Abstract
Wetlands are most likely the largest natural source of methane to the atmosphere (Khalil and Rasmussen, 1983; Cicerone and Oremland, 1988; Fung et al., 1991), accounting for ~20% of the current global annual emission of ~450–550 Tg (1012 g). Measurements of methane from Greenland and Antarctic ice cores indicate atmospheric concentrations of ~350 ppbv during the Last Glacial Maximum rising to 650 ppbv during the pre-industrial Holocene (Stauffer et al., 1988; Chappellaz et al., 1990).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aselmann, I., P. Crutzen. 1989. Global distribution of natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies: their net primary productivity, seasonality and possible methane emissions. J. Atmos. Chem., 8: 307–358.
Baker-Blocker, A., T.M. Donohue, K.H. Mancy. 1977. Methane flux from wetland areas. Tellus, 29: 245–250.
Barber, T.R., R.A. Burke, Jr., W.M. Sackett. 1988. Diffusive flux of methane from warm wetlands. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2: 411–425.
Bartlett, K.B., R.C. Harriss. 1993. Review and assessment of methane emissions from wetlands. Chemosphere, 26 (1–4): 261–320.
Bartlett, K.B., R.C. Harriss, D.I. Sebacher. 1985. Methane flux from coastal salt marshes. J. Geophys. Res., 90:5, 710–5, 720.
Bartlett, K.B., P.M. Crill, D.I. Sebacher, R.C. Harriss, J.O. Wilson, J.M. Melack. 1988. Methane flux from the central Amazonian floodplain. J. Geophys. Res., 93:1, 571–1, 582.
Bartlett, D.S., K.B. Bartlett, J.M. Hartman, R.C. Harriss, D.I. Sebacher, R. Pelletier-Travis, D.D. Dow, D.P. Brannon. 1989. Methane emissions from the Florida Everglades: Patterns of variability in a regional wetland ecosystem. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 3: 363–374.
Bartlett, K.B., P.M. Crill, J.A. Bonassi, J.E. Richey, R.C. Harriss. 1990. Methane flux from the Amazon River floodplain: Emissions during rising water. J. Geophys. Res., 95:16, 773–16, 788.
Bartlett, K.B., P.M. Crill, R.L. Sass, R.C. Harriss, N.B. Dise. 1992. Methane emissions from tundra environments in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. J. Geophys. Res., 97:16, 645–16, 660.
Blake, D.S. 1984. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric methane. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Cal. at Irvine, 213 p.
Blake, D.R., F.S. Rowland. 1986. Worldwide increase in tropospheric methane, 1978 to 1983. J. Atmos. Chem., 4: 43–62.
Blake, D.R., F.S. Rowland. 1988. Continuing worldwide increase in tropospheric methane, 1978 to 1987. Science, 239:1, 129–1, 131.
Blake, D.R., E.W. Mayer, S.C. Tyler, Y. Makide, D.C. Montague, F.S. Rowland. 1988. Global increase in atmospheric methane concentrations between 1978 and 1980. Geophys. Res. Lett., 9: 477–480.
Burke, R.A., Jr., T.R. Barber, W.M. Sackett. 1988. Methane flux and stable hydrogen and carbon isotope composition of sedimentary methane from the Florida Everglades. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2: 329–340.
Chameides, W.L., C.S. Liu, R.J. Cicerone. 1977. Possible variations in atmospheric methane. J. Geophys. Res., 82:1, 795–1, 798.
Chappellaz, J.A., J.M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, Y.S. Korotkevich, C. Lorius. 1990. Ice-core record of atmospheric methane over the past 160,000 years. Nature, 345: 127–131.
Chappellaz, J.A., I.Y. Fung, A.M. Thompson. 1993. The atmospheric CH4 increase since the Last Glacial Maximum, 1. Source estimates. Tellus, 45B (in press).
Cicerone, R.J., J.D. Shetter. 1981. Sources of atmospheric methane: Measurements in rice paddies and a discussion. J. Geophys. Res., 86: 7, 2037, 209.
Cicerone, R.J., R.S. Oremland. 1988. Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2: 299–327.
Craig, H., C.C. Chou. 1982. Methane: The record in polar ice cores. Geophys. Res. Lett., 9:1, 221–1, 224.
Crill, P.M., K.B. Bartlett, R.C. Harriss, E. Gorham, E.S. Verry, D.I. Sebacher, L. Madzar, W. Sanner. 1988a. Methane flux from Minnesota peatlands. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2: 371–384.
Crill, P.M., K.B. Bartlett, J.O. Wilson, D.I.Sebacher, R.C. Harriss. 1988b. Tropospheric methane from an Amazonian floodplain lake. J. Geophys. Res., 93:1, 564–1, 570.
Crutzen, P.J., L.T. Gidel. 1983. A two-dimensional photo-chemical model of the atmosphere 2: The tropospheric budgets of the anthropogenic chlorocarbons CO, CH4, CH3, Cl and the effect of various NOx sources on tropospheric ozone. J. Geophys. Res., 88:6, 641–6, 661.
Dacey, J.W.H., M. Klug. 1979. Methane flux from lake sediments through water lilies. Science, 203:1, 253–1, 255.
Deines, P. 1980. The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In: Handbook of Environmental Isotope Chemistry, Vol. 1 ( P. Fritz and J. Fontes, eds.) Elsevier, New York, p. 329
Delmas, R.A., J. Servant, J.-P. Tathy, B. Cros, M. Labat. 1992. Sources and sinks of methane and carbon dioxide exchanges in mountain forest in Equatorial Africa. J. Geophys. Res., 97:6, 169–6, 179.
Devol, A.H., J.E. Richey, W.A. Clark, S.L. King. 1988. Methane emissions to the troposphere from the Amazon Floodplain. J. Geophys. Res., 93:1, 5831, 592.
Devol, A.H., J.E. Richey, B.R. Forsberg, L.A. Martinelli. 1990. Seasonal dynamics of methane emissions from the Amazon River floodplain to the troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., 95:16, 417–16, 426.
Dise, N.B. 1993. Factors affecting methane production under rice. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7 (1): 123–142.
Ehhalt, D.H. 1974. The atmospheric cycle of methane. Tellus, 26: 58–70.
Ehhalt, D.H., U. Schmidt 1978. Sources and sinks of atmospheric methane. Pageoph., 116: 452–464.
Ehhalt, D.H., R.J. Zander, R.A. Lamontagne. 1983. On the temporal increase of tropospheric CH4. J. Geophys. Res., 88:8, 442–8, 446.
Fan, S.-M., S.C. Wofsy, P.S. Bakwin, D.J. Jacob, S.M. Anderson, P.L. Kebabian, J.B. McManus, C.E. Kolb, D.R. Fitzjarrald. 1992. Micrometeorological measurements of CH4 and CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and the Subarctic tundra. J. Geophys. Res., 97:16, 627–16, 643.
Fontan, J., A. Druilhet, B. Benech, R. Lyra, B. Cros. 1992. The DECAFE experiments: Overview and meteorology. J. Geophys. Res., 97:6, 123–6, 136.
Frolking, S. 1993. Methane from northern peatlands and climate change. In: Proceedings of Carbon Cycling in Boreal Forest and Sub Arctic Ecosystems 9–12 September 1991, Corvallis, Oregon (in press).
Fung, I., J. John, J. Lerner, E. Matthews, M. Prather, L.P. Steele, P.J. Fraser. 1991. Three-dimensional model synthesis of the global methane cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 96:13, 033–13, 065.
Games, L.M., J.M. Hayes. 1976. On the mechanisms of CH4 and CO2 production in natural anaerobic environments. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Environmental Biogeochemistry ( J.O. Nraigue, ed.), Butterworth, Stoneham, MA, p 51.
Glaser, P.H. 1987. The Ecology of Patterned Boreal Peatlands of Northern Minnesota: A community Profile, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report, 85(Z14). U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington D.C., 98 p.
Gore, A.J.P. (ed.) 1983a. Ecosystems of the World, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor, General Studies, 4A. Elsevier, New York, 440 p.
Gore, A.J.P. (ed.) 1983b. Ecosystems of the World, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor, Case Studies, 4B. Elsevier, New York, 479 p.
Hamilton, J.D., C.A. Kelley, J.W.M. Rudd. 1991. Methane and carbon dioxide flux from ponds and lakes of the Hudson Bay Lowlands. EOS, 72: 84.
Hansen, J., I. Fung, A. Lacis, D. Rind, S. Lebedeff, R. Ruedy, G. Russell, P. Stone. 1988. Global climate changes as forecast by Goddard Institute for Space Studies three-dimensional model. J. Geophys. Res., 93:9, 341–9, 364.
Harriss, R.C., D.I. Sebacher. 1981. Methane flux in forested freshwater swamps of the southeastern United States. Geophys. Res. Lett., 8:1, 002–1, 004.
Harriss, R.C., S. Frolking. 1993. The sensitivity of methane emissions from northern freshwater wetlands to global warming. In: Climate Change and Freshwater Ecosystems ( P. Firth, S. Fisher, eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 48.
Harriss, R.C., D.I. Sebacher, F.P. Day, Jr. 1982. Methane flux in the Great Dismal Swamp. Nature, 297: 673–674.
Harriss, R.C., E. Gorham, D.I. Sebacher, K.B. Bartlett, P.A. Flebbe. 1985. Methane flux from northern peatlands. Nature, 315: 652–653.
Harriss, R.C., S.C. Wofsy, M. Garstang, E.V. Browell, L.C.B. Molion, R.J. McNeal, J.M. Hoell, Jr, R.J. Bendura, S.M. Beck, R.L. Navarro, J.T. Riley, R.L. Snell. 1988a. The Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE 2A): Dry season 1985. J. Geophys. Res., 93:1, 351–1, 360.
Harriss, R.C., D.I. Sebacher, K.B. Bartlett, D.S. Bartlett, P.M. Crill. 1988b. Sources of atmospheric methane in the south Florida environment. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2: 231–243.
Harriss, R.C., M. Garstang, S.C. Wofsy, S.M. Beck, R.J. Bendura, J.R.B. Coelho, J.W. Drewry, J.M. Hoell, Jr, P.A. Matson, R.J. McNeal, L.C.B. Molion, R.L. Navarro, V. Rabine, R.L. Snell. 1990. The Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE 2B): Wet season 1987. J. Geophys. Res., 95:16, 72116, 736.
Harriss, R.C., K. Bartlett, S. Frolking, P. Crill. 1993. Methane emissions from northern peatlands: a review and assessment. In: Biogeochemistry of Global Change: Radiatively Active Trace Gases (R.S. Oremland, ed.), Chapman and Hall, New York (in press).
Holzapfel-Pschorn, A., W. Seiler. 1986. Methane emission during a cultivation period from an Italian rice paddyJ. Geophys. Res., 91:11803–11,814.
Isaksen, I.S.A., O. Hov. 1987. Calculation of trends in the tropospheric concentration of O3, OH, CO, CH4 and NOx. Tellus B, 39: 122–139.
Keller, M.M. 1990. Biological sources and sinks of methane in tropical habitats and tropical atmospheric chemistry. Ph.D. thesis. Princeton University and National Center for Atmospheric Research, 216 p.
Khalil, M.A.K., R.A. Rasmussen. 1982. Secular trends of atmospheric methane (CH4). Chemosphere, 11: 877–883.
Khalil, M.A.K., R.A. Rasmussen. 1983. Sources, sinks and seasonal cycles of atmospheric methane. J. Geophys. Res., 88:5, 131–5, 144.
Khalil, M.A.K., R.A. Rasmussen. 1985. Causes of increasing methane: Depletion of hydroxyl radicals and the rise of emissions. Atmos. Environ., 19: 397–407.
Khalil, M.A.K., R.A. Rasmussen. 1987. Atmospheric methane: Trends over the last 10,000 years. Atmos. Environ., 21:2, 445–2, 452.
Khalil, M.A.K., R.A. Rasmussen, M.J. Shearer. 1989. Trends of atmospheric methane in the 1960s and 1970s. J. Geophys. Res., 94:18, 279–18, 288.
King, G.M., W.J. Wiebe. 1978. Methane release from soils of a Georgia salt marsh. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 42: 343–348.
King, S.L., P.D. Quay, J.M. Lansdown. 1989. The 13C/12C kinetic isotope effect for soil oxidation of methane at ambient atmospheric concentrations. J. Geophys. Res., 94:18, 273–18, 277.
Koyama, T. 1963. Gaseous metabolism in lake sediments and paddy soils and the production of atmospheric methane and hydrogen. J. Geophys. Res., 68:3, 971–3, 973.
Koyama, T. 1964. Biogeochemical studies on lake sediments and paddy soils in the production of atmospheric methane and hydrogen. In: Recent Researches in the Fields of Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and Nuclear Geochemistry (Y. Miyake and T. Koyama), Muruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, p 143.
Lang, P.M., L.P. Steele, R.C. Martin, K.A. Masarie. 1990a. Atmospheric methane data for the period 1983–1985 from the NOAA/CMDL global cooperative flask sampling network. Tech. Mem. ERL CMDL-1. Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin., Boulder, CO.
Lang, P.M., L.P. Steele, R.C. Martin. 1990b. Atmospheric methane data for the period 1986–1988 from the NOAA/CMDL global cooperative flask sampling network. Tech. Mem. ERL CMDL-2. Natl Oceanic Atmos Admin, Boulder, CO.
Matthews, E., I. Fung. 1987. Methane emission from natural wetlands: global distribution, area, and environmental characteristics of sources. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 1: 61–86.
Mayer, E.W., D.R. Blake, S.C. Tyler, Y. Makide, D.C. Montague, F.S. Rowland. 1982. Methane- Interhemispheric concentration gradient and atmospheric residence time. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 79:1, 366–1, 370.
Moore, T.R., R. Knowles. 1987. Methane and carbon dioxide evolution from subarctic fens. Can. J. Soil Sci., 67: 77–81.
Moore, T.R., R. Knowles. 1989. The influence of water table levels on methane and carbon dioxide emissions from peatland soils. Can. J. Soil Sci., 69: 33–38.
Moore, T.R., R. Knowles. 1990. Methane emissions from fen, bog and swamp peatlands in Quebec. Biogeochem, 11: 45–61.
Moore, T., N. Roulet, R. Knowles. 1990. Spatial and temporal variations of methane flux from subarctic/northern boreal fens. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 4: 29–46.
Morrissey, L.A., R.A. Ennis 1981. Vegetation mapping of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska using Landsat digital data. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Report 81–315, U.S. Geol. Surv., Reston, VA, 25 p.
Morrissey, L.A., G.P. Livingston. 1992. Methane emissions from Alaska Arctic tundra: An assessment of local spatial variability. J. Geophys. Res., 97:16, 661–16, 670.
National Wetlands Working Group. 1988. Wetlands of Canada. Ecological Land Classification Series No. 24. Sustainable Development Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa and Polyscience Publications, Montreal, 452 p.
Ormsby, J.P., B.J. Blanchard, A.J. Blanchard. 1985. Detection of lowland flooding using active microwave systems. Photogram. Eng. Rem. Sens., 51: 317–328.
Pearman, G.I., D. Etheridge, F. De Silva, P.J. Fraser. 1986. Evidence of changing concentrations of atmospheric CO2, N2O and CH4 from air bubbles in Antarctic ice. Nature, 320: 248–250.
Quay, P., S.K. King, J.M. Lansdown, D.O. Wilbur. 1988. Isotopic composition of methane released from wetlands: Implications for the increase in atmospheric methane. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2: 385–397.
Quay, P., S.K. King, J. Stutsman, D.O. Wilbur, L.P. Steele, I. Fung, R.H. Gammon, T.A. Brown, G.W. Farwell, P.M. Grootes, F.H. Schmidt. 1991. Carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CH4: Fossil and biomass burning source strengths. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 5: 25–47.
Rasmussen, R.A., M.A.K. Khalil. 1981. Atmospheric methane (CH4): Trends and seasonal cycles. J. Geophys. Res , 86:9, 826–9, 832.
Rasmussen, R.A., M.A.K. Khalil. 1984. Atmospheric methane in the recent and ancient atmospheres: Concentrations, trends and interhemispheric gradient. J. Geophys. Res., 89:11, 599–11, 605.
Ritter, J.A., J.D.W. Barrick, G.W. Sachse, G.L. Gregory, M.A. Woerner, C.E. Watson, G.F. Hill, J.E. Collins 1992. Airborne flux measurements of trace species in an arctic boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 97:16, 60116, 625.
Rose, P.W., P.C. Rosendahl. 1983. Classification of Landsat data for hydrologic application, Everglades National Park. Photogram. Eng. Rem. Sens., 49: 505–511.
Roulet, N.T., R. Ash, T.R. Moore. 1992a. Low boreal wetlands as a source of atmospheric methane. J. Geophys. Res., 97:3, 739–3, 749.
Roulet, N.T., J. Ritter, A. Jano, C. Kelly, L. Klinger, T.R. Moore, R. Protz, W.R. Rouse. (1992b). The Hudson Bay Lowland as a source of atmospheric methane, J. Geophys. Res. (in press).
Roulet, N.T., T. Moore, J. Bubier, P. LaFleur. 1992c. Northern fens: Methane flux and climatic change. Tellus, 44B: 100–105.
Rust, F.E. 1981. Ruminant methane d(L.,13012, values: Relationship to atmospheric methane. Science, 211:1, 044–1, 046.
Schoell, M. 1980. The hydrogen and carbon isotopic composition of methane from natural gases of various origins. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 44: 649–661.
Sebacher, D.I., R.C. Harriss, K.B. Bartlett. 1985. Methane emissions to the atmosphere through aquatic plants. J. Environ. Qual., 14: 40–46.
Sebacher, D.I., R.C. Harriss, K.B. Bartlett, S.M. Sebacher, S.S. Grice. 1986. Atmospheric methane sources: Alaskan tundra bogs, an alpine fen, and a subarctic boreal marsh. Tellus, 38B: 1–10.
Seiler, W. 1984. Contribution of biological processes to the global budget of CH4 in the atmosphere. In: Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology ( M. Klug and C. Reddy, eds.), Amer. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, D.C., p 468.
Seiler, W., R. Conrad. 1987. Contribution of tropical ecosystems to the global budgets of trace gases, especially CH4, H2, CO and N2O. In: The Geophysiology of Amazonia, Vegetation and Climate Interactions ( R.E. Dickinson, ed.), John Wiley, New York, p 133.
Stauffer, B., F. Fischer, A. Neftel, H. Oeschger. 1985. Increase of atmospheric methane recorded in Antarctic ice core. Science, 229:1, 386–1, 388.
Stauffer, B., E. Lochbronner, H. Oeschger, J. Schwander. 1988. Methane concentration in the glacial atmosphere was only half that of the preindustrial Holocene. Nature, 332: 812–814.
Steele, L.P., P.J. Fraser, R.A. Rasmussen, M.A.K. Khalil, T.J. Conway, A.J. Crawford, R H Gammon, K.A. Masarie, K.W. Thoning. 1987. The global distribution of methane in the troposphere. J. Atmos. Chem., 5: 125–171.
Stevens, C.M. 1988. Atmospheric methane. Chem. Geol., 71: 11–21.
Stevens, C.M., A. Engelkemeir. 1982. Stable carbon isotopic composition of methane from some natural and anthropogenic sources. J. Geophys. Res., 87:4, 879: 4, 882.
Svensson, B.H. 1976. Methane production in tundra peat. In: Microbial Production and Utilization of Gases (Ha CH4, CO) (H.G. Schlegel, G. Gottschalk, and N. Pfennig), Gottingen, p 135.
Svensson, B.H. 1980. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from ombrotrophic parts of a subarctic mire. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm), 30: 235–250.
Svensson, B.H., T. Rosswall. 1984. In situ methane production from acid peat in plant communities with different moisture regimes in a subarctic mire. Oikos, 43: 341–350.
Tathy, J.-.P, B. Cros, R.A. Delmas, A. Marenco, J. Servant, M. Labat. 1992. Methane emission from flooded forest in Central Africa. J. Geophys. Res., 97:6, 159–6, 168.
Taylor, J.A., G. Brasseur, P. Zimmerman, R. Cicerone. 1991. A study of the sources and sinks of methane and methyl chloroform using a global three-dimensional Lagrangian tropospheric tracer transport model. J. Geophys. Res., 96:3, 013–3, 044.
Thompson, A.M., R.J. Cicerone. 1986. Atmospheric CH4, CO and OH from 1960 to 1985. Nature, 321: 148–150.
Twenhofel, W.H. 1926. Principles of Sedimentation. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Twenhofel, W.H. 1951. Principles of Sedimentation. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Tyler, S.C. 1986. Stable carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric methane and some of its sources J. Geophys. Res., 91:13, 232–13, 238.
Tyler, S.C., P.R. Zimmerman, C. Cumberbatch, J.P. Greenberg, C. Westberg, J.P.E.C. Darlington. 1988. Measurements and interpretation of d13C of methane from termites, rice paddies, and wetlands in Kenya. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2: 341–355.
UNESCO. 1973. International Classification and Mapping of Vegetation. UNESCO, Paris, 93 p.
Wahlen, M., N. Tanaka, R. Henry, T. Yoshinari, R.G. Fairbanks, A. Shemesh, W.S. Broecker. 1988. 13C, D, and 14C in methane. In: Report to Congress and Environmental Protection Agency on NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program,NASA, p 315.
Wahlen, M., N. Tanaka, R. Henry, B. Deck, J. Zeglen, J.S. Vogel, J. Southon, A. Shemesh, R. Fairbanks, W. Broecker. 1989. Carbon-14 in methane sources and in atmospheric methane: the contribution from fossil carbon. Science, 245: 286–290.
Walker, D.A., W. Acevedo, K.R. Everett, L. Gaydos, J. Brown, P.J. Webber. 1982. Landsat-assisted environmental mapping in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. U.S. Cold Regions Res Eng Lab, Hanover, NH.
Wassmann, R., U.G. Thein, M.J. Whiticar, H. Rennenberg, W. Seiler, W.J. Junk. 1992. Methane emissions from the Amazon floodplain: Characterization of production and transport. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6: 3–13.
Whalen, S.C., W.S. Reeburgh. 1988. A methane flux time series for tundra environments. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2: 399–409.
Whalen, S.C., W.S. Reeburgh. 1990. A methane flux transect along the trans-Alaska pipeline haul road. Tellus, 42B: 237–249.
Whalen, S.C., W.S. Reeburgh. 1992. Interannual variations in tundra methane emission: A 4-year time-series at fixed sites. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6: 139–159.
Whiting, G.J., J.P. Chanton, D.S. Bartlett, J.D. Happell. 1991. Relationships between CH4 emission, biomass and CO2 exchange in a subtropical grassland. J. Geophys. Res., 96:13, 067–13, 071.
Wilson, J.O., P.M. Crill, K.B. Bartlett, D.I. Sebacher, R.C. Harriss, R.L. Sass. 1989. Seasonal variation of methane emissions from a temperate swamp. Biogeochemistry, 8: 55–71.
Zoltai, S.C., F.C. Pollett. 1983. Wetlands in Canada: Their classification, distribution and use. In: Ecosystems of the World, Mires: Swamp, Bog Fen and Moor, Case Studies, 4B. ( A.J.P. Gore, ed.), Elsevier, New York, p 245.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Matthews, E. (1993). Wetlands. In: Khalil, M.A.K. (eds) Atmospheric Methane: Sources, Sinks, and Role in Global Change. NATO ASI Series, vol 13. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84605-2_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84605-2_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-84607-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-84605-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive