope JA, Leslie I, Wen D, Lin C-H, Cupples RL, Zsebo K (1990) Primary structure and functional expression of rat and human stem cell factor DNAs. Cell 63:203–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto K, Tajima H, Nakamura T (1991) Hepatocyte growth factor is a potent stimulator of human melanocyte DNA synthesis and growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 17:45–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mergia A, Eddy R, Abraham JA, Fiddes JC, Shows TB (1986) The genes for basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors are on different human chromosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 138:644–651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore R, Casey G, Brookes S, Dixon M, Peters G, Dickson C (1986) Sequence, typography and protein coding potential of mouse int-2:a putative oncogene activated by mouse mammary tumour virus. EMBO J 5:919–924

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moscatelli D, Presta M, Joseph-Silverstein J, Rifkin DB (1986) Both normal and tumor cells produce basic fibroblast growth factor. J Cell Physiol 129:273–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naldini L, Vigna E, Narsimhan RP, Gaudino G, Zarnegar R, Michaolopoulos GK, Comoglio PM (1991) Hepatocyte growth factor ( HGF) stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor encoded by the proto-oncogene c-Met. Oncogene 6:501–504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neufeld G, Gospodarowicz D (1985) The identification and partial characterization of the fibroblast growth factor receptor of baby hamster kidney cells. J Biol Chem 260:13860–13868

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nocka K, Majumder S, Chabot B, Ray P, Cervone M, Bernstein A, Besmer P (1989) Expression of c-kit gene products in known cellular targets of W mutations in normal and W mutant mice — evidence for an impaired c-kit kinase in mutant mice. Genes Dev 3:816–826

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nocka K, Tan JC, Chiu E, Chu TY, Ray P, Traktman P, Besmer P (1990) Molecular bases of dominant negative and loss of function mutations at the murine c-kit/ white spotting locus:W37 Wv, W41 and W. EMBO J 9:1805–1813

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogata S, Furuhashi Y, Eisinger M (1987) Growth stimulation of human melanocytes:identification and characterization of melanoma-derived growth factor ( MMcGF ). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 146:1204–1211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Partanen J, Mäkelä TP, Eerola E, Korhonen J, Hirvonen H, Claesson-Welsh L, Alitalo K (1991) FGFR-4, a novel acidic fibroblast growth factor receptor with a distinct expression pattern. EMBO J 10:1347–1354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Presta M, Maier JAM, Ragnotti G (1989) The mitogenic signaling pathway but not the plasminogen activator-inducing pathway of basic fibroblast growth factor is mediated through protein kinase C in fetal bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 109:1877–1884

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pulverer BJ, Kyriakis JM, Avruch J, Nikolakaki E, Woodgett JR (1991) Phosphorylation of c-jun mediated by MAP kinases. Nature 353:670–674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu F, Ray P, Brown K, Barker PE, Jhanwar S, Ruddle FH, Besmer P (1988) Primary structure of c-kit:relationship with the CSF-1/PDGF receptor kinase family-oncogenic activation of v-kit involves deletion of extracellular domain and c-terminus. EMBO J 7:1003–1011

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quarto N, Finger FP, Rifkin DB (1991) The NH2-terminal extension of high molecular weight bFGF is a nuclear targeting signal. J Cell Physiol 147:311–318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapraeger AC, Krufka A, Olwin BB (1991) Requirement of heparan for bFGF- mediated fibroblast growth and myoblast differentiation. Science 252:1705–1708

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reith AD, Rottapel R, Giddens E, Brady C, Forrester L, Bernstein A (1990) W mutant mice with mild or severe developmental defects contain distinct point mutations in the kinase domain of the c-kit transmembrane receptor. Genes Dev 4:390–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodeck U, Melber K, Kath R, Menssen HD, Varello M, Atkinson B, Herlyn M (1991) Constitutive expression of multiple growth factor genes by melanoma cells but not normal melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 97:20–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin JS, Chan AM-L, Bottaro DP, Burgess WH, Taylor WG, Cech AC, Hirschfield WD, Wong J, Miki T, Finch PW, Aaronson SA (1991) A broad spectrum human lung fibroblast-derived mitogen is a variant of hepatocyte growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:415–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruta M, Burgess W, Givol D, Epstein J, Neiger N, Kaplow J, Crumley G, Dionne C, Jaye M, Schlessinger J (1989) Receptor for acidic fibroblast growth factor is related to the tyrosine kinase encoded by the fins-like gene ( FLG ). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:8722–8726

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safran A, Avivi A, Orr-Urtereger A, Neufeld G, Lonai P, Givol D, Yarden Y (1990) The murine fig gene encodes a receptor for fibroblast growth factor. Oncogene 5:635–643

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakagushi K, Yanagishita M, Takeuchi Y, Auerbach GD (1991) Identification of heparan sulfate proteoglycan as a high affinity receptor for acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) in a parathyroid cell line. J Biol Chem 266:7270–7278

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargent NS, Oestreicher M, Haidvogl H, Madnick HM, Burger MM (1988) Growth regulation of cancer metastases by their host organ. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:7251–7255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze-Osthoff K, Risau W, Vollmer E, Clemens S (1990) In situ detection of basic fibroblast growth factor by highly specific antibodies. Am J Pathol 173:85–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott GA, Haak A (1991) Keratinocytes regulate melanocyte number in human fetal and neonatal skin Equivalent. J Invest Dermatol 97:776–781

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott G, Stoler M, Sarkar S, Halaban R (1991) Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA in melanocytic lesions by in situ hybridization. J Invest Dermatol 96:318–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spritz RA, Giebel LB, Holmes SA (1992a) Dominant negative and loss of function mutations of the c-kit (mast/stem cell growth factor receptor) proto-oncogene in human piebaldism. Am J Hum Genet 50:261–269

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spritz RA, Droetto S, Fukushima Y (1992b) Deletion of the kit and Pdgfra genes in a patient with piebaldism. Am J Hum Genet (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocker KM, Sherman L, Rees S, Ciment G (1991) Basic FGF and TGF-31 influence commitment to melanogenesis in neural crest-derived cells of avian embryos. Development 111:635–641

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Straus DS, Jonasson J, Harris H (1976) Growth in vitro of tumor cell x fibroblast hybrids in which malignancy is suppressed. J Cell Sci 25:73–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturgill TW, Ray B, Erikson E, Mailer JL (1988) Insulin-stimulated MAP-2 kinase phosphorylates and activates ribosomal protein S6 kinase II. Nature 334:715–718

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi M, Buma Y, Taniguchi M (1990) Identification of the ret proto-oncogene products in neuroblastoma and leukemia cells. Oncogene 5:126–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan JC, Nocka K, Ray P, Traktman P, Besmer P (1990) The dominant W42 spotting phenotype results from a missense mutation in the c-kit receptor kinase. Science 247:209–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tessler S, Neufeld G (1990) Basic fibroblast growth factor accumulates in the nuclei of various bFGF producing cell types. J Cell Physiol 145:310–317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theillet C, Le Roy X, De Lapeyrière O, Grosgeorges J, Adnane J, Raynaud SD, Simony-Lafontaine J, Goldfarb M., Escot C, Birnbaum D, Gaudray P (1989) Amplification of FGF-related genes in human tumors:possible involvement of HST in breast carcinomas. Oncogene 4:915–922

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trent JM, Meyskens FL, Salmon SE, Ryschon K, Leong SPL, Davis JR, McGee DL (1990a) Relation of cytogenetic abnormalities and clinical outcome in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 322:1508–1511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trent JM, Stanbridge EJ, McBride HL, Meese EU, Casey G, Araujo DE, Witkowski CM, Nagle RB (1990b) Tumorigenicity in human melanoma cell lines controlled by introduction of human chromosome 6. Science 247:568–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakeling WF, Greetham LM, Bennett DC (1992) Suppression of properties associated with malignancy in murine melanoma-melanocyte hybrid cells. Br J Cancer 65:529–537

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DE, Eisenman J, Baird A, Rauch C, Van Ness K, March CJ, Park LS, Martin U, Mochizuki DY, Boswell HS, Burgess GM, Cosman D, Lyman SD (1990) Identification of a ligand for the c-kit proto-oncogene. Cell 63:167–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittbrodt J, Adam D, Malitschek B, Mäueler W, Raulf F, Telling A, Robertson SM, Schartl M (1989) Novel putative receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the melanoma-inducing Tu locus in Xiphophorus. Nature 341:415–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yarden Y, Ullrich A (1988) Growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Ann Rev Biochem 57:443–478

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yarden Y, Kuang W-J, Yang-Feng T, Coussens L, Munemitsu S, Dull TJ, Chen E, Schlessinger J, Francke U, Ullrich A (1987) Human proto-oncogene c-kit:a new cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase for an unidentified ligand. EMBO J 6:3341–3351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yayon A, Klagsbrun M, Esko J, Leder P, Ornitz DM (1991) Cell surface, heparin-like molecules are required for binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to its high affinity receptor. Cell 64:841–848

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zakut R, Perlis R, Eliahu S, Yarden Y, Givol D, Lyman SD, Halaban R (1993) KIT-ligand (cast cell growth factor) inhibits the growth of KIT-expressing melanoma cells. Oncogene (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zsebo K, Williams DA, Geissler EN, Broudy VC, Martin FH, Atkins HL, Hsu R-Y, Birkett NC, Okino KH, Murdock DC, Jacobsen FW, Langley KE, Smith KA, Takeishi T, Cattanach BM, Galli SJ, Suggs S (1990a) Stern cell factor is encoded at the Si locus of the mouse and is the ligand for the c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell 63:213–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zsebo KM, Wypych J, McNiece IK, Lu HS, Smith KA, Karkare SB, Sadchev RK, Yuschenkoff VN, Birkett NC, Williams LR, Satyagal VN, Tung W, Bosselman RA, Mendiaz EA, Langley KE (1990b) Identification, purification, and biological characterization of hematopoietic stem cell factor from buffalo rat liver-conditioned medium. Cell 63:195–201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, 500 LCI, P.O. Box 3333, New Haven, CT, 06510-8050, USA

    R. Halaban

Authors
  1. R. Halaban
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division: Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis, Research Program 3: Risk Factors of Cancer and Cancer Prevention, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, W-6900, Heidelberg, Germany

    Erich Hecker

  2. Department of Dermatology, Mannheim Medical School, University of Heidelberg, Postfach 10 80 23, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, W-6800, Mannheim, Germany

    E. G. Jung (Director) (Director)

  3. Division: Biochemistry of Tissue Specific Regulation, Research Program 2: Tumor Cell Regulation, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, W-6900, Heidelberg, Germany

    F. Marks

  4. Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Voss-Str. 2, W-6900, Heidelberg, Germany

    W. Tilgen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Halaban, R. (1993). Growth Regulation in Normal and Malignant Melanocytes. In: Hecker, E., Jung, E.G., Marks, F., Tilgen, W. (eds) Skin Carcinogenesis in Man and in Experimental Models. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 128. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84881-0_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84881-0_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-84883-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-84881-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation